• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.599-605
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• 2016

Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens)는 Gram-음성 박테리아로 soytone과 에탄올이 함유된 Cang's soytone (CS) 배지에서 $28^{\circ}C$, pH 7.5의 조건으로 배양할 때 가장 많은 붉은 색소를 생성하였다. S. marcescens 균주로부터 붉은 색소를 분리, 정제하기 위하여 여러 가지 유기용매를 사용하였다. 분리 정제한 붉은 색소는 가시광선 영역의 537 nm에서 ${\lambda}_{max}$를 가지고 있었고, HPLC-Mass로 분석한 결과 분자량 537과 565 g을 가지는 두 가지 물질로 구성되어 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 상온과 pH 6 이하의 산성조건에서는 태양광에도 안정함을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.60-66
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• 1997

Monascus anka가 생산하는 색소는 균체외 적색색소(ERP)와 황색색소(EYP) 그리고 균체내 적색색소(IRP) 와 황색색소(IYP)로 분리되었고 각각의 색소는 특징적인 absorption spectrum을 나타냈다 분리된 4종의 색소의 안정성을 검토한 결과, 암조건, 자외선 그리고 형광하에서는 비교적 안정하였지만 일광하에서는 색소가 급격히 퇴색하는 경향을 나타내 저장시 광차단이 필요함을 알 수 있었다. pH에 대해서는 각 색소가 pH 2.0~12.0 범위에서 비교적 안정하였다. 온도의 영향은 60~8$0^{\circ}C$에서는 비교적 안정하였으나 그 이상의 온도에서는 안정성이 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 8종의 유기산 중에 tartaric acid와 citric acid가 홍국색소의 안정성을 저해하는 것으로 나타났고 propionic, formic, acetic, butyric, malonic, malic acid는 비교적 안정하였다. 홍국색소의 변색에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 금속 이온은 Cu$^{2+}$이었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.134-139
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• 1999

새로운 식용 적색색소자원을 개발하기 위하여 버찌의 anthocyanin색소를 ethanol 추출하여 광선, 온도, 유기산, 금속이온 및 pH에 의한 영향을 검토하였다. 본 색소는 광선에 안정하여 20일 까지도 69%의 색소잔존율을 나타내었고 광선 차단용 포장재를 사용 시 상당한 색소잔존효과를 나타내었다. 본 색소는 열에 대단히 안정하여 $115^{\circ}C$에서 30분까지 64%의 색소잔존율을 나타내었다. $25^{\circ}C$의 암소조건에서 첨가된 유기산에 의해서는 색소의 농색화효과가 높게 나타났으며, $25^{\circ}C$의 암소조건에서 첨가된 금속이온에 의해서는 $Na^+,\;K^+,\;Mg^{2+},\;Ca^{2+}$ 및 $Mn^{2+}$에 의해서는 20일까지 안정하였고, $Cu^{2+}$와 $Fe^{3+}$에 의해서는 심각한 안정성 저해를 나타냈으며, $Al^{3+}$에 의해서는 자색으로 전환되었다. pH가 낮을수록 색소의 농색화효과가 높았다. 이로 미루어 본 색소는 대단히 우수한 식용 적색색소자원임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.1147-1151
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• 2001

치자열매에서 geniposide를 추출하여 glycine과 반응시켜 얻은 치자 청색소를 식품에 활용하기 위하여 pH, 온도 및 첨가물에 대한 안정성과 음료 모델의 관능적 특성을 조사하였다. 치자 청색소는 산성에서 불안정하였으며 중성이나 알칼리성 조건에서는 매우 안정하였다. 상온에서 청색소는 매우 안정하여 약 93일의 반감기를 나타내었고, 온도가 증가할수록 분해속도가 증가하여 9$0^{\circ}C$에서는 약 2일의 반감기를 나타내었다. 혼합 이온용액($Na^{+}$, $K^{+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$) 0.01 M을 첨가한 경우 45일 저장 후 대조군에 비해 색소 잔존율이 높았다. 당의 종류는 색소의 안정성에 큰 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났고, 아미노산을 첨가할 경우에는 색소를 약간 안정화시켰으나, 비타민 C를 첨가할 경우 청색소의 안정성을 크게 떨어뜨리는 것으로 나타났다. 치자 청색소를 첨가한 모델음료의 관능평가 결과 대조군에 비해 당류나 무기이온, 아미노산을 첨가한 시료에 대해 높은 선호도를 나타내었다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.160-165
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• 2007

This research studied the most suitable synthesis condition of mineral pigments of black spinel, which have a stable chromogenic characteristic also ata high temperature of $1400^{\circ}C$ (it is not currently producedin the country) to meet not only functionality of ceramics but also an individual's aesthetic. It was synthesized by the plastic synthetic method on the basis of basic formation of $Fe_2O_3,\;Cr_2O_3$, Quartz, Kaolin, CoO, $MnO_2$, and plasticity was made at $1500^{\circ}C,\;1550^{\circ}C,\;1600^{\circ}C,\;1650^{\circ}C$. We researched the most suitable condition of plasticity and composition which make crystallization of spinel system and chromogenic characteristic close to black in every composition. And for the experiment of application to Zirconia, after adding synthesized pigments to Zirconia and plasticizing them, we analyzed their color and property of matters. The most suitable synthesis conditions of mineral pigments of black spinel system require composition of $Fe_2O_3-32.01%,\;Cr_2O_3-30.47%$, Quartz-9.66%, Kaolin-18.53%, CoO-3.71%, $MnO_2-5.62%$ and condition of plasticity kept for 1 h at $1600^{\circ}C$. When we added pigments synthesized in this way to Zirconia with 5 wt% and plasticized them at $1410^{\circ}C$, the result was that the degree of $strength-32.6kgf/mm^2$, absorptance-0.108%, $luminosity-L^*:37.54,\;color-a^*:1.31,\;b^*:2.61$ and their use suited for artificial jewelry or decoration Zirconia goods.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.355-362
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• 2004

Studies on extraction and color stability of carotenoids from astringent persimmon(Diospyros kaki) were performed to provide the basic information for the utilization of persimmon pigment as a new source of natural food colorant. The major carotenoids in astringent persimmon were beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and beta-carotene. Beta-cryptoxanthin was the first major pigment and lycopene the next. Total carotenoid content in persimmon calculated as beta-carotene equivalent was 107.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g. The data indicated that the astringent persimmon was a good source of carotenoid pigment. The physical and chemical stabilities of carotenoid from astringent persimmon were investigated at various conditions of temperature, pH and antioxidant. The effects of oxygen and light on the stability of carotenoid pigment has been investigated. The factors that cause the discoloration were visible light, temperature above 60, pH below 5 and oxygen. Especially, the carotenoid pigment was very sensitive to light and oxygen. Carotenoid stability was much improved with increasing nitrogen concentration in the atmosphere. Persimmon pigments have been found to be most stable at 5∼10. And tocopherol was the most effective inhibitor of the pigment discoloration.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.520-528
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• 1987

배소김의 열처리조건에 따른 성분의 변화와 저장중의 색소, 지방산, 유리아미노산, 색도, 갈변등의 변화를 측정하여 품질의 안정성을 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 열처리중 biliprotein 색소는 극히 불안정하였고, chlorophyll a 보다는 carotenoid가 비교적 안정하였다. 색소의 안정도는 열처리온도와 시간에 따라 다르나 chlorophyll과 carotenoid는 $60^{\circ}C$, 90분 ; $80^{\circ}C$, 60분 ; $100^{\circ}C$, 10분 ; $150^{\circ}C$, 5분 ; $200^{\circ}C$, 3분 정도의 열처리 하에서는 $90\%$ 이상의 잔존율을 보였다. Hunter color 값은 열처리 정도에 따라 L 및 a 값의 증가, b값의 감소가 뚜렷하였다. 지방산은 위에 적은 정도의 열처리조건에서는 크게 영향을 받지 않고 안정하였다. 2. 배소김의 저장중에는 열처리에 의한 안정화효과, 조미액의 항산화성, 살포한 기름의 보호역활동에 의하여 chlorophyll a, carotene지 등은 안정화 하였고 지방산은 조미배소김의 경우 $\alpha_w0.2$, 50일이상 저장한후에도 극히 안정함을 보였으나 기름살포 배소김의 장기 저장에서는 지질의 열화를 가져왔다. 3. 유리아미노산에 있어서는 열화처리중에 Thr, Gly 등은 $80\%$ 이상의 손실을 보였고 저장중에는 안정하여 기름살포김의 경우 $\alpha_w0.2$, 100일간 저장후 $80\%$ 이상이 잔존하였다. 그 중 Glu의 손실이 가장 심하였다. 기름의 살포는 유리아미노산의 안정화에 유효한 것으로 보였다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.397-409
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• 2010

Herein, we compared the production rate of UV-absorbing compounds (mycosporine-like amino acids) and carotenoids in two phytoplankton species--Phaeocystis pouchetii and Porosira glacialis--which are the dominant species in Polar Regions under artificial UV radiation conditions. P. pouchetii exposed to UVR and PAR evidenced reductions in the carbon fixation rate, and was not significantly influenced by differing light conditions. However, the concentrations of UV-absorbing compounds and photo-protective pigments of P. pouchetii were increased with increasing exposure time, but P. glacialis maintained constant levels during the UVR exposure experiment. The production rates of MAAs showed a reverse phase between the two phytoplankton species. The carbon fixation rate of P. pouchetii cells was inhibited by exposure to UV radiation, but the production rates of MAAs in P. pouchetii were increased under UV radiation exposure. The carbon fixation rate and production rate of MAAs in P. glacialis were simultaneously inhibited under UV radiation exposure conditions. These results provide us with new information regarding the processes involved in the production of UV-absorbing compounds and photoprotective pigments in two phytoplankton species.

• 복식
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• 제39권
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• pp.79-89
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• 1998

This study was carried out the effect of stability and color extract for it's condition in the curcuma L.. dyeing. The stability is to investigate the absorbance of the curcumin, one of the major yellow pigments and the stability regarding the effect of light, oxygen temperature and pH. The dyeing condition is compared the effect of mordanting condition and the best way to extract pigment and analysed through the color-fastness rating, color-difference value test. The main results obtained are summarized as follows ; 1.The best and proper solvent to extrect curcumin pigment was a ethanol and a distilled water. 2. The light effect indicated that the absorbances of solution in absence of ligh was more stable. 3. The oxygen(O2) effect to curcumin show-ed that the condition in the absence of O2 was more stable than that in presence of O2 4. The temperature showed that the absorbnace was best stable in4$^{\circ}C$ and less changed at $25^{\circ}C$ 5. The curcumin-etanol solution was stable in pH 2~4. 6. Generally color-fastness rating to silk, wool and cotton indicated that crocking C.F. and perspiration C.F. were more than 3rd grade and dry cleaning C.F. was more than 4th grade. But light color-fastness and washing color-fastness were very poor. 7. To make good color fastness, the mordan-ting treated group and the pre-mordant conditions were more effective than others 8. When compared with color-difference value test indicated that the silk was looks like more reddish and bluish color and than the wool and cotton were greenish and bluish. As a mordant, A(C2H4OH(COOH3) and D(K2Cr2O7)were more effective to make green-ish color in the silk and the reddish color was abtained by B(Al.K(SO4)2.12H2O) and C(FeSO4.7H2O).

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.615-620
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• 2009

The present research was performed to determine the optimal firing condition and holding time for malayaite crystal, which is responsible for the stable pink-red coloration in glaze at high temperatures, using Cr$Cl_3$ as chromophore for the synthesis of $Cr_2O_3-SnO_2-CaO-SiO_2$ system pigments. The malayaite crystal was influenced by the raw materials used for synthesis, firing temperature, and holding time. Thus there are differences in the crystal phase and in the coloration according to the condition of synthesis. When Cr$Cl_3$ was used as chromophore, the pigment could be synthesized at lower temperatures, because Cr$Cl_3$ melts at $1500{^{\circ}C}$, which is much lower than the temperature at which $Cr_2O_3$ melts (higher than $2435{^{\circ}C}$). And the employed Cr ion showed a change in oxidation state. When a mineralizer was used to improve the employment of malayaite and the Cr ion, and the low temperature was maintained at which the malayaite crystal is produced, the production of malayaite crystal was promoted and the employment of chromophore was also promoted in the oxidation state of Cr (IV). The results of the experiment showed that the optimal firing condition was 18 h of holding time at $800{^{\circ}C}$, using Cr$Cl_3$ as chromophore, followed by 2 h at the raised temperature of $1150{^{\circ}C}$. The change in coloration of the Cr (IV) employed by malayaite showed a very rich color of red. Thus it was possible to effectively synthesize sphene-pink pigments with more red tint at a low temperature.