• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.21-27
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• 2020

Purpose : The purpose of this paper is to compare the immediate effects of tensor fascia latae (TFL) stretching with weight bearing (standing position) or non-weight bearing (side-lying position). Methods : The study was conducted on 30 adults (12 men, 18 women) in their 20s. Modified Thomas's test was conducted to find out if the TFL muscle has a tightness for current study. This study randomly divided the subjects into two groups and set the standing stretching group (n=15) or the side-lying stretching group (n=15). Both groups applied self-stretching under the therapist's supervision. TFL stretching in each positions was performed 30 seconds per set, 3 times, and 30 seconds per set could rest. The Ober test were conducted to investigate the effect of TFL stretching in each positions. Results : For the Ober test measurements within each group, both groups significantly increased after intervention compared to before (p<.05). There was no significant difference between the groups (p>.05). Conclusion : TFL stretching in standing position and side-lying position increased the range of motion of the TFL muscle. Therefore, if it is difficult to apply TFL stretching in standing position (weight bearing) due to pain or other reasons, it will be able to TFL stretching in side-lying position (non-weight bearing).

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.17-33
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• 1997

The objective of this study was to identify pulmonary functional variations in relation to postural changes, lapse after changing position, and the use of abdominal band in the cervical cord injured. The subjects of this study were 19 quadriplegic patients who had been admitted to the department of the Rehabilitation Hospital, College of Medicine, Yousei University, from April, 1997 through May 3, 1997. A spiroanalyzer was used to measure pulmonary function in supine, standing, time after changing position, and recording to the position, application method, and tightness of the abdominal band. The data were analyzed by the repeated measure one-way ANOVA, and Wilcoxon signed rank test. The findings were as follows: 1. All phase of the patients' pulmonary function improved significantly in supine posture in contrast to standing (vital capacity by $0.46{\ell}$ and expiratory reserve volume by $0.09{\ell}$). 2. The longer the time lapsed from supine posture to standing, the patient's expiratory reserve volume, maximum ventilation volume, vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume increased. 3. When the patient lay in supine position, the maximum ventilation volume, vital capacity, and the forced vital capacity increased then the center line of the abdominal band was placed along iliac crest; on the other hand, when the patient was standing, placing the bottom line of the abdominal band along iliac crest increased the maximum ventilation volume, vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume. 4. In placing the abdominal band in the patients, leaving space between the top and bottom lines of the band helped increased in maximum ventilation volume, vital capacity, and forced vital capacity for patient in supine as well as in standing. 5. When placing the abdominal band to patients in supine posture, reducing the length of the band by 2.5% along the patient's waist line increased the patients' vital capacity, while reducing the length by 10% to patients in standing increased the maximum ventilation volume. The abdominal band should be placed in such a way that the bottom part of the band should be more tightly fastened while leaving enough room for a hand to be placed in between the body and the band for the top part of the hand. It should also be noted that in a supine position, the bottom line of the band should be placed along the iliac crest, while in standing, the center line should be placed along the iliac crest. The length of the band should also be reduced by 2.5% of the waist line in supine position, and in standing, the length should be reduced by 10%. It should also be noted that the pulmonary function of the patients should be measured at least 10 minutes after one position change.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.206-211
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• 2020

Background: The longitudinal arch is important for individuals with pes planus. The toe spread out exercise (TSO) has been widely used to continuously support the longitudinal arch by increasing the abductor hallucis (AbdH) muscle activation. However, the AbdH muscle is commonly lack of the sufficient activation during the TSO especially in individuals with pes planus. Objects: This study was performed to investigate the effect of arch support on the muscle activity and strength of the AbdH during TSO in standing position in individuals with pes planus. Methods: Twenty subjects with pes planus between 20 and 30 years of age participated in this study. The muscle activity and strength of the AbdH were measured using surface EMG system and the Smart KEMA tensiometer system. The AbdH muscle was evaluated during TSO between individuals with and without longitudinal arch support in standing position. The longitudinal arch was supported by using the insole. The paired t-test was used. The level of statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. Results: The muscle activity and strength of the AbdH during TSO with arch support in standing position was significantly greater than that without arch support. Conclusion: The muscle activity and strength of the AbdH during TSO in standing position can be influenced by the longitudinal arch support in individuals with pes planus. The AbdH strengthening during TSO in standing with arch support can be recommended especially in individuals with pes planus in the clinical settings.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2017

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the activity of the abductor hallucis (AbdH) muscle during short foot exercise (SFE) using foot orthosis (SFE-FO) and the windlass effect (SFO-WE) while sitting and in a one-leg standing position. METHODS: We recruited fourteen subjects with normal feet for this study. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to measure the muscle activity of the AbdH muscle during SFE, SFE-FO, and SFE-WE while sitting and in a one-leg standing position. Three trials consisting of a 5 s hold for each of the three exercises were performed to measure the EMG activity of the AbdH muscle. Exercise type and position were randomly assigned. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to analyze the effects of exercise type (SFE vs. SFE-FO vs. SFE-WE) and position (sitting vs. one-leg standing position) on AbdH muscle activity. A statistical significance was set at ${\alpha}=.05$. RESULTS: The EMG activity of AbdH muscle in the SFE-WE exercise was significantly greater than that during SFE and SFE-FO in both exercise positions (p<.001). In addition, the EMG activity of the AbdH muscle in the one-leg standing position was significantly higher than that while sitting (p<.001) during all three exercises. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that SFE-WE is a more effective strengthening exercise than SFE or SFE-FO for activating the AbdH muscle.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.239-251
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• 1995

The prevalence of postural hypotension among over 65 year old men is 10-30%. The postural hypotension commonly causes the discomfort such as dizziness, irritability or fainting spell, and for the result it diminishes the quality of the life of aged. Therefore the assessment and intervention of postural hypotension during changing position is very important. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of changing position from supine to standing upright, from supine through left lateral to standing upright, from supine through sitting to standing upright of aged. The results obtained are as follows : 1. The average systolic blood pressure of normotension group is $132.68{\pm}16.04mmHg$ at supine position. The average diastolic blood pressure of normotension group is $80.72{\pm}9.82mmHg$ at supine position. The average systolic blood pressure of hypertension group is $153.92{\pm}20.12mmHg$ at supine position. The average diastolic blood pressure of hypertension group is $93.74{\pm}15.53mmHg$ at supine position. 2. There is no significant difference of blood pressure after three different procedures as mentioned above from supine to standing upright. 3. The prevalence of postural hypotension at standing upright is 13.5% which is 18.8% of the hypertension group and 9.4% of the normotension group. There is statistical difference of the prevalence of postural hypotension between hypertension group and normotension group.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.403-414
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• 2020

Purpose: This study examined how performing chin tuck exercises in supine, sitting, and standing positions affects changes in the muscle activity of the neck and shoulder. Methods: Seventeen men and three women with forward head posture participated in the study. The subjects performed the chin tuck exercise using a pressure biofeedback unit. After determining the ideal order for performing the chin tuck exercise in supine, sitting, and standing positions through randomized controlled trials, muscle activity was measured in the dominant-side sternocleidomastoid, scalenus anterior, upper trapezius, and levator scapulae. Muscle activity was measured three times in each muscle for each position, and the average of the three measurements was used for analysis. Results: In this study, the chin tuck exercise performed in a supine position reduced muscle activity of the sternocleidomastoid, scalenus anterior, upper trapezius, and levator scapulae significantly more than performing the exercise in either sitting or standing positions (p < 0.05). No significant difference in muscle activity was observed when the exercise was performed in a sitting position versus a standing position (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Performing a chin tuck exercise in a supine position is more effective for stabilizing the neck and shoulder than performing it in a sitting or standing position, as it reduces excessive tension and fatigue in the neck and shoulder.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.38-45
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to compare the effect of abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) on lower trapezius (LT), serratus anterior (SA), and erector spinae (ES) muscle activity during arm lifts in prone and standing positions. Twenty healthy subjects were recruited, and NoraxonTeleMyo 2400T was used to collect electromyographic signals from the LT, SA, and ES muscles. A two-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) used a significance level of .05. If a significant interaction was found, pairwise comparisons were performed with a Bonferroni adjustment (.05/4=.013). The results of the study were as follows: 1) In LT, no significant ADIM by position interaction was found ($F_{1,19}$=.356, p=.558). There was a significant main effect for ADIM. LT muscle activity with ADIM was significantly greater compared with muscle activity without ADIM ($F_{1,19}$=82.863, p<.001). There was also a significant main effect for position. LT muscle activity in the prone position was greater compared with muscle activity in the standing position ($F_{1,19}$=116.401, p<.001). 2) In SA, significant ADIM by position interaction was found ($F_{1,19}$=8.687, p=.008). There were significant differences in all pairwise comparisons. The greatest SA muscle activity was observed in the standing position with ADIM. 3) In ES, significant ADIM by position interaction was found ($F_{1,19}$=122.473, p<.001). The lowest ES muscle activity was elicited in the standing position with ADIM. Based on these results, ADIM is advocated in the prone position to increase LT muscle activity. In addition, it is concluded that arm lifts in the standing position with ADIM offer the most favorable combination for reducing ES muscle activity and increasing SA muscle activity.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2001

This study was designed to identify the effects of foot position on electromyographic (EMG) activity of the quadriceps femoris during maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) in standing. Twenty young adults who had not experienced any knee injuries were recruited. Their Q-angles were within a normal range. They were asked to stand in five different foot positions ($40^{\circ}$ externally rotated, $30^{\circ}$ internally rotated, neutral, $20^{\circ}$ plantarflexed, and $10^{\circ}$ dorsiflexed foot position). The EMG activities of the vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), and vastus medialis oblique (VMO) were recorded in standing by surface electrodes and normalized by MVC EMG values derived from manual muscle test. The normalized EMG activity levels (%MVC EMG) of muscles in the five foot positions were compared using repeated measures ANOVA. The EMG activity levels of the VL, RF, and VMO were the highest when foot was externally rotated. The EMG activity levels of the VL and RF were significantly different among the foot positions (p<.05). However, EMG activity levels of the VL, RF, VMO, and VMO/VL ratio did not show significant differences in each foot position (p> .05). The results suggest that the quadriceps femoris may be effectively activated by performing MVC at an externally rotated foot position. Therefore, the externally rotated foot position can be considered as an effective foot position for quadriceps femoris strengthening exercise. Further studies are needed to identify whether there are differences in the effects of foot position on muscle strength after MVC exercise of quadriceps femoris in standing.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.415-424
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to compare changes in abdominal muscle thickness in different standing postures with a handheld load between subjects with and without chronic low back pain (CLBP). Methods: Twenty subjects with CLBP and 20 controls participated in this study. Ultrasound imaging was used to assess the changes in the thickness of the transverse abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) muscles. Muscle thickness in three different standing postures (standing at rest, standing with loads, standing with lifting loads) was compared with the muscle thickness at rest in the supine position and was expressed as a percentage of change in the thickness of the muscle. Results: While standing with loads, the change in IO muscle thickness in the CLBP patients increased more significantly than in the pain-free controls (p < 0.05). The standing with lifting loads posture showed a significant increase in the change in thickness of the TrA compared with the standing with loads posture (p < 0.05). In addition, the standing with lifting loads posture showed a significant decrease in the change in the thickness of the EO when compared with the standing with loads posture (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The automatic activity of the IO muscle in subjects with CLBP increased more than that of the pain-free controls in the standing with loads posture. These findings suggest that IO muscle function may be altered in those with CLBP while standing with loads. Additionally, TrA the activation level was found to be associated with increased postural demand caused by an elevated center of mass.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.7-12
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• 2010

Purpose: This study investigated changes in the thickness of the transversus abdominis (TrA), internal abdominal oblique (IO), and external abdominal oblique (EO) muscles between crook lying and wall support standing positions during abdominal hollowing (AH), using ultrasound imaging. Methods: Experiments were conducted on 20 healthy male adults (mean age=$22.45{\pm}4.08$ years) who voluntarily agreed to participate in the experiments. The changes in the thickness of the subjects' abdominal muscles were measured during AH in crook lying and wall support standing positions. Results: The difference in the thickness of TrA between the two positions during AH was statistically significant, but the differences in the thicknesses of IO and EO were not significant. Conclusion: Activity of the TrA, which is a deep muscle, was stimulated in the standing position, which is, therefore, more functional than the crook position, but the activities of IO and EO muscles did not decrease. Therefore, various methods to induce the activity of TrA while decreasing the activities of IO and EO, in the functional standing position that can stimulate deep muscles, need to be designed.