• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.87-97
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• 1989

This investigation was undertaken to know how soft tissue facial profile could be changed with age. The 3 serial lateral cephalometric roentgenograms of the twenty nine boys and twenty six girls between 9 and 13 years of age were studied and the findings seemed to warrant the following conclusions. 1. The author made the tables of means, standard deviations in each item, sex, age. 2. Soft tissue facial angle, soft tissue facial convexity including the nose tended to increase, but others tended to remain relatively stable. 3. Facial soft tissue thickness increased with age and the growth of facial soft tissue in the middle region (point A, LS, LI) was greater than others in the facial region. 4. In the soft tissue vertical proportions, G1'-Sn/Sn-Me' was 1.1, Sn-St/St-Me' was 0.51:1, Sn-LI/LI-Me' was 0.82:1 and those were stable with age.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.97-102
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• 2011

Electroglottography (EGG) is a common method for providing non-invasive measurements of glottal activity. EGG has been used in vocal pathology as a clinical or research tool to measure vocal fold contact. This paper presents the results of pitch, jitter, and closed quotient (CQ) measurements in electroglottographic signals of young (mean = 22.7 years) and elderly (mean = 74.3 years) male and female subjects. The sustained corner vowels /i/, /a/, and /u/ were measured at around 70 dB SPL since the most notable among EGG variables is the phonation intensity, which showed positive correlation with closed phase. The aim of this paper was to measure EGG data according to age and gender. In CQ, there was a significant difference between young and elderly female subjects while there was no significant difference between young and elderly male subjects. The mean value for young males was higher than that for elderly males while the mean value for young females was lower than that for elderly females. Thus, it can be said that in mean values, increased CQ was related to decreased age for females, while CQ decreased for males as the speaker's age decreased. Although the laryngeal degeneration due to increased age seems to occur to a lesser extent in females, the significant increase of CQ in elderly female voices could not be explained in terms of age-related physiological changes. In standard deviation of pitch and jitter, the mean values for young and elderly males were higher than that for young and elderly females. That is, male subjects showed higher in mean values of voice variables than female subjects. This result could be considered as a sign of vocal instability in males. It was suggested that these results may provide powerful insights into the control and regulation of normal phonation and into the detection and characterization of pathology.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.243-253
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of systolic blood pressure, heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption on 3-point nonweight bearing ambulation with axillary wooden crutch according to age. The subjects were fifty healty volunteers(22 male, 28 female), ages from 20 to 69(mean age of 43.8 years) with no history of cardiovascular or respiratory disease, diabetes mellitus, arthritis and orthopedic disorder within the past three years. This study was carried out from May 10 to August 10, 1996. The data were analyzed by percentage, mean and standard deviation and ANOVA. The results were as follows : 1. In systolic blood pressure(SBP), there was no significantly change between before walk and after 20 m in crutch walking with age, however, there did differ significantly after 40 m and 60 m in crutch walking(p<0.01, p<0.001). 2. In heat rate(HR), there was no significantly change between before walk and after 20 m, 40 m in crutch walking with age, however, there did differ significantly after 60 m in crutch walking(p<0.05). 3. In myocardial oxygen consumption($MVO_{2}$), there was no significantly change between before walk and after 20m in crutch walking with age, however, there did differ significantly after 40 m and 60 m in crutch walking(p<0.01, p<0.001). These result showed that cardiovascular system had a great effect on the olderly when 3-point nonweight bearing ambulation with axillary wooden crutch. Therefore, when train for axillary crutch in the olderly, we needed suitably basis of walking distance.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.63 no.12
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• pp.491-498
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• 2020

Background: Renal size is an important indicator in the diagnosis of renal diseases and urinary tract infections in children. Purpose: The purpose of this study is twofold. First, it aimed to measure the renal length and calculate the renal volume of normal Thai children using 2-dimensional ultrasonography (2D-US) and study their correlations with somatic parameters. Second, it aimed to compare the age-specific renal size of normal Thai children with the published data of their Western and Chinese counterparts. Methods: A total of 321 children (150 boys, 171 girls; age, 6-15 years) with a normal renal profile were prospectively recruited. All subjects underwent 2D-US by an experienced pediatric radiologist and the renal length, width, and depth were measured. Renal volume was calculated using the ellipsoid formula as recommended. The data were compared between the left and right kidneys, the sexes, and various somatic parameters. The age-specific renal lengths were compared using a nomogram derived from a Western cohort that is currently referred by many Thailand hospitals, while the renal volumes were compared with the published data of a Chinese cohort. Results: No statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was found between sexes or the right and left kidneys. The renal sizes had strong correlations with height, weight, body surface area, and age but not with body mass index. The renal length of the Thai children was moderately correlated (r=0.59) with that of the Western cohort, while the age-specific renal volume was significantly smaller (P<0.05) than that of the Chinese children. Conclusion: Therefore, we concluded that the age-specific renal length and volume obtained by 2D-US would vary between children in different regions and may not be suitably used as an international standard for diagnosis, although further studies may be needed to confirm our findings.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.233-238
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• 2019

This study aimed to assess the skeletal age of skeletal maturational indicator (SMI) and middle phalanx of the middle finger (MP3) stages and to predict the SMI and MP3 stages corresponding to pubertal growth spurt in boys and girls respectively. The skeletal age was assessed from hand-wrist radiographs of 363 children (182 boys, 181 girls) aged 7 to 16 years by radiologists using the Korean standard bone age chart. Also, SMI and MP3 stages were evaluated from the radiographs. From these records, the mean skeletal age of SMI and MP3 stages was calculated. The stages including pubertal growth spurt were SMI 4 - 5, MP3 FG - G stages in boys and SMI 3 - 4, MP3 F - FG stages in girls.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2020

[Purpose] This preliminary study aimed to develop a regression model to estimate the resting metabolic rate (RMR) of young and middle-aged Koreans using various easy-to-measure dependent variables. [Methods] The RMR and the dependent variables for its estimation (e.g. age, height, body mass index, fat-free mass; FFM, fat mass, % body fat, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, and resting heart rate) were measured in 53 young (male n = 18, female n = 16) and middle-aged (male n = 5, female n = 14) healthy adults. Statistical analysis was performed to develop an RMR estimation regression model using the stepwise regression method. [Results] We confirmed that FFM and age were important variables in both the regression models based on the regression coefficients. Mean explanatory power of RMR₁ regression models estimated only by FFM was 66.7% (R²) and 66.0% (adjusted R²), while mean standard errors of estimates (SEE) was 219.85 kcal/day. Additionally, mean explanatory power of RMR₂ regression models developed by FFM and age were 70.0% (R²) and 68.8% (adjusted R²), while the mean SEE was 210.64 kcal/day. There was no significant difference between the measured RMR by the canopy method using a metabolic gas analyzer and the predicted RMR by RMR₁ and RMR₂ equations. [Conclusion] This preliminary study developed a regression model to estimate the RMR of young and middle-age healthy Koreans. The regression model was as follows: RMR₁ = 24.383 × FFM + 634.310, RMR₂ = 23.691 × FFM - 5.745 × age + 852.341.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.173-179
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• 2008

This paper aims to calculate age coefficient of ultrasonic pulse velocity by non-destructive test. When concrete compressive strength is measured by non-destructive test, rebound test hammer method is applied to estimate age coefficient depending on the course of time after concrete casting, but ultrasonic pulse velocity method is not applied in the process. Although it is necessary to consider age coefficient with change of ultrasonic pulse velocity of concrete depending on aging, there have been little attempts to apply that method. The experiments were conducted to calculate aging effects which will be applied to establish the formula of measuring concrete strength. As a result of experiments, it was found that ultrasonic pulse velocity showed radical changes depending on concrete hardening in comparison with initial standard values. So, it was concluded that age coefficient must be applied to calculate strength. In conclusion, age coefficient of ultrasonic pulse velocity of concrete was suggested on the basis of experimental results.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.19
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• pp.8455-8460
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• 2014

Background: The National Central Cancer Registry of China (NCCR) affiliated to the Bureau of Disease Control, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China is responsible for cancer surveillance in the entire country. Cancer registration data from each local registry located in each province are collected by NCCR annually to be analyzed and published to provide useful information for policy makers and cancer researchers. Materials and Methods: Until 1st June, 2013, 219 population-based cancer registries submitted data of 2010 to the National Central Cancer Registry of China covering about 207,229,403 population, and 145 cancer registries were selected after quality evaluation for this study. Colorectal cancer cases were selected from the database according to ICD-10 coded as "C18-C20". We calculated the crude incidence and mortality rates by sex, age groups and location (urban/rural). The China population in 2000 and Segi's population were used as standardized populations for the calculation of age-standardized rates. The 6th National Population Census data of China was used to combined with the cancer registries' data to estimate the colorectal cancer burden in China in 2010. Results: Colorectal cancer was the sixth most common cancer in China. It was estimated that there were 274,841 new cases diagnosed in 2010 (157,355 in males and 117,486 in females), with the crude incidence rate of 20.1/100,000, highest in males in urban areas. Age-standardized rates by China standard population of 2000 (ASRcn) and World standard population (Segi's population, ASRwld) for incidence were 16.1/100,000 and 15.9/100,000 respectively. There were 132,110 cases estimated to have died from colorectal cancer in China in 2010 (76,646 men and 55,464 women) with the crude mortality rate of 10.1/100,000. The ASRcn and ASRwld for mortality were 7.55/100,000 and 7.44/100,000 respectively, higher in males and urban areas than in females and rural areas. The incidence and mortality rates increased with age, reaching peaksin the 80-84 year old, and oldest age groups, respectively. Conclusions: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common incident cancers and cause of cancer death in China. Primary and secondary prevention, with attention to a health lifestyle, physical activity and screening should be enhanced in the general population.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.549-553
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• 2006

In this study, the effects of granite-grit offered free-choice on voluntary intakes of grit and subsequently on some morphologic traits of the digestive tract and performance of broilers were investigated. A total of 240 7d-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allotted randomly to 10 floor pens supplied with wood shavings. The experiment lasted for 42 days. There were 2 dietary treatments, each consisting of 5 replicates. Each replicate consisted of 24 birds kept in an experimental unit with a floor size of $2{\times}2m$. Dietary treatments consisted of control (C) in which broilers were fed standard broiler rations, and acid insoluble granite-grit choice (AIGG) in which broilers were fed standard broiler rations and grit in separate troughs. Mean amounts consumed varied quite widely from week to week, but on average broilers ate 3.41 g per d per bird during the experimental period. Birds had a higher voluntary intake of granite-grit at an early age (7 to 21 d of age) than later (22 to 42 d of age). The voluntary intake of granite-grit of AIGG broilers increased (p<0.05) from 2.7 g/day at 7-14 d to 4.4 g at 15-21 d of age, and then it decreased to 3.4, 3.2 and 3.4 g/day between 22-28, 29-35 and 36-42 d of age, respectively. This level of grit intake increased (p<0.05) weights of empty gizzard (0.97 vs. 1.30 g), edible inner organs (3.51 vs. 3.69 g), and length of gut (8.86 vs. 9.01 cm) as a proportion of body weight and the content of insoluble ash (8.4 vs. 42.2 g/kg) in the faeces compared to the control group. Feeding free-choice grit had little or no effect on final live weights (2,542 vs. 2,543 g), daily gains (69 vs. 69 g), carcass weights (1,924 vs. 1,911), dressing percentages (75.6% vs. 75.1%) and feed efficiencies (1.69 vs. 1.66). Birds given grit did not gain more weight than those not given grit but they tended to have (p<0.07) lower feed intake (116.7 vs. 114.5 g), and consequently lower protein and energy intake. In conclusion, the granite-grit consumed voluntarily by broilers increased gut length and empty gizzard weight without affecting growth performance of broilers. Thus, it can be assumed that the voluntary consumption of granite-grit was too low to affect performance.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.231-251
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• 2014

Recently, Korean government documented the plan to cope with the situation related to rich pensioners of Basic old-age pension. The purpose of this paper is to verify that how many rich pensioners are existing and to evaluate government reform plan's validity and effect. Main results are as follows; firstly, if the definition of rich pensioners is on the top 10%, the proportion of them would form 2.9% of total. And then, an amount of expenditure for them is only 2.6% of total. Secondly, in terms of disposable income, debt, and transfer income from child, the household who would be applied by government's plan is not richer than other household who is in the same living standard. And then, if the government's plan enforced, the effect might be very small. Lastly, the plan of government will discriminate against persons who support their parent. As a result, Basic old-age pension will be worsen. This paper should underline that the government's reform is only the 'hidden' retrenchment strategy in order to introduce a standard of the obligation to support own parent in the state without scientific prediction and serious discussion of negative public opinion. That is why, this is the same as the 'Trojan Horse'.