• Land and Housing Review
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.415-427
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• 2011

This study is aiming at estimating the demolition cost of deterioration housing by the rational method in order to provide for the demolition and new build project of the rental multi-family housing of LH. We investigated the actual state of demolition construction and work process of small size housing, and analysed an actual condition of estimation for the demolition cost through an advice by the expert of construction cost estimate. Furthermore, the 'estimation standard for the predetermined amount', 'estimation standard for the disposal cost of construction wastes' and precedent studies in public construction work were considered. As one of results in this study, cost accounting system, breakdown system and construction cost for the demolition work based on the standard of estimate were proposed and the predetermined amount of demolition construction for the multi-family housing with 2 or 3 floors could be produced by them. Eventually, It is estimated that the demolition cost per a multi-family housing is about 18,331,000(won) and 104,000(won) per floorage($m^2$). To the details, the result indicated that the direct demolition cost needs about 14,339,000(won) per a multi-family housing and the consignment disposal cost of wastes needs 3,992,000(won) per one. The results of the study will be used as the fundamental data to estimate the project cost in the phase of budget establishment for demolition and new build project of the deteriorated rental multi-family housings, and also cost accounting system of demolition construction and breakdown system are expect to be used effectively at the ordering of public construction work.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.129-139
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• 2021

Recent rise in the supply rate of new public apartment houses leads to an increasement in disputes regarding the construction quality of the apartments between the residents and the construction companies. According to the dispute cases filed for claiming the collective defect repair fees, inter-layer concrete joints turned out to be the most frequently disputed item. For this reason, this study selects the inter-layer concrete joints to further analyze the primary causes and details of each dispute case. From the results of this study, three primary causes of the disputes are found, which are 1) the absence of standard specifications for construction quality control and management after construction; 2) the absence of established standards for repair when construction defects are found; and 3) the fact that the court grants generous compensation for disputes concerning the apartment houses. In order to prevent construction defects in inter-layer concrete joints, this study provides three suggestions including 1) the current standard specifications for inter-layer concrete joints should be further specified by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport; 2) a construction defect should be judged according to the compliance to the standard specifications; and 3) a clear and institutional protocol needs to be established for defect repair in cases that new public apartment houses have been judged to have defects.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.357-366
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• 2010

This paper presents experimental results about shear wall with various lateral reinforcement details in boundary elements. The research objective is to study the structural behavior of shear wall with boundary column confined by rectangular spiral hoops and headed cross ties developed to improve workability in the fabrication of boundary columns. These two details can be fabricated in a factory and put together on-site after being delivered so that the construction work may be reduced. Main parameters in the experimental study were the types of hoop and cross tie: rectangular spiral hoop and headed cross tie vs. standard hoop and cross tie with hook. Four half scaled shear wall specimens with babel shape were made and tested by applying horizontal cyclic load under constant axial force, 10% of nominal compressive strength of concrete. Based on the test result, it was shown that the shear wall with rectangular spiral hoop and headed cross tie in boundary columns has structural capacity compatible with conventional shear wall. The specimen SW-Hh which has bigger hoop bar and higher volumetric ratio of transverse reinforcements than other showed improved energy dissipating characteristic but it presented a rapid reduction of strength after peak point. The results indicates that, it is necessary to consider volumetric ratio of transverse reinforcements as well as hoop space in designing of shear wall with boundary columns for improved strength and ductility.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.13-28
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• 2010

Purpose: In this study, we investigated the better application of the law which is about the AED installation and more effective ways of emergency medical care system, to understand the law and to research the current condition of public facilities which belong to local governments, and to seize the aspect of safety guards who currently work in order to provide the installation of AED in the public facilities and to provide more efficient emergency medical service with the effectuation of the immunity law of the good intention of first-aid treatment. Methods: In Gwang-ju, 234 public facilities have been identified by 31 December, 2008. With the exception of the duplication, we researched 158 facilities and received the answers from 95 of them. Results: In the research, 53% of them have had internal emergency first-aid education, and 55% of them didn't have this education and a CPR education manual, and 30% of the facilities even didn't know how to connect with the manager of the company for the first-aid department. On the other hand, most of them were highly interested in CPR and AED education on the ratio of 91% and 93%. 88% of them have been trained about first-aid, 51% of them haven't been retrained, 17% have never been trained. so, the reality of emergency system at public facilities is serious. 78% of them knew they are working at public facilities, though 49% of them didn't know about AED installation. 57% of them didn't know the fact there is the immunity law related with good intentions for first-aid treatment. 63% of the facilities have security guards, and 30% of them didn't answer the questions. Also, many of them agreed to the opinion that all employees should have first-aid training. At representative survey report of participator of public-facility, emergency treatment is 61%, 16% of patients calling. Accordingly they importantly think better doing an on-site first-aid than evacuating the patient. And the rates show that 57% of them answerers tend to call Fire-Office(119) for evacuating the patients, and 28% of them EMIC(1339) for the first-aid. Conclusions: In this study, we are suggest to improve the details of the efficient operations and management after the grasp of the uninstallation, indifference, and unreliable conditions of AED. 1) Need a publicity of AED install cognition which is an emergency medical instrument at public facilities. 2) Arrangement of safety agents at facilities and concerns about them for good management from the parties concerned. 3) Need a designation of legal details according to the decision of the AED installation and the standard of the AED installation. 4) Training about first-aid of safety guards and the persons concerned in the facilities should be practiced participation with the positive and through this, first-aid treatment could be done by anyone who knows the immunity law related to medical emergency. 5) The brochures for the potential users and the results form practicing the instructions need to be improved in many ways through recording the emergency cases that have happened.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.333-340
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• 2004

The use of the othotropic steel deck is steadily increased due to the advance of the technology in the steel bridges which recently have been longer. But the othotropic steel deck bridge is the structure that is very fragile to the fatigue, especially, the fatigue crack at the cross of the longitudinal rib and transversal rib is one of the biggest problems that othotropic steel deck bridges have. The causes of these fatigue cracks come from the secondary stress on out-plane behavior of transversal rib. In this study, we conducted the experiment to find the optimal details to improve fatigue strength on intersection between longitudinal rib and transversal rib in the othotropic steel deck bridge through numerical analysis using the experiment of the fatigue in the 3-dimensional real structure and program LUSAS. As a result of study, it is showed that the details of the korean standard section attached with a curved bulkhead plate is the most profitable. And, it is indicated that the stress which is generated when the reform improved section by parametic study can be reduced by about 50% at most or more. Along with the reduced stress and the longer interval between transversal ribs(G=400), the decreased steel amount by 4% and the shortened welding length by 34% make it possible to produce the othotropic steel deck bridge which is strong against fatigue.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2013

The isotope ratios of $^{13}C/^{12}C$ and $^{18}O/^{16}O$ for a sample in a mass spectrometer are measured relative to those of a pure $CO_2$ reference gas (i.e., laboratory working standard). Thus, the calibration of a laboratory working standard gas to the international isotope scales (Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB) for ${\delta}^{13}C$ and Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (V-SMOW) for ${\delta}^{18}O$) is essential for comparisons between data sets obtained by other groups on other mass spectrometers. However, one often finds difficulties in getting well-calibrated standard gases, because of their production time and high price. Additional difficulty is that fractionation processes can occur inside the gas cylinder most likely due to pressure drop in long-term use. Therefore, studies on laboratory production of pure $CO_2$ isotope standard gas from stable solid calcium carbonate standard materials, have been performed. For this study, we propose a method to extract pure $CO_2$ gas without isotope fractionation from a solid calcium carbonate material. The method is similar to that suggested by Coplen et al., (1983), but is better optimized particularly to make a large amount of pure $CO_2$ gas from calcium carbonate material. The $CaCO_3$ releases $CO_2$ in reaction with 100% pure phosphoric acid at $25^{\circ}C$ in a custom designed, evacuated reaction vessel. Here we introduce optimal procedure, reaction conditions, and samples/reactants size for calcium carbonate-phosphoric acid reaction and also provide the details for extracting, purifying and collecting $CO_2$ gas out of the reaction vessel. The measurements for ${\delta}^{18}O$ and ${\delta}^{13}C$ of $CO_2$ were performed at Seoul National University using a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer (VG Isotech, SIRA Series II) operated in dual-inlet mode. The entire analysis precisions for ${\delta}^{18}O$ and ${\delta}^{13}C$ were evaluated based on the standard deviations of multiple measurements on 15 separate samples of purified $CO_2$. The pure $CO_2$ samples were taken from 100-mg aliquots of a solid calcium carbonate (Solenhofen-ori $CaCO_3$) during 8-day experimental period. The multiple measurements yielded the $1{\sigma}$ precisions of ${\pm}0.01$‰ for ${\delta}^{13}C$ and ${\pm}0.05$‰ for ${\delta}^{18}O$, comparable to the internal instrumental precisions of SIRA. Therefore, we conclude the method proposed in this study can serve as a way to produce an accurate secondary and/or laboratory $CO_2$ standard gas. We hope this study helps resolve difficulties in placing a laboratory working standard onto the international isotope scales and does make accurate comparisons with other data sets from other groups.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.192-203
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• 2020

Remodeling is urgent as the number of closed factories in the industrial complex increases due to the long-term economic decline. Accordingly, the government is promoting the remodeling of a closed-up factory as one of the industrial complex restructuring projects underway to restore the competitiveness of aging industrial complexes. The purpose of this study in to analyze the feasibility of remodeling of 4 closed-up factory in an industrial complex. In details, this study analyzes the factories that need to be remodeled with the reasonable grounds, and suggests in what order and manner the remodeling should proceed. The data were collected from literature review and on site field survey. As a result of the study, the feasibility of remodeling was recognized in all four closed factories, but Factory A was found to require a more detailed rental attraction plan and management operation plan. The final conclusions were verified through working-level meetings and experts' advise.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2002

This study has been focused on understandings for the problems of dietitian who perform nutrition service in the field of industry foodservice and then focused on using of its findings as basic material for smooth nutrition service performance through analyzing job satisfaction, job characteristic and its importance of dietitians' task in industry foodservice. A questionnaire survey of 120 nutritionists who have engaged themselves in industry foodservice―60 are under direct management and 60, held in trust―has been performed, and 95 responses (79%) have been collected and categorized, except some unfinished responses. The examined data have been classified statistically by using of SPSS, and then analyzed into frequency, percentage, mean value, standard deviation, and correlation among factors, according to questionnaires. The findings of the research can be summarized as following: The details of the surveyed dietitians were: 20-25 years old on an average; working less than two years; college graduates; mere employees; receiving monthly pay of 70～100 won on an average; working more than 52 hours weekly; and providing with four meals a day in a single menu. For job satisfaction and job characteristic, the service itself and the understanding of the service appear as main features. For the relative importance of the service, the findings show that the menu making, sanitation and cost control occupy an important position, while nutrition counseling, nutrition education and dietary control by ailments make up very low portion. For the cause of not enacting the nutrition service, the lack of counseling ability and the overburden of food service are at the top. The findings of this research, therefore, present the needs of the service capacity education and the reduction of excessive foodservice hours of dietitians in order to secure the efficient nutrition service in industry foodservice. To achieve this goal, first of all, there should be an intensive education course in school by using of practice hours. for enhancing practical service adaptability, and then the computerization of foodservice should be executed perfectly to reduce the excessive foodservice hours.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.16
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• pp.7123-7127
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• 2015

Purpose: To determine the utility of secondary circulating prostate cells for predicting early biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer and compare the results with the Walz nomagram. Materials and Methods: A single centre, prospective study of men with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy between 2004 and 2014 was conducted, with registration of clinical-pathological details, total serum PSA pre-surgery, Gleason score, extracapsular extension, positive surgical margins, infiltration of lymph nodes, seminal vesicles and pathological stage. Secondary circulating prostate cells were obtained using differential gel centrifugation and assessed using standard immunocytochemistry with anti-PSA. Biochemical failure was defined as a PSA >0.2ng/ml, predictive values werecalculated using the Walz nomagram and CPC detection. Results: A total of 326 men participated, with a median follow up of 5 years; 64 had biochemical failure within two years. Extracapsular extension, positive surgical margins, pathological stage, Gleason score ${\geq}8$, infiltration of seminal vesicles and lymph nodes were all associated with higher risk of biochemical failure. The discriminative value for the nomogram and circulating prostate cells was high (AUC >0.80), predictive values were higher for circulating prostate cell detection, with a negative predictive value of 99%, sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 75%. Conclusions: The nomagram had good predictive power to identify men with a high risk of biochemical failure within two years. The presence of circulating prostate cells had the same predictive power, with a higher sensitivity and negative predictive value. The presence of secondary circulating prostate cells identifies a group of men with a high risk of early biochemical failure. Those negative for secondary CPCs have a very low risk of early biochemical failure.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.219-227
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• 2020

It is expected that Korea will be entering with super aged society with its rapid changing to aging society compare to other developed countries. Such phenomenon is recognized from a long time ago and government has enacted Elderly Long Term Convalescence Insurance Regulation back in 1999. However, different from its actual purpose, there are many problems and improvements to be made, leading to legislative revision for several times. Still, it is left with many issues. This is one example showing there has been a continuous problem with elderly long term convalescence insurance system. Even this system in Germany which have started 4 years before us is to continuously revising regulation by raising issues to make strong structure for elderly welfare and long term convalescence, aiming to enhance life of elderly people by providing detailed standard for convalescence. Elderly related legal systematization may not enhance their welfare service or daily life right away. However, if details in regulation and its theory is systematically arranged, this will greatly reduce administrative confusion as well as increasing understanding and use of this system for the nation.