• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.1298-1305
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• 2000

0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0% epichlorohydrin으로 가교결합시킨 감자 전분을 각각 5% 첨가한 polyethylene cast 필름을 제조하여 이들의 기계적 성질 및 열분해 특성, 생분해 특성을 분석하였다. Instron으로 측정한 필름의 기계적 성질에서는 가교결합 감자 전분으로 제조한 필름이 무처리 감자 전분으로 제조한 필름보다 인장강도, 신장율, 인장에너지 모두가 더 높게 나타나 필름의 기계적 강도가 향상되었음을 알 수 있었다. FT-IR과 Instron으로 측정한 필름의 열분해 특성에서는 가교결합 감자 전분으로 제조한 필름이 무처리 감자 전분으로 제조한 필름보다 빠르게 열분해됨이 확인되었다. 또한 필름의 생분해 특성에서도 가교결합 감자 전분으로 제조한 필름이 무처리 감자 전분으로 제조한 필름보다 생분해 정도가 더 뛰어난 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제16권2_3호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2010

Starch was modified with epichlorohydrin(ECH) to improve the miscibility with LDPE and LLDPE. Native starch or epichlorohydrin treated starch was mixed with grycerol and LDPE/LLDPE resin using a kneader and extruded using a single screw extruder to make pallets. The pallets were compression-molded at 145 into composite boards to evaluate their color, oxygen permeation, mechanical and thermal properties, and degradability under UV irradiation. Sheets with epichlorohydrin treated starch generally showed higher L-value than that of native starch blend sheets. The hunter b-values in both native starch blends and epichlorohydrin treated starch blends increased with Increasing starch contents. Tensile strength and percent elongation of sheets decreased with increasing starch contents. Tensile strength and percent elongation of sheets decreased with increasing starch contents. The degradability of blends under UV radiation increased with increasing starch contents in both blend types. The results represents that crosslinking of starch with epichlorohydrin may be a good method to improve miscibility of starch with petroleum-based materials.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1213-1220
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• 2018

Objective: An experiment was conducted to assess the antioxidant contents and activities of colored rice grains and to evaluate their nutritive characteristics in terms of chemical composition and in situ ruminal degradation. Methods: Ten cultivars of colored rice grains (Oryza sativa L.) collected from several areas of Japan were studied, and control rice without pigment, maize, barley, and wheat grains were used as control grains. Their chemical compositions, pigment, polyphenol contents, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and degradation characteristics were determined. Results: The starch contents of the colored rice grains were in the range of 73.5% to 79.6%, similar to that of the control rice grain. The black and red rice grains contained anthocyanin (maximum: $5,045.6{\mu}g/g$) and proanthocyanidin (maximum: $3,060.6{\mu}g/g$) at high concentrations as their principal pigments, respectively. There were significantly (p<0.05) positive relationships among the pigment contents, polyphenol content, and TAC values in the colored and control rice grains, indicating that the increase in pigment contents also contributed to the increased polyphenol content and TAC values in the colored rice grains. The dry matter and starch degradation characteristics, as represented by c (fractional degradation rate of slowly degradable fraction) and by the effective degradability, of the colored rice grains and the control rice grain were ranked as follows among commonly used grains: wheat>barley${\geq}rice$>maize. The colored rice grains also included the most-digestible starch, since their potential degradable fraction and actual degradability at 48 h incubation were almost 100%. Conclusion: Colored rice grains have high potential to be used as antioxidant sources in addition to starch sources in ruminants.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.475-484
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• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the thickness of corn flakes produced by pressurized steam chamber (PSC) on rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrient degradability in Hanwoo and Holstein cows. Corn flakes were treated by PSC, in three groups based on corn flake thickness: < 2.5 mm (T1), 2.5-3.0 mm (T2), and > 3.0 mm (T3). Corn flake thickness significantly influenced pH (p < 0.01) and propionate concentration (p < 0.05) and slightly but not significantly influenced acetate, butyrate, and total-volatile fatty acids (T-VFA) concentrations. The dry matter (DM) degradability increased significantly with a reduction in corn flake thickness (p < 0.01), being significantly greater in T1 and T2 than T3 groups (p < 0.01) and similar between T1 and T2 groups throughout whole incubation time. Also, starch degradability was the lowest in T3 groups than others (p < 0.01). Thus, the present results showed that considering the production efficiency and economic feasibility, the optimal thickness of corn flakes produced in a PSC is recommended to be 2.5-3.0 mm.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.170-181
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• 2019

This study aimed to investigate the effects of temperature and retention time of the pressurized steam chamber on the ruminal fermentation characteristics and nutrient degradability of corn flakes in three Korean native Hanwoo cows and three Holstein cows implanted with a ruminal fistula. Corn kernels were categorized into 13 groups based on the chamber temperature (range, $100^{\circ}C-116^{\circ}C$) and retention time (range, 700-950 s). The pH value was lowest in T1 regardless of breed. Propionate concentration was the highest in T2 (p < 0.05). Total-volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was slightly but not significantly greater in T2 than in other conditions. Dry matter (p < 0.05), starch, and crude protein (p < 0.05) degradability were the highest in T1. At different incubation times and with different breeds, dry matter, starch, and crude protein degradability of corn flakes were the highest in T1. Thus, the present results indicate that the optimal temperature and retention time of the pressurized steam chamber should be $100^{\circ}C-105^{\circ}C$ and 700-720 s.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.726-732
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• 1996

To improve the fermentation characteristics(such as starch-degradability, ethanol tolerance, sugar and high-temperature tolerance) of recombinant haploid yeast Saccharomyces diastaticus K114, hybridization technique was used. The hybridization partner was S. diastaticus 1177 which had good glucoamylase activity and fermentabi- lity. The best hybrid HH64 showed improved ethanol tolerance, sugar and high-temperature tolerance. Especia- lly, the starch-fermentability was significantly improved, since the hybrid produced 1.60% (w/v) ethanol from 4% (w/v) starch, while the recombinant haploid K114 produced 1.30% (w/v) ethanol. The optimum temperature and pH for the starch-fermentation by the hybrid HH64 was 30$\circ$C and 5, respectively. The hybrid yeast HH64 produced 7.5% (w/v) ethanol directly from 20% (w/v) starch.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.421-432
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• 2003

옥수수 알곡의 무처리(통 옥수수 2종) 및 가공방법(분쇄, flake 3.8mm, 2.8mm 및 1.5mm)이 in sacco 방법에 있어 반추위 내에서의 전분 및 단백질 분해율에 미치는 영향을 측정하고자 반추위에 캐뉼라(cannulae)가 장착된 홀스타인종 건유우 3두를 공시축으로 하여, 본 시험을 수행하였는데 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1)48시간대에서의 전분 분해율은 1.5mm, 2.8mm flake, 분쇄 옥수수, 3.8mm flake, density 660g/$\ell$, density 740 g/$\ell$인 통 옥수수 순으로 높았다. Flake의 가공정도를 증진시키면, 즉 3.8mm에서 2.8mm로 얇게 가공하면 전분 분해율이 유의하게 증가되었으며, 1.5mm로 더욱 얇게 가공하면 2.8mm 보다 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다(P<0.05). 12시간대에서 24시간대까지는 density가 낮은 통 옥수수가 높은 것보다 많이 분해되는 경향을 보였으나, 유의적인 차이가 없었고, 48시간대에서는 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 2) 단백질 분해율은 반추위내 배양시간이 경과함에 따라 모두 증가하는 경향이었다. 48시간대에서의 단백질 분해율은 분쇄 옥수수, 1.5 mm, 2.8mm, 3.8mm flake의 순으로 높았다(P<0.05). Flaking 처리시의 단백질 분해율은 분쇄 옥수수보다 유의하게 낮아졌으나, 8${\sim}$48시간대에서는 2.8mm, 1.5mm로 가공정도를 증진시킬수록 높아지는 경향이었다. 3) “a”값, 즉 물에 녹는 수용성 부분을 계산한 결과, 단백질의 “a”값은 flake가 분쇄 옥수수보다 유의하게 낮았다. 반면에 전분의 “a”값은 flake가 분쇄 옥수수보다 높았다. 곡류를 flaking 처리하면 전분이 젤라틴화 되어, 반추위 내에서 전분 분해속도는 증가되고, 단백질 분해속도는 감소되기 때문이라고 생각된다. 이와 같이 사료원료의 물리적 특성은 반추위내 배양시간별 영양소 이용율에 양향을 미친다. 그러므로, 반추가축 사료에 이용되는 원료들의 이와 같은 분해특성을 적절히 고려하면 단백질원과 탄수화물원의 반추위내 발효 동기화를 보다 최적화할 수 있을 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1400-1410
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• 2004

Eight crossbred (75% Holstein Friesian) cows in mid-lactation were randomly assigned to a switchback design with a 2x2 factorial arrangement to evaluate two nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) sources (corn meal and cassava chips) with different rumen degradability and used at two levels of NSC (55 vs. 75%) with protein source (supplied by urea in the concentrate mix). The treatments were 1) Low degradable low level of corn (55%) 2) Low degradable high level of corn (75%) 3) High degradable low level of cassava (55%) and 4) High degradable high level of cassava (75%). The cows were offered the treatment concentrate at a ratio to milk yield at 1:2. Urea-treated rice straw was offered ad libitum as the roughage and supplement with 1 kg/hd/d cassava hay. The results revealed that total DM intake, BW and digestion coefficients of DM were not affected by either level or source of energy. Rumen fermentation parameters; NH3-N, blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were unaffected by source of energy, but were dramatically increased by level of NSC. Rumen microorganism populations were not affected (p>0.05) by source of energy, but fungal zoospores were greater for cassava-based concentrate than corn-based concentrate. Milk production and milk composition were not affected significantly by diets containing either source or level of NSC, however concentrate than corn-based concentrate averaging (4.4 and 4.2, respectively). Likewise, income over feed, as estimated from 3.5% FCM, was higher on cassava-based concentrate than corn-based concentrate averaging (54.0 and 51.4 US$/mo, respectively). These results indicate that feeding diets containing either cassava-based diets and/or a higher of oncentrates up to 75% of DM with NPN (supplied by urea up to 4.5% of DM) can be used in dairy rations without altering rumen ecology or animal performance compared with corn-based concentrate.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.695-706
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a steam chamber type on the ruminal fermentable characteristics and nutrient degradabilities of corn flakes in Hanwoo. Three Hanwoo equipped with a ruminal fistula were used as experimental animals. There were two treatments: Corn flake using a steam chamber (CFSC, 1.0 atm - $100^{\circ}C$ 96 min) or corn flake using a pressurized steam chamber (CFPSC, 1.5 atm - $111^{\circ}C$ 12 min), respectively. In the in vitro trial, the ruminal pH was significantly lower in the CFPSC than in the CFSC (p < 0.01). The ammonia concentration was increased by 14.1% in the CFPSC compared to the CFSC (p < 0.05). The concentration of acetic acid was higher in the CFSC than in the CFPSC (p < 0.01). The concentrations of propionate, butyrate and total-VFA at 24 and 48 h were higher in the CFPSC than in the CFSC (p < 0.05). In the in situ trial, the degradability of dry matter was significantly higher in the CFSC than in the CFSC (p < 0.01). In addition, the degradabilities of starch and crude protein were significantly higher in the CFSC than in the CFSC (p < 0.01). Thus, the present results indicate that the pressurized steam chamber could be recommended to improve the feed value of corn flake according to the increase in the starch degradability and volatile fatty acid production.

• 공업화학
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.178-187
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• 1993

전분-폴리에틸렌 복합필름을 활성오니시험과 토양매립시험에 의해 시험하였으며, 시험동안 전분의 분해에 의해 필름의 형태가 변함을 관찰할 수 있었다. 매트릭스로 사용한 폴리에틸렌은 첨가한 산화촉진제의 작용에 의해 산화되어 가교 및 분해가 모두 일어남을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 토양매립시험 결과로 볼 때 산화촉진제로 옥수수에서 추출한 오일을 사용하였을 경우 수평균분자량 및 중량평균분자량이 모두 감소하고 분자량 분포가 증가하는 분해반응이 우세하게 일어남을 알 수 있었다.