• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.301-308
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• 2017

Locusts, Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) are periodical unpredictable agricultural pests worldwide and cause serious damage to crop production; however, little consideration has been given to the management of this pest. Herein, we constructed a locust-pathogenic fungal library and confirmed that some fungi could be used as resources for locust management. First, the entomopathogenic fungi were collected from sampled soils using a Tenebrio molitor-based baiting system. For the locust assay, a locust colony was obtained from the National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology. A total of 34 entomopathogenic fungal granules, which were produced by solid cultures, were placed in the plastic insect-rearing boxes (2 g/box) and nymphs of locust were contained in the box. In 3-7 days, mycosis was observed on the membranous cuticles of the head, abdomen, and legs of locusts. In particular, Metarhizium anisopliae, M. lepidiotae, and Clonostachys rogersoniana exhibited high virulence against the locust. Given that the 34 isolates could be used in field applications, their conidial production and stability (thermotolerance) were further characterized. In the thermotolerance assay, Paecilomyces and Purpureocillium isolates had higher thermotolerance than the other isolates. Most of the fungal isolates produced ca. >$1{\times}10^8conidia/g$ on millet grain medium. In a greenhouse trial, the granular application of M. anisopliae isolate on the soil surface resulted in 85.7% control efficacy. This work suggests that entomopathogenic fungi in a granular form can be effectively used to control the migratory locust.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.23-39
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• 2017

The Purpose of this study is to present the basic data for selecting and improving the safety education contents which help practically middle school students through analysis of contents of safety education in 'field of home life' of 2009 revised middle school textbooks. The subjects of analysis are 12 types of middle school textbooks: in total 24 books written by 12 publishers in terms of the revised curriculum in 2009. The analysis criteria is developed by the researcher referring to preceding studies regarding safety education based on the seventh safety education standard presented by the Ministry of Education (2015). With such analysis criteria, all words related to the contents of the safety education of analysis criteria were extracted from each textbook, such as words directly mentioned as 'safety', words mean as 'psychological safety' and 'happy life', words related to 'attention', 'note', 'stability' etc. Under the analytic frame of safety education contents according to a home economics textbook, content analysis method was used for producing the frequency and percent of those words. The textbook analysis shows that the number of pages regarding safety education is 336.3 pages, as 9.8% in total 3,412 pages of 12 types of technology and home economics textbooks. As following the analysis of each textbook volume of the proportion in the contents related to safety education, 224.9 pages are on the first volume and 111.9 pages are on the second volume. As grades increase from year one to year three, the proportion of safety education in home economics textbooks is decreased. The highest number of safety education contents unit is 'Self-management of youth' which includes three parts of safety education. In the case of a unit for emphasizing practice, experience and practical exercise such as 'Life of youth' and 'Practice of eco-living', safety education content in the area of 'life safety' are mostly contained. Safety accidents related to the most student experienced, Household accidents (1.4%) and experiment or practice accidents (0.3%) are presented in a low figure. The contents of universal housing and school violence are duplicated on first and second volume of text. The most presented safety education content in the 12 types of textbooks are proper sexual attitude, dietary problems, family conflict and food choice. The least common contents are dangerous drugs, family welfare, internet addiction and industrial accident compensation insurance. As this study is to analyze 12 textbooks developed in 2009 revision curriculum, it is necessary to compare it with the textbook written by the revised curriculum in 2015 and to clarify the contents system of safety education and to avoid duplication of contents. In addition, it is necessary to develop and distribute a safety education program that can support textbooks.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.309-314
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• 2018

In this study, methanol extracts of the Oxalidaceae were tested with a potential functional cosmetic agent. As cosmetic agent tests, cell toxicity, polyphenol content, antioxidation, anti-wrinkle, and whitening effects were measured. Cell toxicity of the extracts was weak up to $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. Polyphenol contents of Oxalis corniculata L., Oxalis obtriangulata Maximowicz and Oxalis articulata Savigny were $116.036{\pm}0.37mg/g$, $54.72{\pm}0.52mg/g$ and $88.18{\pm}1.15mg/g$, respectively. Oxalis corniculata L., Oxalis obtriangulata Maximowicz and Oxalis articulata Savigny extracts showed 89%, 80% and 88% of antioxidation effects at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ concentration using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Oxalis corniculata L., Oxalis obtriangulata Maximowicz and Oxalis articulata Savigny extracts indicated 81%, 51% and 57% of antiwrinkle effects at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ concentration using elastase inhibition assay. Oxalis corniculata L. extract was particularly excellent in elastase inhibition effect. Whitening effect using tyrosinase inhibition assay was relatively weak. Lotion formulation including 1% Oxalis obtriangulata Maximowicz extract was stable based on the temperature stability test for 28 days in terms of pH, viscosity and appearance. However, Lotion formulation including 1% Oxalis corniculata L. extract and Oxalis articulata Savigny extract need formulation improvement. From the research, methanol extract of Oxalis corniculata L. seems to be good candidate for antiwrinkle functional cosmetic agent.

• Journal of Applied Tourism Food and Beverage Management and Research
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• v.8
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• pp.89-121
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• 1997

Many of the measures and policies advocated by supply-siders, such as lower taxation, less government intervention, more freedom from restrictive legislation and regulation, and the need for increased productivity can be found in writing the classical economist. Nor is supply-side economics a complete divorcement from Keynesian analysis. In both camps the objectives are the same-high level employment, stable prices and healthy economic growth, the means or suggestions for attaining the objectives, however, differ. Consequently, recommended economic policies and measures are different. keynesians rely primarily on the manipulation of effective demand to increase output and employment and to combat inflation. They assume ample resources to be available in order that supply will respond to demand. The supply-siders emphasize the need to increase savings, investment, productivity and output as a means of increasing income. Supply-siders assume that the increase in income will lead to an increase in effective demand. Keynesians suggest that savings, particularly those not invested, dampen economic activity. Supply-siders hold that savings, or at least an increase in after-tax income, stimulates work effort and provides funds for investment. Perhaps keynesians are guilty of assuming that most savings are not going to be invested, whereas supply-siders may erroneously assume that almost all savings will flow into investment and/ or stimulate work effort. In reality, a middle ground is possible. The supply-siders stress the need to increase supply, but Keynes did not preclude the possibility of increasing economic activity by working through the supply side. According to Keynes' aggregate demand-aggregate supply framework, a decrease in supply will increase output and employment. It must be remembered, however, that Keynes' aggregate supply is really a price. Lowering the price or cost of supply would there by result in higher profit and/ or higher output. This coincides with the viewpoint of supply-siders who want to lower the cost of production via various means for the purpose of increasing supply. Then, too, some of the means, such as tax cuts, tax credits and accelerated depreciation, recommended by suply-siders to increase productivity and output would be favored by Keynesians also as a means of increasing investment, curbing costs, and increasing effective demand. In fact, these very measures were used in the early 1960s in the United State during the years when nagging unemployment was plaguing the economy. Keynesians disagree with the supply-siders' proposals to reduce transfer payments and slow down the process of income redistribution, except in full employment inflationary periods. Keynesians likewise disagree with tax measures that favored business as opposed to individuals and the notion of shifting the base of personal taxation away from income and toward spending. A frequent criticism levied at supply-side economics is that it lacks adequate models and thus far has not been quantified to any great extent. But, it should be remembered that Keynesian economics originally was lacking in models and based on a number of unproved assumptions, such as, the stability of the consumption function with its declining marginal propensity to consume. Just as the economic catastrophe of the great depression of the 1930s paved the way for the application of Keynesian or demand-side policies, perhaps the frustrating and restless conditions of the 1970s and 1980s is an open invitation for the application of supply-side policies. If so, the 1980s and 1990s may prove to be the testing era for the supply-side theories. By the end of 1990s we should have better supply-side models and know much more about the effectiveness of supply-side policies. By that time, also, supply-side thinking may be more crystallized and we will learn whether it is something temporary that will fade away, be widely accepted as the new economics replacing Keynesian demand analysis, or something to be continued but melded or fused with demand management.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.283-290
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• 1982

Sardine and mackerel so called dark muscled fish have been underutilized due to the disadvantages in bloody meat color, high content of fat, and postmortem instability of protein. Recent efforts were made to overcome these defects and develope new types of product such as texturized protein concentrates and dark muscle eliminated minced fish. Approach of this study is based on the rapid dehydration of foamed fish-starch paste by dielectric heating. In process comminuted sardine meat was washed more than three times by soaking and decanting in chilled water and finally centrifuged. The meat was ground in a stone mortar added Ivith adequate amounts of salt, foaming agent, and other ingredients for aid to elasticity and foam stability. The ground meat paste was extruded in finger shape and heated in a microwave oven to give foamed, expanded, and porous solid structure by dehydration. Dielectric onstant $(\varepsilon')$ and dielect.ic loss $(\varepsilon")$ values of sardine meat paste were influenced by wavelength and moisture level. Those values at 100 KHz and 15 MHz were ranged 2.25-9.86; 2.22-4,18 for E' and 0.24-19.24; 0.16-1.20 for E", respectively, at the moisture levels of $4.2-13.8\%$. For a formula for fish-starch paste preparation, addition of $20-30\%$ starch (potato starch) to the weight of fish meat, $2-4\%$ salt, and $5-10\%$ soybean protein was adequate to yield 4-5 folds of expansion in volume when heated. Addition of e99 yolk was of benefit to micronize foam size and better crispness. In order to provide better foaming and dehydration, addition of $0.2-0.5\%$sodium bicarbonate, foaming agent, was proper to result in foam size of 0.5-0.7 mm and foam density of $200-400\;/cm^2$ which gave a good crispness. Heating time was depended upon the moisture level of fish-starch paste. For a finger shaped paste (1.0cm. $D\times10cm.L$) heating for 150-200 sec. in a microwave oven (700W. 2.45GHz) was sufficient to generate foams, expand, and solidify the porous structure of fish-starch paste. When the moisture content was above $55\%$ browning and scorching was deepened due to over-expansion and over-heating whereas the crispness was hardened by insufficient expansion at lower moisture content. In quality evaluation of the product, chemical composition of $30\%$ starch and $3\%$ salt added product was moisture $8.8\%$, lipid $2.4\%$, carbohydrate $46.7\%$, protein $36.1\%$, and ash $6.0\%$. Eleven membered panel test evaluated that fish-starch paste was acceptable in color, crisp-ness, taste, except a trace of fishy odour which could be masked by the addition of spice extracts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.122-128
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• 2007

This study aims to analyze the voices of the patients with voice disorders including vocal fold paralysis, vocal fold cyst and vocal nodule/polyp in the aspect of acoustic phonetics. This study intends to collect subsidiary acoustic data in order to make a speech treatment and an standardization of vocal disorders. Subjects and Methods: The subjects of this study were 64 adult patients who underwent indirect laryngoscopy and laryngostroboscopy, and were diagnosed as vocal fold paralysis, vocal fold cyst or vocal nodule/polyp. Experimental group consisted of 20 patients who were diagnosed as vocal fold paralysis, 21 patients who were diagnosed as vocal fold cyst and had the average age of 42.0 $({\pm}10.03)$ ; and 23 patients who were diagnosed as vocal nodule/polyp and had the average age of 40.9 $({\pm}13.75)$. For the methodology of this study, the patients listed above were asked to sit in a comfortable position at intervals of 10cm apart from the patient's mouth and a microphone, and subsequently to phonate a vowel sound /e/ for the maximum phonation time with natural tone and vocal volume then the sound was directly inputted on a computer. During recording, sampling rate was set to 44,100Hz and the 1-second area corresponding to stable zone except the first and the last stage of waveform of the vowel sound /e/ vocalized by the individual patients was analyzed. Results: First, there was no statistically significant difference in jitter and shimmer between vocal fold paralysis and vocal fold cyst, while there was highly statistically significant difference in them between vocal fold paralysis and vocal nodule/polyp. Second, looking into the mean values obtained from NNE, HNR and SNR results associated with noise ratio, the disease showing the most abnormal characteristics was vocal fold paralysis, followed by cyst and nodule/polyp in order. For NNE, there was statistically significant difference between vocal nodule/polyp, and cyst or paralysis. In other words, it was found that the NNE of vocal nodule/polyp was weaker than that of cyst or paralysis. Similarly, HNR and SNR also showed the same characteristics; there was statistically significant difference between vocal fold paralysis and vocal fold cyst or nodule/polyp, and HNR and SNR values of vocal fold paralysis were lower than those of vocal fold cyst or nodule/polyp. Conclusion: For vocal fold paralysis, the abnormal values of acoustic parameters associated with frequency, amplitude and noise ratio were statistically significantly higher than those of vocal fold cyst and nodule/polyp. This finding suggests that the voices of the patients with vocal fold paralysis are the most severely injured due to less stability of vocal fold movement, asymmetry and incomplete glottic closure. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference in the acoustic parameters of tremor among vocal fold paralysis, vocal fold cyst and vocal nodule/polyp. Further studies need to ascertain reasonable acoustic parameters with various vocal disorders as well as to clarify the correlation between acoustics-based objective tools and subjective evaluations.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.546-555
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• 2014

The final aim of this study is to develop a biofiltration system integrated with plant vegetation for improving indoor air quality effectively depending on indoor space and characteristics. However, to approach this final goal, several requirements such as constant pressure drops (PDs) and soil moisture contents (SMCs), which influence the capacity design for a proper ventilation rate of biofiltration system, should be satisfied. Thus, this fundamental experiment was carried out to adjust a proper wind speed and to ensure a stabilization of initial SMCs within biofilter for uniform distribution of SMCs and PDs, and for normal plant growth, especially avoiding root stress by wind. Therefore, we designed horizontal biofliter models and manufactured them, and then calculated the ventilation rate, air residence time, and air-liquid ration based on the biofilter depending on three levels of wind speed (1, 2, and $3cm{\cdot}s^{-1}$). The relative humidity (RH) and PD of the humidified air coming out through the soil within the biofilter, and SMC of the soil and plant growth parameters of lettuce and duffy fern grown within biofilter were measured depending on the three levels of wind speed. As a result of wind speed test, $3{\cdot}sec^{-1}$ was suitable to keep up a proper RH, SMC, and plant growth. Thus, the next experiment was set up to be two levels of initial SMCs (low and high initial SMC, 18.5 and 28.7%) within each biofilter operated and a non-biofiltered control (initial SMC, 29.7%) on the same wind speed ($3cm{\cdot}sec^{-1}$), and measured on the RH and PD of the air coming out through the soil within the biofilter, and SMC of the soil and plant growth parameters of Humata tyermani grown within biofilter. This result was similar to the first results on RHs, SMCs, and PDs keeping up with constant levels, and three SMCs did not show any significant difference on plant growth parameters. However, two biofiltered SMCs enhanced dry weights of the plants slightly than non-biofiltered SMC. Thus, the stability of this biofiler system keeping up major physical factors (SMC and PD) deserved to be adopted for designing an advanced integrated biofilter model in the near future.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2020

Geological CO₂ sequestration is a global warming response technology to limit atmospheric emissions by injecting CO₂ captured on a large scale into deep geological formations. The presented results concern mineralogical and hydrogeological investigations (FE-SEM, XRD, XRF, and MICP) of mudstone samples from drilling cores of the Pohang basin, which is the research area for the first demonstration-scale CO₂ storage project in Korea. They aim to identify the mineral properties of the mudstone constituting the caprock and to quantitatively evaluate the hydrogeologic sealing capacity that directly affects the stability and reliability of geological CO₂ storage. Mineralogical analysis showed that the mudstone samples are mainly composed of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase and a small amount of pyrite, calcite, clay minerals, etc. Mercury intrusion capillary pressure analysis also showed that the samples generally had uniform particle configurations and pore distribution and there was no distinct correlation between the estimated porosity and air permeability. The allowable CO₂ column heights based on the estimated pore-entry pressures and breakthrough pressures were found to be significantly higher than the thickness of the targeting CO₂ injection layer. These results showed that the mudstone layers in the Yeongil group, Pohang basin, Korea have sufficient sealing capacity to suppress the leakage of CO₂ injected during the demonstration-scale CO₂ storage project. It should be noticed, however, that the applicability of results and analyses in this study is limited by the lack of available samples. For rigorous assessment of the sealing efficiency for geological CO₂ storage operations, significant efforts on collection and multi-aspect evaluation for core samples over entire caprock formations should be accompanied.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.135-161
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• 2014

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone and also referred to as an unpiloted aerial vehicle and a remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard. ICAO classify unmanned aircraft into two types under Circular 328 AN/190. Unmanned aircraft, which is the core of the development of the aviation industry. However, there are also elements of the legal dispute. Unmanned aircraft are manufactured in small size, it is possible to shoot a record peripheral routes stored in high-performance cameras and sensors without the consent of the citizens, there is a risk of invasion of privacy. In addition, the occurrence of the people of invasion of privacy is expected to use of civilian unmanned aircraft. If the exposure of private life that people did not want for unmanned aircraft has occurred, may occur liability to the operator of unmanned aircraft, this is a factor to be taken into account for the development of unmanned aircraft industry. In the United States, which is currently led by the unmanned aircraft industry, policy related to unmanned aircraft, invasion of privacy is under development, is preparing an efficient measures making. Unmanned aircraft special law has not been enforced. So there is a need for legal measures based on infringement of privacy by the unmanned aircraft. US was presented Privacy Protection Act of unmanned aircraft (draft). However Korea has many laws have been enacted, to enact a new law, but will be able to harm the legal stability, there is a need for the enactment of laws for public safety of life. Although in force Personal Information Protection Law, unmanned aerospace, when the invasion of privacy occurs, it is difficult to apply the Personal Information Protection Law. So, it was presented a privacy protection bill with infringement of privacy of unmanned aircraft in the reference US legislation and the Personal Information Protection Act.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

Purpose: To evaluate clinical and radiologic outcomes of transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in patients with open physes who were selected with authors' new operative indications. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 15 patients with open physes who underwent a transtibial ACL reconstruction and were followed up for 4~6 years after surgery. Our operative indications involved 1) choronologic age of ${\geq}$ 16 in male and ${\geq}$ 14 in female, 2) open physes of ${\leq}$ 2 mm width, and 3) Risser sign and Tanner stage of ${\geq}$ 3. Tibialis anterior tendon allograft was used in all patients, and endobutton and bioscrew were used for femoral and tibial fixations, respectively. Functional outcomes were evaluated using Lysholm Knee Scoring scale, Tegner activity scale, and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) 2000 subjective score. Physical examinations to evaluate stability involved Lachman and pivot shift tests. For radiographic results, we evaluated side to side differences of anterior displacement in stress views. In addition, with use of scannograms taken at last follow-up, we examined side to side differences of femorotibial angles, anatomical and mechanical lateral distal femoral angles, mechanical medial proximal tibial angles and leg lengths. Results: The mean Lysholm Knee score was 51(40-61) points preoperatively and 97(94-100) points at last follow up. The mean Tegner activity score was 2.6 points preoperatively and 7.1 points at last follow up. The mean IKDC score was 32.6 points preoperatively and 88.3 points at last follow up. The mean anterior displacement of the tibia was improved from 6.7(${\pm}1.0$) mm to 1.9(${\pm}0.9$) mm. There were no leg length discrepancies over 5 mm and no statistically significant differences in all the radiographic variables representing growth disturbance. Conclusion: This study suggests that patients with open physes who selected by authors' new indication would safely undergo transphyseal ACL reconstruction with successful outcomes.