• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.72-82
• /
• 1991

From May 1978 to Sep. 1990, 106 patients who had been diagnosed as primary lung cancer and operated on at the Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Han Yang University, were clinically evaluated. 1. The peak incidence of age was 5th decade of life[37.7%] and 6th decade[29.2%]. Male to female ratio was 3.8: l. 2. Most of symptoms were respiratory, which were cough, chest pain, hemoptysis, and asymptomatic cases were 2.9%. 3. Histopathologic classifications were squamous cell carcinoma[53.7%], adenocarcinoma [23.8%], bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma[6.6%], undifferentiated large cell carcinoma[6.6%], small cell carcinoma[3.8%], adenosquamous carcinoma[3.8%] and others[1.8%]. 4. Methods of operation were pneumonectomy 49.1%[52cases], lobectomy 21%[22cases] bilobectomy[6cases], lobectomy with wedge resection[3cases], exploration 21.9%[23cases], and resectability was 78.3%. 5. Staging classifications were Stage I [22.6%], Stage II [11.3%], Stage IIIa[42.6%], Stage IIIb[21.7%] and Stage lV[1.6%]. Resectability by Stage; Stage I was 100%, II 100%, IIIa 84.4% and IIIb 30.4%. 6. Causes of most of inoperable cases were invasion of mediastinal structures and diffuse chest wall, and others were contralateral lymph node invasion and malignant pleural effusion. 7. Operative mortality was 6.7% which caused by arrhythmia, sepsis, pulmonary edema, and radiation pneumonitis. 8. On the long term follow up of the resectable cases, overall 1 year survival rate was 58.5 %, 2 year 39%, and 5 year 19.5%. Five year survival rate was 40% in Stage I, 25% in Stage II and 11.7% in Stage Illa. As for the method of operation, the higher 5 year survival rate was observed in lobectomies[33.3%] than in pneumonectomies[10.3%].

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.25-30
• /
• 2000

Objectives : This study was performed to evaluate the effect of stage shift according to screening of stomach cancer. Methods : Total 840 cases of stomach cancer patients, undergone a surgical operation at Department of Surgery, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea from Jan. 1989 to Dec. 1995, were reviewed by stomach cancer working sheet, and classified as asymptomatic and symptomatic group based on the presence of subjective symptoms on their hospital visit. Their histopathologic stages were analysed. We compared the histopathologic stages of asymptomatic stomach cancer patients with those of symptomatic patients. Results : From the total of 840 patients, asymptomatic patients group comprised 28 cases (3.3%). Proportion of asymptomatic patients tended to increase from 1.9% in 1990, 0.9% in 1991 to 8.6% in 1995. Proportions of asymptomatic patients by stages were 78.6% (stage I), 3.6% (stage III), 17.9% (stage IV) and that of symptomatic patients by stages were 38.2% (stage I), 16.5% (stage II), 24.8% (stage III), 19.1% (stage IV). In less than 40 years old, 50.5% of symptomatic patients were diagnosed as stage I. With increment of ages, proportions of stage I were makedly decreased. It was significantly different between proportion of early gastric cancer in asymptomatic patients (60.1%) and that in symptomatic patients (25.0%). Conclusions : We confirmed stage shift according to screening of stomach cancer. And proportion of early gastric cancer in asymptomatic patients was higher than that in symptomatic patients. This results suggest that screening of gastric cancer be important to reduce mortality and if be indirectly started from 40 years old.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.295-303
• /
• 2018

Purpose: We evaluated prognostic value of the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union for Cancer Control (AJCC/UICC) staging system for nasopharyngeal cancer and investigated whether tumor volume/metabolic information refined prognostication of anatomy based staging system. Materials and Methods: One hundred thirty-three patients with nasopharyngeal cancer who were staged with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) between 2004 and 2013 were reviewed. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate prognostic value of the 8th edition of the AJCC/UICC staging system and other factors including gross tumor volume and maximum standardized uptake value of primary tumor (GTV-T and SUV-T). Results: Median follow-up period was 63 months. In multivariate analysis for overall survival (OS), stage group (stage I-II vs. III-IVA) was the only significant prognostic factor. However, 5-year OS rates were not significantly different between stage I and II (100% vs. 96.2%), and between stage III and IVA (80.1% vs. 71.7%). Although SUV-T and GTV-T were not significant prognostic factors in multivariate analysis, those improved prognostication of stage group. The 5-year OS rates were significantly different between stage I-II, III-IV (SUV-T ≤ 16), and III-IV (SUV-T > 16) (97.2% vs. 78% vs. 53.8%), and between stage I, II-IV (GTV-T ≤ 33 mL), and II-IV (GTV-T > 33 mL) (100% vs. 87.3% vs. 66.7%). Conclusion: Current anatomy based staging system has limitations on prognostication for nasopharyngeal cancer despite the most accurate assessment of tumor extent by MRI. Tumor volume/metabolic information seem to improve prognostication of current anatomy based staging system, and further studies are needed to confirm its clinical significance.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.107-113
• /
• 1997

Antisera against the myotropic neuropeptide leucokinin I, originally isolated from head extracts of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae, have been used to investigate the distribution of the leucokinin I-immunoreactive (LK I-IR) neurons in the brain of the common cutworm, Spodoptera Iitura, during postembryonic development. The LK I-IR neurons are found at the larval stages (excluding first instar larval stage), pupal stages, and adult stage, of which the brains have been examined in this experiment. The number of the LK I-IR neurons in the brain increases from the second instar larva to the fifth instar larva which has about 32, the largest number in all postembryonic stages. Thereafter, the LK I-IR neurons begin to decrease in number. During the pupal stages, smaller number of LK I-IR neurons persist in the brains; 6 or 4. At adult stage the brain contains 8 LK I-IR neurons. The LK I-IR cell bodies are distributed in each dorsal cortex of both cerebral hemispheres in the second instar larva and through all the neuromeres of the brain during later larval stages, despite of being a large number of the LK I-IR cell bodies in dorsolateral neuromeres. At pupal stages, most of the LK I-IR cell bodies are found in the pars intercerebralis. Extremely small number of the LK I-IR cell bodies are localized in the pars lateral is. Adult brain contains the LK I-IR cell bodies in the pars intercerebralis and the middle cortex of the posterior brain. The LK I-IR nerve processes can be easily found in the neuropils of almost all the neuromeres in the brains of third, fourth, fifth and sixth instar larvae. Most of the LK I-IR nerve fibers in those brains are originated from the LK I-IR cell bodies located in the brains. The LK I-IR cell bodies which have very weak reactivities to the antisera do not show projection of the LK I-IR nerve processes in the brains.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.29-41
• /
• 2015

Abandoned paddy field provides an excellent opportunity to improve the species diversity and habitat quality. Ecological characteristic on the changing of plant communities at different seral stages is a major basis data for ecological restoration. In this study, we investigated changes of the species composition and community indices on the plant community associated with abandonment of cultivated rice paddies. The ecological stability of the habitat was evaluated by using eco-floristic characters(Di; Disturbance index, AUI; Actual urbanization index). Survey sites were grouped into six stages(stageI (${\leq}3years$), stageII(3-5years), stageIII(5-7years), stageIV(7-10years), stageV(10-15years), stageVI(${\geq}20years$). Vegetation investigation was done from May 2009 to October 2012 and carried out phytosociological approach. The total flora were summarized as 176 taxa including 58 families, 127 genera, 157 species, 3 subspecies, 15 varieties and 1 forms. At each of successional stages, 64 taxa in stage I, 34 taxa in stage II, 84 taxa in stage III, 83 taxa in stage IV, 92 taxa in stage V, 23 taxa in stage VI were identified. Of the occurrence plants, the species with the highest r-NCD value were Alopecurus aequalis, Juncus effuusus var. decipiens, Persicaria thunbergii, Artemisia princeps, Salix koreensis and Alnus japonica at each stages. Herbaceous annual plants were dominated in the early stage, but its r-NCD value declined in the middle stage and the late stage. On the other hand, herbaceous perennial plants and Persicaria thunbergii, annual hydrophytes, increases in the middle stage. Woody plant and herbaceous plant which appeared in the forest edge increases in the late stage. Community indices correlate with successional stages. Richness and diversity index increase along the successional gradient. But dominance index decrease along the successional gradient. Evenness index was correlated with lower. In the ecological stability analysis of the habitat that evaluated by eco-floristic characters, stage I was the most unstable habitat. And the stability of the habitat has improved according to the successional stage.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
• /
• 2000.04a
• /
• pp.206-211
• /
• 2000

Fatigue test was conducted on a S45C steel using hour-glass shaped smooth tubular specimen under biaxial loading in order to investigate the crack formation and growth at room temperature. Three types of loading system, i.e fully reserved cyclic torsion without a superimposed static tension or compression, fully reserved cyclic torsion with a superimposed static tension and fully reserved cyclic torsion with a superimposed static compression were employed. The test results show that a superimposed static tensile mean stress reduced fatigue lifetime. however a superimposed static compressive mean stress increased fatigue lifetime. Experimental results indicated that cracks were initiated on planes of maximum shear strain with either a superimposed mean stresses or not. A biaxial mean stress had an effect on the direction which cracks nucleated and propagated at stage I (mode II).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
• /
• 2013.05a
• /
• pp.771-772
• /
• 2013

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
• /
• 2008.11a
• /
• pp.9-10
• /
• 2008

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.328-341
• /
• 1987

We reviewed 147 cases of primary carcinoma of the lung between January 1975 and December 1986 at the Thoracic and Cardiovascular Department, Yonsei university College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. There were 116 males and 31 females with 93.72% ranging in age from 40 to 69 years. The mean age was 61.01 years. To 69 years of age with 61.01 years of mean age. There were 92 [62.59%] cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 29 [19.73%] cases of adenocarcinoma, 8 [5.44%] cases of undifferentiated large cell carcinoma, 8 [5.44%] cases of undifferentiated small cell carcinoma and 10 [6.8%] cases of bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma. 50 [34.01%] patients in stage I and 49 [33.26%] patients in stage II underwent pneumonectomies and lobectomies with a 67.27% rate of resection, where as only 49.12% of stage III patients were resected. Also 7 [30.43%] of the 23 stage IV cases were surgically resected and confirmed stage IV after surgical resection. The actuarial survival rate according to classification are as follows. The one and 3 year survival rate of the patients in stage I were 96% and 84% respectively. The one and `3 year survival rate of the patients in stage II were 100% and 66.6%, whereas the one and 3 year survival rate of the patients in stage III, T3 were 78.57% and 69.84%. The survival rates of patients in stage I, II, III T3 were better than those of the other stages. There were significant differences in observed survival for patients with stage II as compared with the patients with stage Ill, T3. [p=0.0005]. An aggressive surgical approach still offered the greatest chance for long-term survival even in stage Ill, T3. The survival rate in patients with resectable cases including stage III, T3 might be improved with an aggressive surgical approach. The one and 3 year survival rates of patients in stage III, N2 were 56.67% and 43.7 I%. The one and 3 year survival rates of patients in stage IV were 21.43% and 3.57%. Patients in stage III, N2 or IV had markedly decreased survival rates. When the carcinoma cell type was the basis for the determination of rate of survival, the result were as follows; The one, 3 and 5 year survival rates of squamous cell carcinoma were 78.33%, 60.19%, and 57.32%, and the one and 3 year survival rates of adenocarcinoma were 55.56% and 44.49%. The survival rates of large cell carcinoma were 66.67%, and 44.45%, at one, three and five years respectively. The one and 3 year survival rates of bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma were 71.43% and 47.62%, the one, 3 and 5 year survival rates of small cell carcinoma were 40%, 20% and 20%. The survival rate of squamous cell carcinoma was better than that of other cell carcinomas, the survival rate of small cell carcinoma was the worst. The operative mortality rate was 1.36%. There were 10 cases of post-operative complications including 2 cases of bleeding which required further surgery, 2 cases of wound infection, and 4 cases of empyema thoracis. The length of survival of three of the empyema thoracis cases was 16, 98 and 108 months respectively, Four male patients all older than 47 years survived more than 9 years, post surgery, although one developed empyema thoracis. These four cases were initially classified as 2 cases of stage I and one each of stage II and stage III, T3. We have concluded that the survival rates of patients in stages I, II and III, T3 were improved after complete surgical resection.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.81-91
• /
• 1987

During the period of 10 years from July, 1976 to July, 1986, 154 cases of primary carcinoma of the lung - by the cell type, stage, operability, and survival rate in the resectable cases - are analyzed at the Dept. of Thoracic Surgery, Paik Hospital in Seoul. The results are as follows: 1] Histopathological types are squamous cell carcinoma 49% [76 cases], adenocarcinoma 25% [39 cases], undifferentiated large cell carcinoma 9% [14 cases], undifferentiated small cell carcinoma 6% [9 cases], bronchioloalveolar carcinoma 4% [6 cases] and adenosquamous carcinoma 3% [4 cases]. 2] Peak incidence is observed in the 4th decade of life [33%], then 5th [29%] and 3rd [21%] respectively. Male to female ratio is 4 to 1. 3] Evidence of inoperability is observed in 64% [99 cases] by clinical staging workup. Thirty six percent [55 cases] were operated. Of these, post-surgical stage I was 5% [3 cases], stage II, 64% [35 cases] and stage III, 31% [17 cases]. Among total 17 cases of stage III, 14 cases were unresectable with evidence of T2N2M0, while 3 cases were resectable. Resectability is 27%, [41 cases] from the total number of 154 cases. And the resectability for the ex 55 cases is 75% [41 cases]. 4] By cell type, highest resectabitity is the squamous cell carcinoma, 49% [20 cases]. Adenocarcinoma is 32% [13 cases] and bronchioloalveolar, 12% [5 cases]. 5] Survival rate is evaluated for 38 cases of 41 resectable stage I, II and III. Overall 5 year survival rate is 24%, 3 year 32% and 10 year 8%. Survival rate in stage II for 5 year is 25%. In squamous cell type for, 5 year is 42%. Authors believe when surgeons continuous effort of early detection is met with patients early visit, 5 year survival rate for the stage I K II resectable patients will improve more effectively. As well, When the efforts are added to combined modality with radiotherapy and chemotherapy for the stage III selected cases of non-small cell carcinoma patients, the enhancement in survival rate is expected.