• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.205-214
• /
• 2003

To investigate the effect of the squalene against the lead toxicity. A healthy male of ICR mice were used for experiment. The SOD was observed after the intraperitoneal injection in mice. The ultrastructural changes of the liver were observed after the intraperitoneal injection in mice. The experimental groups were divided into two groups. Group A was control group that squalene was not treated after intraperitoneal injection of lead acetate. Group B was squalene treatment group that squalene solution was injected after intraperitoneal injection of lead acetate. All groups were used to 10 mice. The results were as follow: SOD activity in the liver, Group A was lower than in normal. But, Group B was higher than in Group A (P<0.05). In the histological observation, Group A were showed that the inner cavity of mitochondria swellen and development of cristae weakened. Swelling of lamellae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) was showed. It was concluded that the SQ will be effective for the recovery of hepatic cell at lead intoxication.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.443-449
• /
• 2016

In the present study, whether squalene treatment relives inflammatory reactions induced by Candida albicans was checked. The experiment was conducted in vivo using seven experimental animals (ICR mice) per experimental group. Among C. albicans-induced inflammatory factors, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, and NO were observed using the ELISA kits method. Through the experiment, the following conclusions were obtained. 1. In the group infected with C. albicans, it could be identified that squalene treatment was inducing NO generation in renal tissues both on the 1st and 3rd days (p < 0.05). 2. In the group pre-treated(intraperitoneal administration) with SQ (80ml/kg) once per day for seven days and infected with C. albicans, it could be identified that squalene treatment was inducing TNF-${\alpha}$ generation in renal tissues only on the 3rd day(p < 0.05). 3. In the group pre-treated(intraperitoneal administration) with SQ (80ml/kg) once per day for seven days and infected with C. albicans, it could be identified that squalene treatment was inducing IL-6 generation in renal tissues only on the 3rd day(p < 0.05). In conclusion, it could be seen that for squalene to suppress C. albicans-induced inflammatory factors, preemptively supplying SQ should be effective. Therefore, effects for recovery from C. albicans-induced immunodepression can be expected from SQ treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.17-27
• /
• 2004

Cholesterol inhibitory activity was investigated to develop the functional food from edible forest resources such as Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum and other 12 species. Among tested samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), leaf extracts of A. victorialis var. platyphyllum inhibited 73.9% of the activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) which is the highly regulated and major rate-limiting of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Moreover, those extracts inhibited 76.7% of squalene synthase which catalyzes the head-to-head condensation of two farnesyl pyrophosphate molecules to form squalene in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. In order to find out the compounds which would play a key role in inhibitory activity of cholesterol, kaempferol and quercetin were isolated from the dichloromethane soluble fraction of extracts of A. victorialis var. platyphyllum. Kampferol, quercetin and each soluble fraction was also subjected to the test of the mRNA expression of HMG-CoA reductase and squalene synthase by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, respectively. By treating both enzymes with 10 ㎍/㎖ of kaempferol and quercetin for 24 hours, respectively, the mRNA expression was not observed, suggesting that both compounds inhibited the biosynthesis of cholesterol at mRNA level. In this regard, it could be inferred that cholesterol inhibitory activity of A. victorialis var. platyphyllum was derived from kaempferol and quercetin. Both compounds have already been found in many plant extracts including hardwood and softwood, but it might be first known that they have cholesterol inhibitory activity.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.47-56
• /
• 1997

The objective of the present study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of adriamycin in liver cells (group A), and the protective effect of squalene to the hepatocytes to which adriamycin-induced cytotcxicity (group B) was examined by transmission electron micro-scope. In the group A, The cisternae of rough endoplasmic reitculum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum are dilated/disoriented at 24 hours and 48 hours. The inner and outer membrane of mitochondria are detached or destructed , and attached ribosomes of rough endoplasmic reticulum are diminished in number. The cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum are dilated, and the cristae of mitochondria are disrupted at 72 hours and 96 hours. In the group B, the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic resticulum are dilated at 24 hours. The cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum are dilated at 48 hours. The cell organelles of hepatocytes are recovered from cytotoxicity at 72 hours. These results suggest that 50 is not only concerned with composition of the membrane system of the cell organelles but also decreased the cytotoxicity of the hepatocytes.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.298-304
• /
• 2021

Photosynthetic conversion through cyanobacteria and microalgae is an increasingly serious concern in the global warming crisis. Many value-added substances are produced through strain improvement, and much research and development is being conducted to determine its potential as an actual industrial strain. Economic barriers throughout processing production can be overcome to produce value-added chemicals by microalgal strains. In this study, we engineered cyanobacteria strains for the photosynthetic production of squalene and confirmed the continuous cultivation of CO₂ and light conditions. The free-inducer system of gene expression was developed at the cyanobacterial strains. Then, the squalene production level and growth of the recombinant cyanobacteria were analyzed and discussed. For bio solar-cell factories, the ability to regulate genes based on the free-inducer gene expression system promotes metabolic engineering research and construction to produce value-added chemicals.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.41 no.spc1
• /
• pp.145-165
• /
• 1996

Amaranth(Amaranthus spp. L.) and quinoa (Chenpodium quinoa Willd.) are old crops from South, Central America and Central Asia and their grains have been identified as very promising food crops because of their exceptional nutritive value. Squalene is an important ingredient in skin cosmetics and computer disc lubricants as well as bioactive materials such as inhibition of fungal and mammalian sterol biosynthesis, antitumor, anticancer, and immunomodulation. Amaranth has a component called squalene (2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,22-tetraco-sahexaene) about 1/300 of the seed and $5\~8\%$ of its seed oil. Oil and squalene content in amaranth seed were different for the species investigated. Squalene content in seed oil also increased by $15.5\%$ due to puffing and from 6.96 to $8.01\%$ by refining and bleaching. Saponin concentrations in quinoa seed ranged 0.01 to $5.6\%$. Saponins are located in the outer layers of quinoa grain. These layers include the perianth, pericarp, a seed coat layer, and a cuticle like structure. Oleanane-type triterpenes saponins are of great interest because of their diverse pharmacological properties, for instance, anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, contraceptive, and cholesterol-lowering effects. It is known that quinoa contains a number of structurally diverse saponins including the aglycones, oleanolic acid, hederagenin, and phytolaccagenic acid, which are new potential in gredient for pharmacological properties. It is likely that these saponin levels will be considerably affected by genetic, agronomic and environmental factors as well as by processing. With the current enhanced public interest in health and nutrition amaranth and quinoa will most likely remain in the immediate future within the realm of exotic health foods until such time as agricultural production meets the quantities and qualify required by industrial food manufacturers.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.65 no.5
• /
• pp.421-425
• /
• 2008

Exogenous lipoid pneumonia (ELP) is a chronic inflammatory reaction of the lungs resulting from the aspiration of vegetable, animal or mineral oils. Squalene, is a derivative of shark liver oil that is taken as a traditional remedy in some Asian countries, and is used widely also in cosmetics. Similar to the symptoms in most cases of oil aspiration, the symptoms of squalene-induced lipoid pneumonia are either absent or nonspecific. Hence, the disease is generally detected incidentally. Although many cases with predisposing factors have been reported, ELP with achalasia is quite rare. We report a 47-year old woman with achalasia who developed ELP after ingesting squalene. The patient was treated successfully by supportive care and surgical treatment of the achalasia.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.165-175
• /
• 1997

This paper aims to prove the effects of Squalene (SQ) on the cellular toxicity of 5-FU to the mouse which pretreated with SQ and then treated with 5-FU. The results of the group A (treated with only 5-FU) are as follows. The nucleus was destroyed at 24 hours and 48 hours group, however, somewhat repaired at 72 hours group. The dilated inner cavity and the irregular lamellae of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) were observed continually until 72 hours group. The inner cavity of the smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (SER) were dilated in all groups. However, the destroyed and the normal membrane were observed simultaneously at 72 hours group. The inner membrane of the mitochondria were almost repaired at 96 hours group. The results of the group B (treated with 5-FU and squalene) are as follows. The nucleus was a little influenced by the toxicity of 5-FU at 24 hours and 48 hours, RER were observed to keep the typical lamella structure of cisternae from 24 to 72 hours group, but inner cavity kept on dilating. In SER, inner cavity were also observed to flatten from 24 to 72 hours group. Mitochnodria were always shown normal. All cell organelles were simillar to those of normal groups at 96 hours. Accordingly, it can be said that the treatment of 50 prevents the cytotoxicity of 5-FU on cell organelles of liver cell and that is concerned with the formation of membrane system of cell organelles.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.45-51
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the retention of the radiomercury among the organs in mice. We used the healthy ICR male mice and divided into two grouos. The experimental group was orally treated with squalene(200mg/kg of body weight) at two times a day(12 hrs interval) and radiomercury(0.005 uCi/g of body weight.) only one time. The control group was treated only with radiomercury as same amount of the experimental group. As the result, main retentive organs were kidney, liver, blood, heart and skull. In the control group, all of these organs showed high retention of the radiomercury at 6 hours, but in the experimental groups, all the organs significantly inhibit retention of the .radiomercury by squalene(p<0.05). We conclude that squalene inhibit retention of the radiomercury.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.300-305
• /
• 2000

Five compounds were isolated from the fruits of Evodia daniellii $H_{EMSLEY}$. Their structures were identified as 2-oxotridecanyl acetate, bergapten, limonin, squalene, ${\beta}-sitosterol$ on the basis of spectral data. Among these compounds, 2-oxotridecanyl acetate and squalene were isolated in this plant for the first time.