• 보건행정학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.65-88
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• 2004

In general, empowerment is defined as the motivational concept of autonomy and self-efficacy. Recently, the concept of empowerment is applied to improve organizational staff's job satisfaction and organizational commitment in many organizations. Empower-ment in service organizations, i.e., hospitals, has certainly generated more publicity than any other organizations. The objectives of this study are, first, to measure the degree of hospital employees' empowerment using Spreitzer(1995)'s empowerment theory, second, to analyze the causal relationship of organizational and job characteristics, a degree of empowerment, and organizational performance(job satisfaction and organizational commitment), and third, to offer the strategy for the improvement of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Spreitzer insists that the empowerment is composed of 4 dimensions(meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact). And he argues that various work-related characteristics is a direct cause of empowerment and the indirect cause of job satisfaction and organizational commitment, mediated by the empowerment latent variable. In order to perform this study, data were collected by self-administered questionnaires from hospital employees working in administrative department of 3 university hospitals in Inchon and Kyunggi-Do region. The number of cases is 181(response rate; 86%). The Collected data were analyzed with SPSS Ver. 10.0 and AMOSV Ver. 4.0. First, to test validity of variables, the factor analysis was used. Second, to test reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficients was calculated. Cronbach's alpha of empowerment variable is 0.8323 showing that there's no problem in regard to the internal consistency. Also the Cronbach's alpha of other variables are 0.8301 of the degree of perceived control, 0.6705 of job characteristics, O.8787 of compensation, 0.9254 of job satisfaction, and 0.8389 of organizational commitment, respectively. Among the questions of job characteristics, two survey questions are deleted due to lowering the reliability. Third, to test multicollinearity and correlation of variables, the correlation analysis was performed. There was no problem of multicollinearity. Finally structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis was conducted to find the causal relationship of organizational and job Characteristics, empowerment, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The 16 variables are included for the SEM analysis. The major results of this study are as follows: First, in the case of model fitness, the condition of x$^2$ statistic(92.187) is not fully satisfied, but the indices of GFI(0.912), AGFI(0.863), NFI(0.917) and CFI(0.928) are partially satisfied, which needs to upper 0.90. Second, in the result of hypotheses testing, all hypotheses are accepted and have a positive effect in 95% or 99% confidence interval(P<0.05 or P<0.001) except the effect of compensation variable on empowerment(P=0.082). Third, in regard to the direct, indirect, and total effect of variables, the direct effect of perceived control, task characteristics, and compensation on job satisfaction are 0.728, 2.264, 0.328 and on organizational commitment are 0.094, 1.411, 0.418, respectively. Also the indirect effect of perceived control, task characteristics, and compensation on job satisfaction are 0.311, 0.196, 0.028 and on organizational commitment are 0.210, 0.132, 0.019, respectively. Thus, these findings imply that various work-related factors are direct effect of empowerment and indirect effect of result variables, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Also These results showed that the workplace empowerment is significant mediating factor of employee's job satisfaction and organizational commitment.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.15-26
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• 1973

(Directed by Professor Hong, Shin Yong) Today, over seventy five Percent of the schools of nursing in Korea Provide a psychiatric experience in the basic curriculum. The psychiatric presents numerous major problems of adjustment to the student. The importance of positive attitudes toward the nursing care of psychiatric patients is recognized by the nursing profession. The purpose of this study was to determine the expressed attitudes of fifty-three nursing students toward their psychiatric affiliation. An attempt, also, was made to determine what implications these attitudes revealed relative to future program planning for students during the psychiatric nursing affiliation. A questionnaire, a Korean translation of the "psychiatric Nursing Attitude Questionnaire" by Milder Elizabeth Fletcher, was administered to fifty-three nursing students from three schools of nursing in Seoul, Who had completed a four-week psychiatric affiliation in a large mental hospital during Mar. 19, 1973 to May 19, 1973. The questionnaire of 100 statements was administered in the following way: (1) Part 1, Preconceptions. was. given in individual conferences with each subject, during the first few days of their affiliation, and again during the final week of the affiliation. The responses to Part Ⅰ were oral. (2) Part Ⅱ , Expectations, Part Ⅱ, Personal Relations, Part Ⅳ, Personal Feelings, and Part V , Attitudes and Activities of Patients were given to all of the subjects in a group meeting during the second week of the affiliation, and again. during the fourth week at the termination of the affiliation. Responses to Parts B, B, n, and f, wire written. Each of the 100 statements of the questionnaire was considered to be either Positive or Negative. A favorable response was assigned the Positive value of land an unfavorable response was assigned the Negative value of O. The coefficient of correlation was computed between the two sets of scores for the fifty-three nursing students., The mean score, the standard deviation, and the differences in the means on each of the five parts of the questionnaire were computed and the relationships calculated by a t-test. The results. of the study were as follows: 1. There was no significant correlation between the two sets of scores for the fifty-three nursing students during the four-week psychiatric affiliation. (r=573) 2. There was no significant difference in the mean scores between the first and final tests for any of the five parts of the questionnaire. 3. The Part.1, Preconceptions, data indicated nursing students enter the psychiatric affiliation with certain attitudes and preconceptions toward tile psychiatric affiliation which affect their psychiatric nursing experience, 4. The Part Ⅰ, Expectations, data indicated inappropriate expectations of students related to lack of experience, Lack of pre-psychiatric affiliation orientation, lack of social understanding, and feelings of insecurity. 5. The Part Ⅲ, Personal relations, data indicated some students have negative attitudes in personal relations with normal people in respect to psychological security and social responsibilities. 6. The Part Ⅳ, Personal feelings, data indicated nursing students have psychological insecurity & inappropriateness. 7. The Part Ⅴ, Attitudes and activities of patients, data indicated nursing students have negative attitudes of fear and frustration due to the psychotic behavior of certain patients in certain situations. 8. The data indicated preconceptions are predominate in unfavorable attitudes of students toward psychiatric nursing affiliation. Further researches indicated in the following areas: 1. Because of the limited number of students in this study, similar studies should be performed with larger groups for further validation of the results. 2. Because of the findings concerning the influence of the opinions of people in close contact with the students, similar studies of the attitudes of the staff in nursing schools, attitudes of graduate nurses and attitudes of the public should be done to determine weakness and strengths of present programs.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.66-94
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to examine how to maximize the efficiency of hospital management by minimizing the unit cost of hospital operation. For this purpose, this paper proposes to develop a model of the profit maximization based on the cost minimization dictum using the statistical tools of arriving at the maximum likelihood values. The preliminary survey data are collected from the annual statistics and their analyses published by Korea Health Industry Development Institute and Korean Hospital Association. The maximum likelihood value statistical analyses are conducted from the information on the cost (function) of each of 36 hospitals selected by the random stratified sampling method according to the size and location (urban or rural) of hospitals. We believe that, although the size of sample is relatively small, because of the sampling method used and the high response rate, the power of estimation of the results of the statistical analyses of the sample hospitals is acceptable. The conceptual framework of analyses is adopted from the various models of the determinants of hospital costs used by the previous studies. According to this framework, the study postulates that the unit cost of hospital operation is determined by the size, scope of service, technology (production function) as measured by capacity utilization, labor capital ratio and labor input-mix variables, and by exogeneous variables. The variables to represent the above cost determinants are selected by using the step-wise regression so that only the statistically significant variables may be utilized in analyzing how these variables impact on the hospital unit cost. The results of the analyses show that the models of hospital cost determinants adopted are well chosen. The various models analyzed have the (goodness of fit) overall determination (R2) which all turned out to be significant, regardless of the variables put in to represent the cost determinants. Specifically, the size and scope of service, no matter how it is measured, i. e., number of admissions per bed, number of ambulatory visits per bed, adjusted inpatient days and adjusted outpatients, have overall effects of reducing the hospital unit costs as measured by the cost per admission, per inpatient day, or office visit implying the existence of the economy of scale in the hospital operation. Thirdly, the technology used in operating a hospital has turned out to have its ramifications on the hospital unit cost similar to those postulated in the static theory of the firm. For example, the capacity utilization as represented by the inpatient days per employee tuned out to have statistically significant negative impacts on the unit cost of hospital operation, while payroll expenses per inpatient cost has a positive effect. The input-mix of hospital operation, as represented by the ratio of the number of doctor, nurse or medical staff per general employee, supports the known thesis that the specialized manpower costs more than the general employees. The labor/capital ratio as represented by the employees per 100 beds is shown to have a positive effect on the cost as expected. As for the exogeneous variable's impacts on the cost, when this variable is represented by the percent of urban 100 population at the location where the hospital is located, the regression analysis shows that the hospitals located in the urban area have a higher cost than those in the rural area. Finally, the case study of the sample hospitals offers a specific information to hospital administrators about how they share in terms of the cost they are incurring in comparison to other hospitals. For example, if his/her hospital is of small size and located in a city, he/she can compare the various costs of his/her hospital operation with those of other similar hospitals. Therefore, he/she may be able to find the reasons why the cost of his/her hospital operation has a higher or lower cost than other similar hospitals in what factors of the hospital cost determinants.

• 한국임상보건과학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.825-833
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• 2017

Purpose .This study aims to assess the influence factors on the level of satisfaction with hospital training and to provide basic data for more efficient hospital practice of students' public health administration . Methods . We have conducted a survey on students satisfaction with their hands on practice against 200 students in Busan, Kyeongnam and Kyungbook area, who have completed their practice in public health administration. We have identified the general characteristics of the target respondents, the current training status of the department for the hospital practice and training venue; also analyzed the characteristics composed of the apprentice student's attitude before the practice, satisfaction with the department training program and hospital for practice, as well as their practice at hospital. The general characteristics of the target respondents and clinic practice status at the hospital were measured in percentage and frequency analysis; the average and standard deviations of hospital size were also measured; and the correlations between satisfaction with the department, attitude towards the practice and satisfaction with the hospital were analyzed. Results . Most public health administration students experienced their practice at the hospital after the first semester on the $2^{nd}$year and they have received the foundation training for the practice. The survey allowed multiple responses and the results are as follows: medical terminology 49.5%, medical coordinator 36.7%, Hospital administration 26.5%, Health insurance 17.3%, and medical recording and practice 13.8% respectively. In terms of each individual student's attitude towards the practice at the hospital, the respondents answered as follows: I have completed the obligatory subjects for the practice before the practice 89.5%; I have been fully informed on the hospital for my practice. 74.5%; I responsibly practiced and worked with professionalism and sense of belonging to the hospital as a member of staff 90%; I have actively learned and adopted 95%; My knowledge and skills from the practice was relevant to the theory and practice from my course 83.5%. The findings of satisfaction by size of hospital were in order of a small clinic($3.24{\pm}0.63$), medium sized clinic($3.27{\pm}0.65$), hospital ($3.20{\pm}0.61$), and large sized comprehensive hospital ($2.93{\pm}0.74$). Consequently the satisfaction rate shows no significant difference by size of hospital. In relations between practice attitude and satisfaction with subject, the matter of acquiring information and fully understanding of the hospital for practice before practice(p=0.04), the matter of a sense of belonging and responsibility at hospital during practice(p=0.33). the matter of active adaptation attitude during practice (p=0.42), and the matter of correlations with school curriculum during practice(p=0.00) showed significant results. In relations between practice attitude and satisfaction with the hospital for practice, the matter of acquiring information and fully understanding of the hospital for practice before practice(p=0.01), the matter of a sense of belonging and responsibility at hospital during practice(p=0.04), and the matter of correlations with school curriculum during practice(p=0.00) showed significant results. Conclusion . The most essential subject for the practice in public health administration is medical terminology and there is no significance in satisfaction with the practice by size of hospital. Students were content with the hospital where they can experience as much as possible. Students content with their major show positive attitude towards the practice and so do those content with the hospital. Those with the positive attitude towards the practice show the high correlation of satisfaction with both the major and hospital. As a result, the satisfaction with the major is the significant attribute to the practice in the hospital.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.133-143
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• 2003

목적 : 최근 의료 기술이 발달하면서 대두된 여러 생명 윤리의 문제점들 중 특히 안락사에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있고 이에 대해 점차 개방적으로 생각하는 것이 전체적인 흐름이다. 미국, 유럽, 호주 등에서는 이에 대한 연구 자료가 구체적으로 나와 있고 실제로 시행되고 있으나 국내에서는 아직 연구가 부족한 실정이며 현재까지 발표된 연구들도 주로 의료인을 대상으로 한 것들이 많아 일반인들의 인식도가 어느 정도인지에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 방법 : 2000년 5월에서 7월까지 서울의 일개 구와 경기도내 한 지역의 고등학생 이상 남녀 600명을 대상으로 설문 조사를 시행하였다. 회수된 설문지 중 기재가 미비 된 것을 제외한 435명이 최종분석에 사용되었다. 인구사회학적 변수와 안락사에 대한 인식도와의 관계를 통계 프로그램 SAS 6.12를 사용하여 Chi-square test로 분석하였다. 결과 : 안락사를 법제화해야 한다는 사람은 304명(73.6%)이었고 안락사의 범위를 능동적 안락사까지 허용한다는 사람이 156명(37.8%), 수동적 안락사를 허용한다는 사람이 234명(56.6%)이었다. 안락사의 대상이 본인인 경우 능동적 안락사는 35세 이상(P=0.001)에서 더 많이 시행한다고 하였고 수동적 안락사의 경우에는 학력이 낮을수록(P=0.046), 경제력이 낮을수록(P=0.040) 더 많이 시행하겠다고 하였고, 안락사의 대상이 타인일 때 능동적 안락사의 경우에는 남자(P=0.001), 35세 이상(P=0.001), 기혼(P=0.002)에서 더 많이 허용하였고 수동적 안락사의 경우에는 직업(P=0.016)에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었다. 안락사가 합법화되었을 경우 본인에게 능동적 안락사를 시행하겠다는 경우는 35세 이상(P=0.001), 기혼(P=0.022)에서 많았고 수동적 안락사를 시행하겠다는 경우도 나이(P=0.001), 결혼여부(P=0.001)와 관련이 있었다. 타인에게 능동적 안락사를 시행하겠다고 한 경우는 성별(P=0.004), 결혼여부(P=0.001)에서, 수동적 안락사를 시행하겠다고 한 경우는 나이(P=0.002), 결혼여부(P=0.017), 교육 정도(P=0.025), 경제력(P=0.001)에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였다. 결론 : 대다수의 일반인들은 안락사에 대한 법이 필요하다고 하였고 연령과 교육, 경제력이 안락사 시행 여부에 영향을 주는 것으로 보여진다.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.137-144
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• 2007

목적: 본 연구는 호스피스 입원 환자와 가족의 간호요구를 파악하고, 그들의 요구를 충족시켜주는데 필요한 기초자료를 제공하기 위함이다. 방법: 2004년 5월부터 10월 말까지 일 호스피스 병동에서 퇴원한 환자 76명과 가족 76명을 대상으로 하였고, SPSS 10.0으로 분석하였다. 결과: 대상자의 연령은 70세 이상이 가장 많았으며, 초기 진단명은 폐암이 가장 많았다. 호스피스 입원환자가 경험하는 신체적 증상은 통증, 기운 없음, 식욕부진, 오심구토, 호흡곤란의 순이었고, 정서적 증상은 불안, 우울, 분노 순이었으며, 영적 증상은 신에게 의지하고 싶어함, 원목실, 성직자가 방문하여 종교의식을 원함 순이었다. 입원 환자의 요구도는 통증 조절, 통증 이외의 증상(구토, 호흡곤란, 복수 등)조절, 정서적 문제의 해결, 영적 문제의 해결 순으로 높았으며, 환자의 관심사는 본인의 건강관련문제, 혼자 남을 배우자에 대한 관심, 자녀의 장래문제 순이었다. 가족의 간호 요구도는 "환자의 상태 및 처치/간호에 대한 정보"영역이 가장 높았으며, "가족의 역할 알려주기", "영적 지지", "정서적 지지" 순이었다. 문항별로는 "환자의 예후에 대해 알려주는 것", "환자에게 행해지고 있는 각각의 간호가 왜 필요한지 알려 주는 것" 순으로 높았다. 가족들은 환자의 편안한 임종을 가장 높게 기대하였고, 서비스의 만족도는 자원봉사자 서비스가 가장 높았으며, 통증 조절, 간호사 서비스 순이었다. 결론: 의료인들은 암환자를 돌보는 가족들의 실제적인 요구를 정확히 파악하여 개별적인 대상자들의 요구와 특성을 반영하는 지속적인 관심과 지원을 줄 수 있는 실질적인 프로그램을 개발하고 운영할 때 환자와 가족 모두의 삶의 질을 향상시킬 수 있다고 생각한다.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.147-155
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• 2008

목적: 본 연구는 국내 호스피스 완화의료 관련 종사자들의 호스피스 완화의료 실무에 대한 자기 효능감, 자기평가 실무수행역량, 그리고 교육 요구도를 파악하여 구조화된 호스피스 완화의료 연수프로그램을 개발의 기초자료를 마련하고자 시도되었다. 방법: 2008년 3월부터 2개월간 9개 대학, 6개의 지역 암센터, 일개 암센터의 6개월 이상의 교육과정 참여자에게 우편 혹은 전자우편을 통해 자료를 수집하였고, 이 중 156부를 분석하였다. 호스피스에 대한 자기효능 감은 Barrington과 Murrie의 The Self-efficacy in Palliative Care (SEPC)를 Mason과 Ellershaw가 수정 보완한 도구를, 호스피스 주제별 자기평가 실무수행역량과 교육 요구 도는 선행연구를 바탕으로 본 연구자가 선정한 22개 항목에 대한 4점 척도 도구를 사용하였다. 결과: 대상자 156명의 평균연령은 37.94세였고 일반간호사가 82.1%이다. 자기 효능감 총점은 $2.67{\pm}.62$로 '보통이다' 보다 낮았고, 자기평가 실무수행역량은 모든 영역에서 3점('알고 있으나 스스로 수행하지 못 한다') 보다 낮았다. 교육 요구도는 모든 항목이 '필요하다' 이상으로 보고되었는데, 이 중 통증관리가 $3.71{\pm}.50$으로 가장 높았고, 통증 및 증상평가($3.67{\pm}.52$), 임종간호($3.67{\pm}.52$), 의사소통과 상담($3.63{\pm}.53$) 순이었다. 6개월 이상의 호스피스 교육과정을 이수한 집단은 그렇지 않은 집단보다 유의하게 높은 자기효능감과 자기평가 실무수행 역량을 보고하였으나, 교육 요구도에서는 차이가 없었다. 결론: 본 연구의 결과는 6개월 이상의 호스피스 교육 수료의 유무와 무관하게 호스피스 실무에서의 낮은 자기효능감과 독립적인 역할수행을 어려워하고 있음을 보여주었다. 또한 호스피스 실무에서 실무능력 향상을 목적으로 하는 연수교육의 필요성과 간호사들의 높은 요구를 보여주었다. 호스피스의 질적 향상을 위해서는 이론 중심의 교육과정과 실무 중심의 훈련과 계속 교육이 요구되고, 이를 실행할 수 있는 교육과정을 개발하는 것이 필요하다.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.177-187
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• 2017

목적: 2017년 8월부터 말기 암 이외에도 후천성 면역결핍 증후군, 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환, 간경화 환자들에게도 호스피스 완화의료가 적용될 예정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 비암성 질환 전문가들을 대상으로 세 가지 질환에서의 호스피스 완화의료의 목표, 내용 및 적용 방법에 대한 심층 면담을 통해, 호스피스 완화의료에 대한 생각, 인식, 태도에 대해 살펴보아, 국내 실정에 맞는 비암성 호스피스 완화의료 진료 모델 마련에 기여하고자 하였다. 방법: 본 연구는 반구조적 심층 면담조사를 통한 질적 연구이다. 암환자의 호스피스 완화의료를 담당하는 네 명의 임상 의사가 85편의 문헌 검색을 통해 핵심 질문을 선정하여 총 11명의 비암성 질환 전문가들에게 면담을 하고 질적 연구 방법에 따라 분석되었다. 결과: 전문가들은 비암성 질환의 말기환자를 정의하기 어렵다고 하였고, 호스피스 완화의료의 목표와 내용은 암환자들을 대상으로 한 것과 다르지 않다고 하였지만, 통증보다는 다른 신체 증상과 정서적 문제에 중점을 두어야 한다고 하였다. 또한, 말기라고 진단할 수 있는 시점에 호스피스 완화의료를 적용해야 한다고 하였다. 질환 별로 특수한 점들(AIDS 환자들의 항바이러스제 사용, COPD 환자들의 호흡곤란, LC 환자들의 간이식)과 의료진들에 대한 교육의 필요성에 대해 언급하였다. 호스피스 완화의료 적용 시 환자들이 자신을 포기한다는 느낌을 받을 수 있다고 하였고 정부의 재정 지원 문제에 대해서도 언급하였다. 결론: 비암성 질환에 대한 호스피스 완화의료 도입의 문제점을 최소화하기 위해서는 심도 있는 논의를 통해 비암성 질환의 말기환자에 대한 정의를 마련해야 할 필요가 있다. 또한, 비암성 말기환자들을 돌보는 의료진과 현재 말기 암환자의 호스피스 완화의료를 담당하고 있는 인력의 협력이 필요하다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.564-578
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• 1998

본 연구는 우리나라 노인요양시설의 종사자 배치현황을 검토하고, 노인요양시설에 수용되어 있는 노인들의 건강상태와 돌봄 필요시간을 측정함으로써 건강상태와 돌봄필요도에 따라 필요한 돌봄인력의 추정에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있도록 하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 대상은 강원도 2개 요양시설과 서울 2개 요양시설에 수용되어 있는 187명의 노인에 대하여 직접면접조사를 실시하였고, 159 명에 대하여 면접이 이루어져 85%의 조사율을 보였다. 각 시설의 시설장 및 총무를 대상으로 시설인력현황을 조사표를 통하여 직접 작성하게 하였다. 강원도와 서울 일부 요양원에 입소하고 있는 노인들의 인구사회학적 특성에 대해서는 본 대학원 석사과정 학생 6명이 노인들을 대상으로 직접 면접조사를 실시하였고, 돌봄 소요시간의 경우, 입소노인의 돌봄을 담당하는 간호(조무)사 및 생활보조원을 대상으로 조사표를 통하여 직접 작성하게 하였다. 이상의 연구방법을 통하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 조사대상 4개 요양시설 모두 노인복지시설의 인력기준에 미달하고 있다. 2. 노인의 건강평가도구 중 ADL이 노인의 총 돌봄 필요시간과 가장 높은 상관성을 보여주고 있고, 다중 회귀분석의 결과, 돌봄 소요시간에 영향을 주는 유의한 변수는 단지 일상생활 수행능력 하나였고, 일상생활 수행능력 점수가 클수록, 즉 노인의 의존도가 클수록 돌봄 소요시간이 커지는 경향이 있었다. 3. 개별 입소노인의 ADL 총 점수를 네 그룹으로 나누었을 때, 그룹별 평균 돌봄 소요시간은 I군에서 IV군이 각각 하루에 15.3분, 21.1분, 36.7분, 88.8분의 돌봄서비스를 요구하고 있다. 4. 노인요양시설별로 ADL 그룹별 환자의 분포를 보면, 전체적으로 II군에 속하는 노인은 40.0%로 가장 많았으며, I군, III군, IV군의 순을 보여주고 있다. 시설별로 ADL 그룹별 환자의 수는 유의한 차이를 보여주지 못하고 있다. 5. 모든 요양시설의 간호사와 보조원 수는 입소노인의 건강상태를 반영하여 추정한 적정인력에 미치지 못하고 있다. 그러나, 법정기준에 의한 간호사와 보조원수는 노인의 돌봄필요도를 반영하여 추정한 수 보다 높게 나타나고 있어 본 연구의 조사대상 요양시설과 비슷한 건강분포를 보이는 노인요양시설의 경우에는 법정기준에 부합하다고 할 수 있다. 그리고, 노인복지사업지침에 근거한 예산지원기준을 적용시킬 때는 모든 요양시설에서 적정인력에 미치지 못하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 6. 무료노인요양시설의 전문인력을 확보하기 위해서는, 무엇보다도 사회복지 시설 종사자에 대한 처우 개선방향과 상응하는 방향으로, 급여수준을 상향조정하여야 할 것이다. 7. 노인들의 요양필요도를 실제적으로 파악함에 있어 ADL을 이용한 건강지표가 장기적으로는 노인요양 시설의 단순 입소판정기준으로 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
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• 제5권
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• pp.119-168
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• 1978

This is a survey of the reserved book system in the pilot universities in Korea. We have surveyed only 22 university libraries among 29 pilot schools as of 1977, because of the differences in the library users, library organization, library facilities, and library materials between universities and colleges. In 1972, the Korean Ministry of Education developed a reformation plan for their higher education based on the teaching method of curriculum-oriented faculty instead of that of the faculty-oriented curriculum. The former puts emphasis on the cultivation of a student's thinking, creativity, and judgement through self-teaching to do a given assignment. The reserved book system in a college or university library is one of the most important methods necessary to accomplish the above educational aim. The survey used a questionnaire with 50 question on 28 items concerning the various aspects of the reserved book system in 22 pilot universities. the survey result discovered many problems needing correction. The following list describes the measures needed to correct the problems found in the pilot universities. 1. The management of a centralized reserved book system is much more effective and economical than the decentralized reserved book system when a university is located on the same campus. 2. In the university library, an independent reserved book department requires to gain the desired educational aims as compared with the reserved book room controlled by any other department in the library. 3. The reserved book system should not be adopted by all the departments at once but enlarged gradually, for it needs the understanding and support of faculty members and the university itself. 4. As competence is essential to the effective operation of the reserved book room, the university library should not place an unqualified person in charge of the reserved book department. 5. The librarian in charge of the reserved book department is required to do more professional works such as analysis of users, collection and analysis of syllabuses, maintenance of faculty member cooperation, establishment of measures to acquire unavailable materials, and drawing up an effective management plan. However, he is spending most of his time in clerical works, that is, non-professional works. 6. Three to five titles of each reserved book are considered reasonable and required materials should be shelved in proportion to the number of students, that is, one copy per eight or ten students if the materials are allowed to lend for two hours at a time. For the supplementary materials, the library needs to place two or three copies per subject. 7. Professors must select reserved books with care so that they can be used year after year. 8. Few universities are asking professors the number of class students and the date when the reserved material will no longer be needed on reserve. 9. The library should gather all the lists of reserved books from every professor at least three to five months before the courses open, because it takes a long time to obtain foreign materials. 10. It is desirable that the reserved book department should collect the lists and prepare the materials with promptness and consistency. 11. Instead of block buying, it is desirable to purchase reserved books at the time the library gets the reserved book list from the professors. The library should also inform faculty members whether it obtained each reserved book or not before the course open. 12. The library should make a copy of materials if a professor requires to reserve an out-of-print book or partial contents of a book, journal, and thesis. 13. An independent budger for reserved books from the budget for general materials is desired. 14. The shelf arrangement of reserved books by courses or professors under the same department is much more preferable than a classified arrangement. 15. While most of the universities adopted the open shelves system for all the reserved books, it is more effective and economical to take a compromise system, that is, closed shelves for requires materials and open shelves for supplementary materials. 18. Circulation of reserved books needs a different system between required materials and supplementary materials: two or three hours and/or overnight loan for the former and two and/or three days loan for the latter. 17. A reserved book room should be open a long time after class so that students can have sufficient time to use the room. 18. The library must take daily and monthly statistic as well as statistics on every aspect of the reserved book system in order that the library ma decide on policy and management of the reserved book room in collaboration with the university. Furthermore, regular reports on the use of the reserved book room should be made to the president and the executive council by the library to acquire their understanding and cooperation for the reserved book system. 19. Cooperation of faculty members is indispensable to the effective management of the reserved book department and it is desirable to make a committee which will fix various decisions about the system. Whenever the director of the library make his decision, he must consult with his staff in order to involve them earnestly in the operation of the system.