• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.71 no.6
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• pp.425-430
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• 2011

Background: High 2-[$^{18}F$] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) uptake on positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) is a prognostic factor for poor survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), especially in Stage I. We determined whether the high FDG uptake value of a primary tumor was associated with recurrence and death in patients with resected Stage I and Stage II NSCLC. Methods: We identified consecutive patients who underwent complete surgical resection for Stage I and II NSCLC between 2006 and 2009, who had preoperative PET-CT, and reviewed clinical records retrospectively. FDG uptake was measured as the maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax) for body weight. Patients were divided into two groups based on SUVmax: (i) above or (ii) below the cut-off value (SUVmax=5.9) determined by a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: Of 57 patients who were enrolled consecutively, 32 (56%) had Stage I NSCLC and 25 (44%) had Stage II. The 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) for patients with high (${\geq}5.9$) and low (<5.9) SUVmax were 31% and 57%, respectively (p=0.014). The 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were 39% and 60%, respectively (p=0.029). In univariate analyses, SUVmax (p=0.014), T staging (p=0.025), and differentiation of tumor tissue (p=0.034) were significantly associated with RFS. But, multivariate analyses did not show that SUVmax was an independently significant factor for RFS (p=0.180). Conclusion: High FDG uptake on PET-CT is not an independent prognostic factor for poor outcomes (disease recurrence in patients with resected Stage I and II NSCLC).

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.169-174
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• 1998

This is the review of vegetational history of the post-glacial period in Korea. most of studies for vegetational changes are located in the lowland alluvial plain, especially below the hilly zone of western and eastern coastal regions of Korea. A couple of methods, pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating, have been employed in these studies. These results lead us to establish the pollen zonation in Korea as the followings. Yasuda et al.(1980) classified six period in Yongrang lake of sokcho. These are as follow I. 17,000-15,000yr B.P.: Picea, Abies, Pinus(Haploxylon), Larix stage, II.15,000-10,000yr B.P:Herb, Pteridophyta stage, III.10.000-6,700yr BP.:Quercus stage, IV.6,700-4,500yr B.P.:Pinus, Quercus, Carpinus stage, V.4,500-1,400yr B.P.:Quercus. Pinus stage, VI.1,400yr B.P.-present: Pinus, Herbs stage. Jo(1979) also divided the period into two stages from the outcomes of analysis done in Jumoonjin and other sites I.10,000-6,000yr B.P.:Quercus stage, II.6,000-present: Pinus-Quercus stage, and three substages: IIa.6,000-3,400 yr B.P.:lower Pinus stage, IIb.3,400-2,000yr B.P.:Pinus-Quercus stage, IIc.2,000-present: Pinus stage. Choi(1993, 1996) divided the period into three stages: I.6,000-5,000yr B.P.:Alnus, Quercus stage, II.5,000-4,000yr B.P.: Alnus, Quercus, Pinus stage, III.4,500-2,600yr B.P.: Alnus, Pinus stage. In the period around 6,000yr B.P. distinct dominant species clearly occupied the lowland of the eastern and western coasts. Thus, this strongly supports the fact that even if Korea experienced its warm and wet climate after the lateglacial, it underwent a different environmental change, dry climate, compared to the regions of Japan.

• Advances in biomechanics and applications
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.41-55
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• 2014

Acellular intra-myocardial biomaterial injections have been shown to be therapeutically beneficial in inhibiting ventricular remodelling of myocardial infarction (MI). Based on a biventricular canine cardiac geometry, various finite element models were developed that comprised an ischemic (II) or scarred infarct (SDI) in left ventricular (LV) antero-apical region, without and with intra-myocardial biomaterial injectate in layered (L) and bulk (B) distribution. Changes in myocardial properties and LV geometry were implemented corresponding to infarct stage (tissue softening vs. stiffening, infarct thinning, and cavity dilation) and injectate (infarct thickening). The layered and bulk injectate increased ejection fraction of the infarcted LV by 77% (II+L) and 25% (II+B) at the ischemic stage and by 61% (SDI+L) and 63% (SDI+B) at the remodelling stage. The injectates decreased the mean end-systolic myofibre stress in the infarct by 99% (II+L), 97% (II+B), 70% (SDI+L) and 36% (SDI+B). The bulk injectate was slightly more effective in improving LV function at the remodelling stage whereas the layered injectate was superior in functional improvement at ischemic stage and in reduction of wall stress at ischemic and remodelling stage. These findings may stimulate and guide further research towards tailoring acellular biomaterial injectate therapies for MI.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.881-887
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• 2015

Purpose: To analyze treatment modalities and prognostic factors in patients with Stage I-II endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS). Materials and Methods: Twenty four patients (nineteen with low-grade ESS [LGESS] and five with high-grade ESS [HGESS]) were assessed retrospectively in terms of general characteristics, prognostic factors, treatment methods and survival. Results: Twenty patients were at Stage I and three were at Stage II. The stage of one patient could not be determined. With respect to age and comorbidity, no statistically significant difference was found among disease-free survival (DFS) (p=0.990; p=0.995). However, DFS was significantly shorter in Stage II than Stage I patients (p=0.002). It was also significantly shorter in HGESS patients than in LGESS patients (p=0.000). There was no statistically significant differences among the overall survival (OVS) times of patients with respect to age at diagnosis and comorbid disease (p=0.905; p=0.979) but OVS was significantly shorter in patients with HGESS (p=0.00) and Stage II disease (p=0.001). No statistically significant difference was found with respect to OVS between patients who received radiotherapy (RT) and those who did not receive RT (p=0.055). It was not statistically possible to include other treatment modalities in the analysis because of the small sample size. Conclusions: Grade and stage of a tumour were found to be the most important prognostic factors. It was not possible to determine the optimal surgical method and the effect of adjuvant treatment since the number of cases was insufficient.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.269-276
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• 1988

Ore deposits of Dadeok mine, the largest in the Bonghwa gold mining district, are composed of numerous gold and silver-bearing quartz veins emplaced in granite batholith. Mineralization of the Pungjeong vein, one of the representative vein in the mine was investigated. K-Ar age of sericite in the vein is $84{\pm}5$ Ma. Hypogene 6pen-space filling can be devided into four paragenetic stages; (1) fine grained quartz and carbonate; (2) quartz and carbonates with base metal sulfides, electrum, native silver, argentite, polybasite, freibergite, pyrargyrite, and Cu-Ag-Fe-S minerals; (3) quartz with base metal sulfides; (4) quartz and calcite with or without pyrite. Composition of electrum ranges from 44.17 to 56.50 atomic % Ag. Meanwhile FeS content of sphalerite coexisting with elctrum in stage II range from 0.01 to 1.67 mol. %. Homogenization temperatures for quartz and sphalerite of stage II ($239^{\circ}$ to $310^{\circ}C$), quartz of stage III ($206^{\circ}$ to $255^{\circ}C$) and quartz and calcite of stage IV ($232^{\circ}$ to $253^{\circ}C$) show little time-space variation during mineralization. Salinities of the fluid inclusions range from 5.5 to 12.8wt% NaCI in stage II, 7.3 to 12.3wt% in stage III and 4.5 to 8.0wt% in stage IV. Based on the homogenization temperatures, Fe content of sphalerite and Ag content of electrum, tempera ture and sulfur fugacity for stage II are estimated to be $208^{\circ}$ to $310^{\circ}C$ and $10^{-9.2}-10^{-12.8}$ bars, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.408-414
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• 1988

This thesis is 2nd thesis from "Mechanism of Intercalation Compounds in Graphite with Hydrogen sulfate(J. Korea Cer. Soc. Vol. 22. No.6, 1985). We have oxidized natural Graphite flakes(0.1~0.2mm., Kropfm hl passau in Deutchland. S40) with a solution of CrO3 in H2SO4. Whilst persulfate ions were intercalated, too, below 7$^{\circ}C$, no evidence for intercalation of a peroxo compound was found at 22$^{\circ}C$. The reaction was interrupted after various times by filtering and washing with concentrated H2SO4. X-ray diffraction showed that the 2nd stage compound had already been formed after 2 minutes. We could only follow further oxidation to the blue stage compound which was completed after 35 minutes. We have found six distinct intermediate stage between 2nd stage and 1 stage. Experiments are described on the formation of intermediate stage color and X-ray diffraction analysis.ysis.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.36-45
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• 2003

This study is made for examining the characteristics of the lead-zinc deposition from the mineralogy of pyrrhotite at the Yeonhwa 1 Mine, Korea. The pyrrhotite of the Yeonhwa 1 mine is divided two species; the pynhotites I and II. The pyrrhotite I that represents the product in Stage II mineralization is characterized by hexagonal pyrrhotite occurring as the mechanical mixtures of hexagonal and monoclinic phases with various proportion. These mixtures might be formed from 'primary' hexagonal pyrrhotite by the subsequent retrograde reaction and/or by the influence of later mineralization in Stage III. Whereas the pyrrhotite II crystallized out in later Mineralization Stage III (hydrothermal stage) is always monoclinic variant with ferromagnetic properties; no two phase mixtures have been recognized.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1241-1247
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• 1996

From January 1989 to March 1996, we have operated on 102 cases of non-small cell lung cancer at the department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine. They were clinically evaluated. The results are as follows; 1. The peak incidence of age of primary lung cancer was 5th decade(34.3%) and 6th decade(38.2%). Male to female ratio was 2.5:1. 2. Most of symptoms were respiratory, which were cough(61.8%), sputum(43.l%), chest discomfort and pain(30.4%), dyspnea(27.5%), and hemoptysis(9.8%). Asymptomatic cases were 1.9% of study group. 3. Methods of diagnostic confirmation were bronchoscopic biopsy(59.8%), sputum cytology(17.6%), percutaneous needle aspiration(11.8%) and open biopsy(10.8%). 4. Histopathologic classifications were squamous cell carcinoma(55.9%), adenocarcinoma(30.5%), adenosquamous cell carcinoma(6.9%), large cell carcinoma(4.9%), bronchioalveolar cell carcinoma(0.9%), and mixed cell carcinoma(0.9%). 5. Methods of operation were pneumonectony(47.1%), lobectomy(38.2%), bilobectomy(5.9%), wedge resection(1.9%), exploration(6.9%), and overall resectability was 93.1%. 6. Postoperative staging classifications were Stage I (13.7%), Stage II(31.4%), Stage IIIa(38.3%), Stage IIIb(14.7%), and Stage IV(1.9%). 7. The postoperative complications developed in 9.8%, and operative mortality was 1.9 %. 8. One year survival rate was 81.7%, 3 year 49.7% and 5 year 21.8%. According to stage, 5 year survival rate was 39% in stage I, 24.3% in stage II, 23.9% in stage IIIa.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.598-602
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• 2017

Korea Aerospace Research Institute has been developing 3-stage launcher KSLV-II, which can inject 1.5-ton satellite into sun synchronous orbit (SSO). For development process, Test Launch Vehicle(TLV) adopting the $2^{nd}$ and $3^{rd}$ stage of KSLV-II will be scheduled to launch in 2018. The propulsion system of TLV is composed of $2^{nd}$ stage engine system (ground type) and propellant supply system including LOX, Kerosene tanks. Until now, system integration of engineering model of TLV and delivery of qualification model have been done. In this paper, the product assurance activities for propulsion system KSLV-II will be illustrated.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.771-774
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• 2016

Thymic tumors are the most common tumors in the anterior mediastinum. Total resection is the main treatment and predictor of longer survival. Adjuvant radiotherapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy is recommended with incomplete excision or advanced disease. Thirty seven patients with thymic tumors were included in this retrospective study from January 2001 till December 2012. They were studied regarding age, sex, performance status, tumor size and invasion, stage, pathology, treatment given, overall and progression free survival. Myasthenia gravis was present in 18.1% of the patients. Masaoka stage III was diagnosed in 40.5% of the cases followed by stage II in 24.3% and the other stages with lower percentages. Pathology type B3 was the most frequent followed by B2 and B1 with percentages of 27, 24.3 and 21.7 respectively. Complete resection was conducted in 11 cases (29.75%). Partial resection or debulking was done in 15 (40.5%) and a biopsy was taken in 11 cases (29.8%) Adjuvant chemotherapy was given to 14 patients (37.8%) and neoadjuvant to 13 (35.2%). Adjuvant radiotherapy was given to 17 patients (46%) and neoadjuvant to 14 (37.8%). The 5-year overall survival by was 83% for stage I, 71% for stage II, 60% for stage III, and 44% for stage IV (p=0.0426). Five year progression free survival was 71% for stage I, 62% stage II, 42% stage III, and 37% for stage IV (p=0.0532). In conclusion with the rare thymic tumors early stage and complete resection have the highest impact on overall and progression free survival.