• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.129-152
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• 2000

The Cheju Current (CC), defined here as a mean eastward flow in the Cheju Strait, mostly carries water of high temperature and salinity originating from the Kuroshio in winter and spring, the Cheju Warm Current Water (CWCW). The strong core of the eastward component of the CC is found close to Cheju Island (Cheju-Do, hereafter) in winter and spring with a peak speed of about 17.0 cm/s. The eastward flow weakens towards the northern Cheju Strait, and a weak westward flow occurs occasionally close to the southern coast of Korea. The volume transport ranges from 0.37 to 0.45 Sv(1 Sv=10$^6$ m$^3$/s) in winter and spring. Seasonal thermocline and harocline are formed in summer and eroded in November. The occurrence of the CWCW is confined in the southern Cheju Strait close to Cheju-Do below the seasonal thermocline in summer and fall, and cold water occupies the lower layer north of the CWCW which is thought to be brought into the area from the area west of Cheju-Do along with the CWCW. Stratification acts to increase both the speed of the CC with a peak speed of greater than 30 cm/s and the vertical shear of the along-strait currents. The strong core of the CC detached from the coast of Cheju-Do and shifted to the north during the stratified seasons. The volume transport in summer and fall ranges 0.510.66 Sv, which is about 1.5 times larger than that in winter and spring. An annual cycle of the cross-strait sea level difference shows its maximum in summer and fall and minimum in winter and spring, whose tendency is consistent with the annual variability of the CC and its transport estimated from the ADCP measurements. Moored current measurements west of Cheju-Do indicate the clockwise turning of the CC, and the moored current measurements in the Cheju Strait for 1530 days show the low-frequency variability of the along-strait flow with a period of about 37 days.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.461-477
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• 2022

We investigated the community structure and performed detailed characterization of fish larvae assemblages collected from the southern coast of Korea in the spring and summer of 2021. The total abundance of fish larvae varied from 193.6 to 1,915.6 ind. 10 m^-3. The species were distributed across 10 orders with 23 families, and 41 taxa. The dominant taxa were Gobiidae spp., Engraulis japonicus, Nibea albiflora, Sebastiscus spp., Callionymus valenciennei, Pennahia argentata, Sebastes thompsoni, Parablennius yatabei, and Platycephalus indicus. Engraulis japonicus individuals were collected from April to August and their presence contributed greatly to the total abundance of fish larvae. The total number and abundance of species peaked in early summer and the Shannon-Weaver index was in the range 0.11-1.49. Redundancy analyses revealed that the major environmental factors affecting the fish larvae assemblage differed according to the dominant taxa. Water temperature, zooplankton density, and Paracalanus parvus s. l. density were the key factors affecting the spatial and temporal distribution of fish larvae in the southern coast of Korea in spring and summer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.517-528
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to obtain the basic data on clothing habits for health promotion through the investigation of clothing weight by month and season. Thirty six subjects (18 males and females twenties) were composed to obtain the clothing weight(Total clothing weight) for a year. And then clothing weight was grouped in to four seasons : spring(Mar-May) Summer(Jun-Aug) Fall(Sep-Nov) and Winter(Dec-Feb). The data of males and females were respectively divided into three groups by cluster analysis with clothing weight. 1. The clothing weight of male and female were the heaviest in jan, that of male were smallest in July female in Aug. 2. The clothing weight mean of male(996g/m2) were heavier than that of female(894g/m2) for year. The seasonal clothing weight of male culminated in Winter(1179g/m2) and decreased respectively : Spring (973g/m2) Fall(879g/m2) and summer(559g/m2) The seasonal clothing weight of female culminated in Winter (1068g/m2) and decreased respectively ; Fall(865g/m2) Spring(835g/m2) and summer(479g/m2). The seasonal clothing weight variations were significantly different in each season(p<0.01) but they were insignificantly different between Spring and Fall. middle and light. There was individual differences in the clothing weight especially large in Winter and Spring and small in Summer and Fall. 4. Lower inner clothing weight was the lowest fluctuant all around year upper outer clothing weight was the most fluctuant. So he/she controled upper outer clothing to deal with thermal environment. He/she pretended natural textiles such as cotton and wool to synthetic textiles.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.125-137
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• 2006

Nutrients, chlorophyll-a, particulate organic carbon (POC), and environmental conditions were extensively investigated in the northern East China Sea (ECS) near Cheju Island during three seasonal cruises from 2003 to 2005. In spring and autumn, relatively high concentrations of nitrate ($2.6{\sim}12.4\;{\mu}mol\;kg^{-1}$) and phosphate ($0.17{\sim}0.61\;{\mu}mol\;kg^{-1}$) were observed in the surface waters in the western part of the study area because of the large supply of nutrients from deep waters by vertical mixing. The surface concentrations of nitrate and phosphate in summer were much lower than those in spring and autumn, which is ascribed to a reduced nutrient supply from the deep waters in summer because of surface layer stratification. While previous studies indicate that upwellings of the Kuroshio Current and the Changjiang (Yangtze River) are main sources of nutrients in the ECS, these two inputs seem not to have contributed significantly to the build-up of nutrients in the northern ECS during the time of this study. The lower nitrate:phosphate (N:P) ratio in the surface waters and the positive correlation between the surface N:P ratio and nitrate concentration indicate that nitrate acts as a main nutrient limiting phytoplankton growth in the northern ECS, contrary to previous reports of phosphate-limited phytoplankton growth in the ECS. This difference arises because most surface water nutrients are supplied by vertical mixing from deep waters with low N:P ratios and are not directly influenced by the Changjiang, which has a high N:P ratio. Surface chlorophyll-a levels showed large seasonal variation, with high concentrations ($0.38{\sim}4.14\;mg\;m^{-3}$) in spring and autumn and low concentrations ($0.22{\sim}1.05\;mg\;m^{-3}$) in summer. The surface distribution of chlorophyll-a coincided fairly well with that of nitrate in the northern ECS, implying that nitrate is an important nutrient controlling phytoplankton biomass. The POC:chlorophyll-a ratio was $4{\sim}6$ times higher in summer than in spring and autumn, presumably because of the high summer phytoplankton death rate caused by nutrient depletion in the surface waters.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.107-115
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• 1993

This study was carried out to find the characteristics of surface ozone concentration data obtained during 1988-1991 by the Korea Ministry of Environment. Seasonal data (spring, summer, autumn and winter) wre obtained in May, August, November and February respectively at Kwanghwamun in Seoul. The pollutants analyzed in this study are $SO_2, TSP, CO, NO, NO_2 and NO_2/NO$. Atmospheric factors such as solar radiation, wind speed, relative humidity, cloud amount and atmospheric temperature are also analyzed. The influence of pollutants and atmospheric factors that affect ozone concentration were analyzed by statistical method. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The ozone concentration varied seasonally. The maximum values were 23 ppb in spring, 33 ppb in summer, 16 ppb in autumn and 13 ppb in winter. So the seasonal ozone value was highest in Summer. 2. Te diurnal concentration of ozone was highest during 2-4 P. M. and was very low in the morning and evening. 3. The maximal correlation coefficients of each season between ozone concentration and the influencing pollutants or atmospheric factors asr as follows ; a. spring, r = 0.44(solar radiation) b. summer, r = -0.59(relative humidity) c. autumn, r = -0.55(relative humidity) d. winter, r = -0.58($NO_2$) 4. The major factor affecting the ozone concentration in spring was solar radiation, Relative humidity was the first affecting factor in summer, autumn and $NO_2$ concentration was dominant in winter.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.333-333
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• 2017

This study was conducted to establish of cropping system for year-round forage crops production in east-southern part of Korea and investigated their productivity and feed values. Cropping systems were tested in experiment using oat (cv. Highspeed and Darkhorse) in spring and autumn season, corn (cv. Kwangpyeongok) and sorghum (ss-450) in summer season and rye (cv. Gogu) and triticale (cv. Joseong) in winter season. Considering the forage productivity and feed value such as acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total digestive nutrients (TDN), this result suggest that three cropping system for year-round forage crops production. The combinations with triticale (winter), corn or sorghum (summer) and oat (autumn) were would be suitable ones. And also the combinations with rye (winter), corn or sorghum (summer) and oat (autumn) were would be suitable. If forage crops cultivation was started in spring season, the combinations with oat (spring), oat (autumn), triticale or rye (winter), corn or sorghum (summer) and oat (autumn) were would be appropriable. For the more suitable cropping system, we are proceeding on verification experiment of year-round forage crops.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.455-466
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• 2014

Seasonal variations in species composition of catches were explored using seasonal samples caught by shrimp beam trawl in the Geum river estuary in 2011. During the study period, total catches were collected 91 species as fish 47 species, crustacean 28 species, mollusca 4 species, gastropoda 5 species, shellfish 3 species and others 4 species. The dominant species were Exopalaemon carinicauda, Eriocheir leptognathus, Palaemon gravieri, Mugil cephalus, Acanthogobius hasta, Cynoglossus joyneri, Pennahia argentata and Coilia nasus. The amount of species in spring and summer was higher than in autumn. The diversity index (H') was 0.43~0.96, evenness index (EI) was 0.14~0.25, and richness index (RI) was 1.54~4.25. Using cluster analysis 91 species were divided into 4 groups. Group I appeared mainly in spring and summer. Group II appeared only in summer. Group III appeared in winter and spring, and Group IV in spring and autumn.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.373-377
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• 2002

The Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument is an eight-channel gas correlation radiometer launched on the Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra spacecraft in 1999. Its main objectives are to measure carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH4) concentrations in the troposphere. This work analyzes tropospheric carbon monoxide distributions using MOPITT data in East Asia and compared ozone distributions. In general, seasonal CO variations are characterized by a spring peak and decreased in the summer. Also, this work revealed that the seasonal cycles of CO are spring maximum and summer minimum with averaged concentrations ranging from 118ppbv to 170ppbv. The CO monthly means show a similar profiles to those of O3. This fact clearly indicates that the high concentration of CO in spring is caused by two possible causes: the photochemical CO production in the troposphere, transport of the CO in the northeast Asia. The CO and O3 seasonal cycles in northeast Asia are influenced extensively by the seasonal exchange of the different types of air mass due to the Asian monsoon. The continental air masses contain high concentrations of O3 and CO due to higher continental background concentrations and sometimes due to the contribution of regional pollution. In summer the transport pattern is reversed. The Pacific marine air masses prevail over Korea, so that the marine air masses bring low concentrations of CO and O3, which tend to give the apparent minimum in summer.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.9
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• pp.31-41
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• 2003

This research was designed to investigate the effect of hand and sensibility image on the preference to textiles for slacks. 85 subjects majored in fashion design were surveyed and 10 kinds of fabrics used as specimen at each season. Factor analysis, t-test, Pearson correlation, Regression were used for statistical analysis by SPSS Win 11.0. The results of this study were as follows: 1. In Spring ${\cdot}$ Fall season, 5 factors were extracted as hand factor and 3 factors as sensibility factor of textiles for slacks. 2. 5 factors were extracted as hand factor and 3 factors as sensibility in Summer. 3. 6 factors were extracted as hand factor and 3 factors as sensibility in Winter season. 4. There were significant differences according to sex between hand factor and sensibility image in Spring ${\cdot}$ Fall. 5. There were significant correlations between hand factor and sensibility image in Spring ${\cdot}$ Fall, Summer and Winter. 6. Hand and sensibility image effected on the preference to textiles for slacks in Spring ${\cdot}$ Fall, Summer and Winter.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.257-266
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• 2019

In this study, we selected 6 vegetation sites (reed community) and 6 non-vegetation sites (tidal flat) in the Muan tidal flat of Hampyeong Bay, and observed seasonal changes in carbon dioxide concentration, flux and soil temperature at low tide conditions. The study was conducted to identify the characteristics of seasonal changes in vegetation and non-vegetation areas through the data observed in May 30, August 8, 2012 and January 31, 2013. The average carbon dioxide concentration in the vegetation area was the highest in winter, followed by spring and summer, and the non-vegetation area showed the same concentration change as the vegetation area. The carbon dioxide flux in the vegetation area showed a positive (+) value in both spring and summer, but it was negative (-) in the winter. The average value of carbon dioxide flux was the highest in spring, but it was almost similar to summer, and winter was the lowest negative value. Non-vegetation areas showed positive emission in spring, and negative uptake in summer and winter; mean values were the highest in spring, and the difference between summer and winter was small. In summary of seasonal change characteristics of the research area, the emission of carbon dioxide was dominant in both areas in spring. In summer, carbon dioxide emission was dominant in the vegetation area, and the non-vegetation area was observed to uptake by photosynthesis of phytoplankton, but it was very small. In winter, changes in flux in both areas were very slight.