• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.325-333
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• 1997

Recent evidence indicates that growth factors modulate response of mammary epithelial cells to environmental stress. The objective of this study was to examine the cellular and biochemical responses of mammary tissue to environmental stress caused by artificial mastitis. For experimental a, pp.oach, toxins of most mastitis causing organisms(Staph. aureus or Strep. agalactiae) and heat stress(42$^{\circ}C$) were artificially exposed to mammary tissue. Effects of these environmental stresses on cell growth, cell death and heat shock protein synthesis were examined. Lactating mammary tissure were cultured under basal medium(DMEM) su, pp.emented with insulin(10$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) and aldosterone(1$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml). All treatment groups in heat stress at 42$^{\circ}C$ incubation significantly decreased DNA synthesis rates in comparison with those at 39$^{\circ}C$(P<0.05), however, these decreased DNAa synthesis rates were recovered by addition of adenosine(10$\mu$M) and IGFI(10ng/ml). Similar results were obtained when tissue growth rates were measured by DNA content/tissue. Strep. agalactiae toxin did not significantly decreased DNA content/tissue in comparison with no treatment of bacterial toxin with or without heat stress, however, tended to decrease DNA contents/tissue without heat stress. In the fluorography analysis, heat stress(42$^{\circ}C$ incubation) slightly increased 35S-methoionine labelled 70kd protein synthesis. These results indicate that environmental stress caused by artificial mastitis slightly decreased mammary growth or mammary size, however, these results could be recovered by addition of adenosine and IGF-I.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.133-139
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• 2004

Bacterial pathogens were isolated from 36 dogs with respiratory signs, that were submitted to Veterinary Clinics in Jeju, including Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital in Cheju National University. Of 36 isolates, 16 (44.4%) bacterial pathogens were Gram-positive and 20 (55.6%) were Gram-negative. Gram-positive bacteria identified with API Staph were 12 S. intermedius (33.3%), 2 S. aureus (5.6%), 1 S. haemolyticum (2.8%), and 1 S. xylosus (2.8%). Gram-negative organisms identified with API 20E or API NE included 8 Bordetella bronchiseptica (22.2%), 6 Escherichia coli (16.7%), 4 Pasteurella spp. (11.1%), 1 Enterobacter intermedius (2.8%), and 1 Oligella ureolytica (2.8%). Both Staphylococcus spp. isolates and Gram-negative pathogens were resistant to one or more antibiotics, including ampicillin (AM), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC), chloramphenicol (C), cefazolin (CZ), erythromycin (E), gentamicin (GM), kanamycin (K), lincomycin (L), oxacillin (OX), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), and tetracycline (TE). All Staphylococcus spp. were susceptible to AMC, OX and VA, while many isolates were highly resistant to L (87.5%), E (68.8%), P (62.5%), and AM (56.3%). Antibiotic-resistant patterns of staphylococcal isolates were shown ranges from single to 9-resistant patterns. Resistant rates to antibiotics of Gram-negative bacteria were usually higher than those of Staphylococcus spp. in this study. Most Gram-negative bacteria were highly resistant to L (90.0%), AM (85.0%), E (85.0%), P (85.0%), OX (80.0%), and CZ (75.0%). B. bronchiseptica isolates showed 5 to 8 antibiotics-resistant patterns and Pasteurella spp., 2 to 8-resistant patterns. In particular, all 6 E. coli isolates were resistant to more than 9 different kinds of antibiotics, including one strain resistant to all antibiotics tested.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.47-57
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• 1987

Owing to the modification of testing methods of disinfectants or antiseptics, variations of bacteria according to characteristics of regions and resistance changes of bacteria, it is necessary that the bactericidal activities of disinfectants or antiscptics should be reevaluated nowadays. This study was carried out to reevaluate in the vitro bactericidal activity of Chlorhexidine gluconate solution. The results of experiment were summarized as follows. 1. For Chlorhexidine gluconate solution, minimal inhibitory concentrations of total bacteria taken from sewage water and Legionella bozemanii were $2.0\times 10^{-3}$%, $1.0\times 10^{-2}$%, respectively and were comparatively high. Minimal inhibitory concentration of Shigella flexneri was $1.6\times 10^{-4}$%, and was comparatively low. 2. For total bacteria taken from sewage water, it was killed within 15 minute in 0.1% Chlorhexidine gluconate solution when number of cells was $1.6\times 10^7$/ml. 3. For 0.0125% Chlorhexidine gluconate solution, decimal reduction times of Ps. aeruginosa, S. typhi, E. Coli were 45 sec, 25 sec, 18 sec repectively. For 1%, 0.125% Chlorhexidine gluconate solution, decimal reduction times of Legionella bozemanii were 10 sec, 45 sec respectively. 4. There was significant difference in the bactericidal activity of Chlorhexidine gluconate solution according to temperattire. Phenol coefficient of Chlorhexidine gluconate solution as using Staph. aureus was 100 and comparatively higher than that of other disinfectants. In comparison with other disinfectants, Legionella bozemanii was killed within 5 minutes in 0.02% KMnO$_4$ and 0.125% Chlorhexidine giuconate solution but was not killed within 3 minutes in 1% 0-cresol, 1% Phenol.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.96-104
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity, antimutagenic and anticancer effects and dyeing properties of the fermented indigo extract. The physiological effects of natural color extracts from colorant plants(gardenia, beet and indigo) were studied. The methanol extract of indigo showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of E. coli and Staph. aureus, and also showed a strong antimicrobial effect on Trich. mentagrophytes compared to others. The methanol extract of indigo showed antimutagenic activities against aflatoxin B1(AFB1) in the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA 100. The proliferation of Clone M-3 mouse melanoma cells and A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells was inhibited by the methanol extract of indigo. So we decided to use natural indigo for dyeing the fabrics because of those effects. Dried indigo leaves were fermented at variouss temperature and the fermented indigo was reduced by using alkaline(NaOH, Ca(OH)2) and glucose to dye the fabrics. The values of K/S fermented indigo showed the highest value when it was fermented at 3$0^{\circ}C$. The indigo fermented at 3$0^{\circ}C$ had the greatest number of total bacterial counts and we identified one of the main microorganisms as Aspergillus niger. This microorganism was responsible for the indigo fermentation and accelerated indigo fermentation. So it can be supposed to reduce the fermentation period of indigo by inoculating Aspergillus niger into the indigo leaves at 3$0^{\circ}C$.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.205-209
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• 1983

Some investigations on chronic mastitis in dairy cattle in Kyungnam Province during the year 1982 were conducted with the special reference to the causative agents and their drug resistance. Milk samples from 46 isolated cases of chronic mastitis cattle were investigated bacteriologically and the organisms recovered were examined for their drug susceptibility against the major antibiotics used in this country by the use of disk diffusion susceptibility test. Four major causative agents involved in chronic mastitis were in order of prevalence Staphylococcus aureus (32.6%), Escherichia coli (28.3%), Streptococcus agalactiae (8.7%) and Candida albicans (8.7%). Staph. epidermidis, Streptococcus uberis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida subtropicalis were found to be one of the minor agents. The majority of staphylococcal isolates were highly resistant to the most of antibiotics employed while 8% of them were resistant to gentamicin and 32% to chloramphenicol. The percentages of staphylococcal cultures resistant to penicillin, lincomycin. streptomycin, methicillin, oleandomycin, tetracycline, cephalothin, ampicillin and erythromycin were 100%, 96%, 96%, 92%, 84%, 84%, 80%, 76%, and 64% respectively. Streptococcal isolates were also highly resistant to the majority of the drugs used although 85.7% of them were susceptible to gentamicin. All Escherichia coli isolates were found to be resistant to erythromycin, lincomycin and penicillin while the majority of them were resistant to ampicillin (92.9%), carbenicillin (85.7%), oleandomycin (85.7%), streptomycin(85.7%), kanamycin (78.6%), methicillin (78.6%) and tetracycline (71.4%). The percentages of E. coli cultures resistant to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, cephalothin and chloramphenicol were 21.4%, 21.4%, 35.7% and 50.0% respectively.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.16-27
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• 1973

An investigation was carried out on a basis of the examination with a view to detecting the degree of microbial contamination for the 82 samples collected from the locally-sold liquid preparations. The results obtained are summarized as follows ; 1. Total viable Bacteria(TVB) per ml. in test sample shows min. 0 and Max. $8.0{\times}10^5$. Among the test samples, 2 items of Herb medicines have shown the highest bacterial contamination degree. 2. The number of unsuitable products are 9(11.0%) of the 82 items tested. Comparing with the study of 1971 (18 or 23.4% of 77 items), this fact suggests that the more than 50% decreasing tendency has come from the technical preventive efforts on bacterial contamination. 3. E. coli, Staph. aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa could not be detected with the test sample. 4. The number of confirmable mycotic contamination in the test samples has been revealed as 17 items (20.7%). 5. Chiefly, the causative organisms of the contamination are proved to be bacilli and fungi broadly distributed in nature. 6. Generally, the neutrality of the pH had greatly increased the number of products unsuitable on the specification of TVB. pH >7.0 No. of unsuitable items 0/4 (0.0%) pH 6.0-7.0 No. of unsuitable items 4/9 (44.4%) pH 4.0-6.0 No. of unsuitable items 5/45(11.1%) pH <4.0 No. of unsuitable items 0/24(0.0%) 7. The viability of general bacteria has shown a rather decreasing tendency in time.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.116-122
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• 2011

어린이집 유아 휴대 수저 및 수저집의 미생물 오염도를 분석하고, 가정과 어린이집에서 수저 및 수저집의 위생 안전성을 확보할 수 있는 세척 방법과 자외선 살균소독 시간을 제시하고자 유아 휴대 수저 36건 및 수저집 42건 등 총 78건을 실험하였다. 수저 36건 중 20건(55.6%), 지퍼형 수저집 20건 중 9건(45.0%), 플라스틱형 수저집 22건 중 13건(59.1%)에서 2.7 log CFU/$100cm^2$ 이상의 일반세균수가 검출되어 즉각적인 위생조치를 강구해야 하는 수준으로 조사되었다. 또한, 수저 36건 중 19건(52.8%), 지퍼형 수저집 20건 중 14건(70.0%), 플라스틱형 수저집 22건 중 14건(63.6%)에서 대장균군이 검출되어 어린이집 유아 휴대 수저 및 수저집에 대한 위생조치가 요구되며, 가장 높은 위해수준을 나타낸 지퍼형 수저집에 대한 각별한 주의가 필요한 것으로 판단되었다. 수저와 플라스틱형 수저집에서는 실험한 모든 식중독 미생물이 검출되지 않았으나, 지퍼형 수저집 20건 중 2건(10.0%)에서 Staph. aureus가 검출되었고, 3건(13.6%)에서 B. cereus가 검출되어 지퍼형 수저집이 식중독 미생물 오염에 가장 취약한 것으로 나타났다. 세척 방법에 따른 미생물 저감화 효과를 실험한 결과 수세미에 주방세제를 첨가하여 30초간 세척한 후 30초간 흐르는 수돗물로 세척했을 경우 수저, 지퍼형 및 플라스틱형 수저집 모두 대장균이 검출되지 않았다. 따라서 가정에서 수저 및 수저집을 1분 이상 깨끗이 세척, 건조시켜야 될 것으로 판단되었다. 자외선 살균소독 시간에 따른 미생물 저감화 효과를 실험한 결과 15분 살균시 대장균이 검출되지 않아 어린이집에서 수저 및 수저집을 15분 이상 자외선 살균소독기로 살균할 경우 대장균을 제어할 수 있을 것으로 판단되나, 각 어린이집의 자외선 살균소독기의 램프 출력량과 살균대상 수저집의 수량을 고려하여 각각의 제조사가 제시하는 자외선 살균소독기 권장살균시간 이상 수저 및 수저집을 살균하여 제공하여야할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.457-463
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• 2013

Dressing 가공공정에 대한 HACCP(Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) 시스템 구축을 위하여 위해요소 분석을 실시하였다. 위해요소 분석은 주원료, 용수, 미생물 평가, 작업장별 공중 낙하균과 종업원에 대한 병원성 미생물 검사를 하였다. 충청북도 진천 소재의 SJ 회사에서 2012년 4월 1일부터 30일까지 30일 동안 수행하였다. 그 결과 원료의 미생물은 5회 동안 검출되지 않았으며, 작업장 I과 작업장 II, 포장실, 세척용수, 검사실에서 사용된 용수의 총균수는 $3.0{\times}10^1$ CFU/mL 이하로 검출되었다. 드레싱 생산과정 중 열처리 및 혼합 과정에서 총균수는 평균 $3{\times}10$ CFU/mL가 검출되었으나 대장균과 진균류, 병원성 미생물은 검출되지 않았다. 공중 낙하균(총균수와 진균류)은 각각의 작업장에서 법적 허용치 이하로 검출되었다. 작업자들의 총균수 미생물 평가에서 모두 양성반응이었으나 대장균과 황색포도상구균은 검출되지 않았다. 결론적으로 위생관리 기준은 HACCP 시스템을 위한 미생물의 한계기준과 일반세균과 병원성 미생물과 같은 위해요소를 예방 및 감소시키기 위하여 설정하여야 한다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.77-81
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• 2007

매실 리큐르 제조 부산물인 매실(매실박)에도 항균활성이 잔존하는지 알아보기 위해 생매실과 매실박을 동결 건조한 분말기 에탄을 추출물이 병원성 미생물에 대한 항균활성을 측정한 결과, 매실박의 항균활성이 생매실에 비해 감소하였으나 높은 항균활성을 유지하였다. 공시 병원성 미생물은 배양 12시간째까지 급격하게 증가하였으며 배양 24시간째 $10^7CFU/mL{\sim}10^9CFU/mL$을 나타내어 비교적 양호한 성장을 나타내었다. L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115, B. cereus KCCM 11341은 생매실과 매실박 추출물 1% 첨가시 배양 12시간째부터 성장이 관찰되지 않았으며, S. sonnei SG 48, E. coli O157:H7은 배양 24시간째에 검출되지 않았다. Sal. Typhimurium ATCC 14028의 경우, 매실박 추출물 1% 첨가구는 24시간째 $10^2CFU/mL$을 나타내어 배양 시간이 증가할수록 균수가 감소하였으나, 생매실 추출물의 경우 배양 12시간째부터 균이 검출되지 않았다. 매실 및 매실박 추출물은 L. monocytogenes Scott A의 성장을 뚜렷하게 억제하였으며, 매실박과 생매실 간의 항균활성의 차이는 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않았다. Staph. aureus KCCM 12255와 P. fluorescens ATCC 21541은 배양기간 동안 생매실 또는 매실박 첨가구가 대조구에 비해 성장이 뚜렷이 억제되었다. 공시 병원미생물에 대해 생매실 추출물은 매실박 추출물에 비해 높은 항균활성을 나타내었으며, 매실 리큐르 제조 후 부산물로 나오는 매실박 추출물도 병원성미생물에 대한 항균효과는 뚜렷하였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.294-300
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• 2005

식품의 안전성 평가에 사용되는 주요 지표 미생물들의 검출 시험법 중에서 전통적인 미생물 시험법과 신속 검출법인 건조 필름법에 의한 미생물 시험법 간의 유효성 관계를 국내 특정 축 수산식품에 존재하는 미생물을 대상으로 분석하였다. 축 수산식품 중 어묵, 게맛살, 아이스크림, 우유, 햄 시료에 대하여 두 가지 미생물 시험법을 각각 실시하였다. 일반 세균수 분석에는 plate count agar법과 $Petrifilm^{TM}$ aerobic count plate법을 비교하였고, 대장균군과 대장균의 분석에는 most probable number(MPN)법과 $Petrifilm^{TM}$ coliform count plate 및 $Petrifilm^{TM}$ E. coli/coliform count plate법을 각각 비교하였으며, 효모와 곰팡이의 분석에는 potato dextrose agar법과 $Petrifilm^{TM}$ yeast and mold count plate법을 비교하였다. 황색포도상구균의 분석에는 coagulase 시험법과 $Petrifilm^{TM}$ staph express count plate법을 비교하였다. 5가지 축 수산식품에 대한 두 방법들간 상관계수는 일반세균이 $0.990{\sim}0.999$, 대장균군이 0.979-0.987, 대장균이 0.978-0.984, 효모와 곰팡이가 0.975-0.999, 황색포도상구균이 0.999로 두 방법간 상관성이 매우 높았으며, 평균 미생물 수에 있어서도 유의적인 차이가 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 이상의 결과로부터 건조필름법이 기존의 전통적인 시험 방법을 대체할 수 있는 미생물 분석법임이 확인되었다.