• Title/Summary/Keyword: Standard age

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Analysis of the width ratio and wear rate of maxillary anterior teeth in the Korean population

  • Oh, Yeon-Ah;Yang, Hong-So;Park, Sang-Won;Lim, Hyun-Pil;Yun, Kwi-Dug;Park, Chan
    • The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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    • v.9 no.2
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    • pp.93-98
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    • 2017
  • PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to compare the width ratio of maxillary anterior teeth according to age in the Korean population and to evaluate the maxillary central incisor width-to-length (W/L) ratio, given differences in age and gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Ninety-three Korean adults were divided into 3 groups (n = 31) by age. Group I was 20 - 39 years old, Group II was 40 - 59 years old, and Group III was over 60 years of age. After taking an impression and a cast model of the maxillary arch, the anterior teeth width ratio and central incisor W/L ratio were calculated from standard digital images of the cast models using a graph paper with a digital single lens reflex (DSLR) camera. The calculated ratios were compared among all groups and central incisor W/L ratio were analyzed according to age and gender. All comparative data were statistically analyzed with one-sample t-tests, one-way ANOVAs with Tukey tests, and independent t-tests. RESULTS. No significant differences in maxillary anterior teeth ratios were found among the age groups. The maxillary central incisor W/L ratios in Group III were the greatest and were significantly higher than those in the other groups. The central incisor W/L ratio of men was higher than that of women in Group II. CONCLUSION. Maxillary anterior teeth width ratios were similar in all age groups in the Korean population. The maxillary central incisor was observed as worn teeth in the group over 60 years of age, and a significant difference between genders was found in 40 to 50 year olds.

Trend Analysis of Age Structure Ratio Change in Disaster Response Organization and Presenting the Criteria of Age Limit of Fire-fighting Field Activities -Focused on Firefighters in Seoul Metropolitan City- (재난대응조직 연령 구성비 변화 추이분석 및 구성원의 현장활동 한계연령 도출 -서울지역 현장활동 소방공무원을 중심으로-)

  • Park, Chanseok
    • Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.466-480
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    • 2014
  • In addition to aging social problem, the problem of older age structure ratio in the fire service organization playing the leading role of the disaster response activities is also expected to be this serious situation. In the case of Seoul fire fighting organization, it is expected that the ratio of over the age 50 reaches 31% or 40% between from 10 to 15 years later from now on, but this will be a serious problem in the fire fighting personnel needing a healthy body and physical strength in the disaster situation unlike the civil servants of general staff. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to take measures that can adapt to a new disaster environment of Increasing proportion of the elderly population by presenting the criteria of age limit of fire fighting field activities to analyze the relevance of the ability to perform on-site activities and age of Seoul fire civil servants, by using three analysis criteria.

The Change Pattern of Body Shape on Chronological Age in Korea Adult Women (한국 성인 여성의 연령대별 체형변화에 대한 연구)

  • Kim, Kyoung Sun;Han, Hyunsook;Nam, Yun Ja
    • Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.49-60
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    • 2017
  • In this study, change trends and specific times for change in body size were sought to be identified by using manual measurements for Korean adult women at 20 to 89 of age, along with examinations of change trends and specific times of change in body shape based on body index values. The examinations of means, deviations, and variation coefficients revealed that there was a tendency of most height related measures to decrease. In addition, combined with decrease in height, growth in weight led to increased BMI, thus resulting in increase in measures of circumference, thickness, and breadth in the torso area. The BMI trends showed that with increasing age, BMI increased, reaching the peak between the ages of 55 and 59 and then decreasing from 64 of age, with the steepest increase in BMI at ages from 50 to 54. The examination of differences in the body flatness ratio for different parts of body found that with increasing age the ratio decreased, indicating a tendency for gradual change to round body shapes. The analysis of 3D body shape found that there were more back-bends and lowered shoulder levels with age, accompanied with a tendency for more bended legs and more inclined-forward necks. The key trends in changes in body measurements by age and detailed estimates of 3D standard body shape drawn out from this study are expected to significantly contribute to establishing a basic database for generating patterns reflecting age features of Korean adult females.

A Study on How to Set up a Standard Framework for AI Ethics and Regulation (AI 윤리와 규제에 관한 표준 프레임워크 설정 방안 연구)

  • Nam, Mun-Hee
    • Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.7-15
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    • 2022
  • With the aim of an intelligent world in the age of individual customization through decentralization of information and technology, sharing/opening, and connection, we often see a tendency to cross expectations and concerns in the technological discourse and interest in artificial intelligence more than ever. Recently, it is easy to find claims by futurists that AI singularity will appear before and after 2045. Now, as part of preparations to create a paradigm of coexistence that coexists and prosper with AI in the coming age of artificial intelligence, a standard framework for setting up more correct AI ethics and regulations is required. This is because excluding the risk of omission of setting major guidelines and methods for evaluating reasonable and more reasonable guideline items and evaluation standards are increasingly becoming major research issues. In order to solve these research problems and at the same time to develop continuous experiences and learning effects on AI ethics and regulation setting, we collect guideline data on AI ethics and regulation of international organizations / countries / companies, and research and suggest ways to set up a standard framework (SF: Standard Framework) through a setting research model and text mining exploratory analysis. The results of this study can be contributed as basic prior research data for more advanced AI ethics and regulatory guidelines item setting and evaluation methods in the future.

Birth Weight Distribution by Gestational Age in Korean Population : Using Finite Mixture Modle (우리나라 신생아의 재태 연령에 따른 출생체중의 정상치 : Finite Mixture Model을 이용하여)

  • Lee, Jung-Ju;Park, Chang Gi;Lee, Kwang-Sun
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.48 no.11
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    • pp.1179-1186
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    • 2005
  • Purpose : A universal standard of the birth weight for gestational age cannot be made since girth weight distribution varies with race and other sociodemographic factors. This report aims to establish the birth weight distribution curve by gestational age, specific for Korean live births. Methods : We used the national birth certificate data of all live births in Korea from January 2001 to December 2003; for live births with gestational ages 24 weeks to 44 weeks(n=1,509,763), we obtained mean birth weigh, standard deviation and 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentile values for each gestational age group by one week increment. Then, we investigated the birth weight distribution of each gestational age group by the normal Gaussian model. To establish final standard values of Korean birth weight distribution by gestational age, we used the finite mixture model to eliminate erroneous birth slights for respective gestational ages. Results : For gestational ages 28 weeks 32 weeks, birth weight distribution showed a biologically implausible skewed tail or bimodal distribution. Following correction of the erroneous distribution by using the finite mixture model, the constructed curve of birth weight distribution was compared to those of other studies. The Korean birth weight percentile values were generally lower than those for Norwegians and North Americans, particularly after 37 weeks of gestation. The Korean curve was similar to that of Lubchenco both 50th and 90th percentiles, but generally the Korean curve had higher 10th percentile values. Conclusion : This birth weight distribution curve by gestational age is based on the most recent and the national population data compared to previous studies in Korea. We hope that for Korean infants, this curve will help clinicians in defining and managing the large for gestational age infants and also for infants with intrauterine growth retardation.

A Study on the Standard Nude Size for Making Men's Casual Wear for the 25~34 Age Group (남성 캐주얼 의류제작을 위한 호칭별 기준 누드사이즈 연구 - 25세~34세를 중심으로 -)

  • Sung, Ok-Jin;Yang, Chung-Eun
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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    • v.34 no.4
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    • pp.588-596
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    • 2010
  • This study suggest the size designation and standard nude size in relation to upper and lower garments for casual clothing brands targeting men aged 25 to 34. The nude size designation of upper garments was set at intervals of 5cm based on the bust (97cm). The clothing industry has used different nude size and designations; therefore, the following measurements were established to correspond to each other: bust 87cm- designation 90, bust 92cm- designation 95, bust 97 cm-designation 100, bust 102cm- designation 105, and bust 107cm- designation 110. The nude size designation of lower garments was set at intervals of 2cm based on the waist circumference (omphalion) and the nude size; the clothing designations were used equally. In addition, the standard nude size for upper and lower garments was set at intervals of bust (97cm) and of waist circumference (82cm), respectively, in order to suggest a detailed size.

Improvement plan for 'Newly found ideographs(新出漢字)' in the digitalizing business of the old Korean documents (고전 자료 디지털화사업에서의 신출한자 처리 개선방안)

  • Lee, Jeong-Hwa
    • Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.1-14
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    • 2004
  • As entering the information age of the 21st century, Korea is actively processing many digitalizing businesses related to information source of the Korean academic science at the government level based on the Korean advanced digital technologies, which makes them more evolved through the internet networks in Korea. The definition of 'Newly found ideographs(新出漢字)' are made by researching and extracting from the old Chinese documents through the digitalizing process and they are not registered yet among the block of Unicode & extended Chinese characters those are existent international standard. Presently Korea is in the middle of brisk developing computerized old documents in the huge scale. Meanwhile, the international standard of Chinese characters in mostly Asian countries where using them is processing and developing by IRG. Therefore, Korean processing works is very important which are included extracting precisely 'Newly found ideographs' founded from building its database, organizing as an international standard code, submitting the International organization and finally registering as the best standard code.

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The Modified Median Filter using Standard Deviation in Impulse Noise Environment (임펄스 잡음환경에서 표준편차를 이용한 변형된 메디안 필터)

  • Long, Xu;Kim, Nam-Ho
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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    • v.17 no.7
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    • pp.1725-1731
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    • 2013
  • Recently, as industrial society is developed as high digital information age, image processing is used in a variety of areas. However, image deterioration is still occurred by several noises in the data processing, and different kinds of researches are in progress for noise removal. Therefore, this paper limited the modified median filter by using standard deviation to removes impulse noise. The proposed algorithms divided into noise detection and noise removal, the noise free pixel is maintained, the noise pixel filtered. And it was compared with the existing methods for its objective judgment, using PSNR(peak signal to noise ratio) as standard criteria.

The Estimate of the Living Cost for the elderly Couple (노인부부가계를 위한 노후 월평균 생계비 산정 - 최저생계비, 표준생계비, 유락생계비의 산정 -)

  • 이선형;이연숙
    • Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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    • v.40 no.4
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    • pp.139-152
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    • 2002
  • This study was performed to estimate living cost for the elderly couple living in a city in Korea. Living cost means expenditure per month for elderly couple. It was assumed that the elderly couple will need different living cost according to their circumstances. The circumstances are health status, retirement status, and the level of living they want. The subjects were the elderly couple households over the age 65 of household head. Total number of subject was 1,649 households. Used data was Annual Report surveyed by National Statistical Office on the Family Income and Expenditure. Analysis of data was done through frequency, percentage, means, median using SAS Program. The results of this study were as follows: Their standard living cost was 844,980 won by pure relative standard line and 842,300 won by quasi relative standard lines. And minimum living cost was 713,400 won by the former, by the latter was 557,600 won (3/2 of median). And abundant Living cost was 1,068,020 won by the former, by the latter 1,263,450 won. The living cost of elderly households was about 81-83%, comparing with non-elderly households. Among the item of expenditure, the proportion of housing and medical care cost was larger than any other items.

A study on the Korean Average Marital Life Expectancy by a Standard of Education (교육수준에 따른 한국인의 유배우기대여명)

  • Woo, Won-Kyu;Cho, Young-Tae
    • Korea journal of population studies
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.93-111
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    • 2009
  • This study aims to find out changes of marital status and average marital life expectancy in Korea according to educational attainment. The study produces Korean marriage life table to accomplish the goal of study by introducing Wolfbein-Wool style working life table. Specific data utilized in this study are collected from the Population & Housing Census 2005 and Death Census 2005. Educational attainment is divided into four categories to accommodate to this study: elementary school course and lower, middle school course, high school course, college course and higher. Marriage rate, divorce rate, widowhood rate and death rate according to educational attainment are used as basicdata to analyze marital life expectancy. The results of this study are as follows: 1. As subjects age is younger, the average marital life expectancy of the highly educated tends to be higher. The disparity of average marital life expectancy according to educational attainment is apt to become narrow as subjects age is older. However, the gap between people who graduated from middle school and high school in older age group does not distinctive. 2. Males marital life expectancy is higher than females controlling for their educational attainment. 3. Males live with their wife for most of their lives but females live alone more than 10 years in every single educational categories. Based on the above, this study concludes that the average marital life expectancy is differentiated among age and sex according to educational attainment. Marital rate tends to be higher as educational level is higher. Divorce rate is lower in the highlyeducated group as their age is younger but this is apt to reverse as age is older. Furthermore, bereavement rate shows division according to educational attainmentsince one tends to marry other who has similar level of education with him or her. Therefore, educational attainment acts as an significant factor in Korean average life expectancy.