• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.44-56
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• 2021

The carbonized length and area of plywood by the various spreading concentration of water glass and the type of additives were measured in accordance with the 45° MecKel's burner method of the fire protection performance standard of the Korean National Fire Agency. As a result of treating water glass with a concentration of 20 to 50 % on plywood, the flame retardancy tended to increase in proportion to the concentration of water glass. However, the optimum concentration of water glass was determined to be 30 % due to the efflorescence and sticky on the surface of plywood treated with high-concentration water glass of more than 30 %. As a result of the experiment by adding different proportions of additives to the water glass with concentration of 30 %, the standard of flame performance standard was satisfied under the conditions with the addition of 15% potassium hydroxide and 1-10% aluminum hydroxide, respectively. On the other hand, there were no significant difference in the flame retardancy by adding magnesium sulfate. These results about the flame retardancy of plywood by water glass and additives were expected to be basic data for improving flame-retardant treated wood.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.23-30
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• 2018

Gordon Cullen, who tried to understand urban landscapes in terms of visual attention, introduced a concept called 'Space and Infinity' in his book 'Townscape'. According to him, urban images like infinity spreading across the sky are more effectively created when we happen to see an open space while walking along a ground-level street than when we look at the sky. This study aims to quantitatively examine if urban observers pay more attention to spaces like pilotis on the bottom of a building. Thus, this study collected observers on actual urban landscape images and partially-edited images and conducted an experiment by adopting Eye-movement Tracking to find out if they actually pay more visual attention to a space like pilotis. This study selected a total of 50 people as research subjects and divided them into two groups. Image 1 was shown to one group, and Image 2 with the pilotis space edited was shown to the other group. As an experiment to find objective evidences on Gordon Cullen's 'Space and Infinity', this study analyzed difference between Image 1 and Image 2, and it was found that the domain of pilotis showed a value five times higher than the average visual attention since it attracted much visual attention although it was very small in area. That is, it has objectively clarified that people get most fascinated with a place with infinite images in the background like a pilotis space out of all the urban landscapes as Gordon Cullen's theory. In addition, the differences in visual concentration of pilotis space by sex, by subject was examined, and there was no significant difference in visual concentration of pilotis space by gender. As a result of examining the difference of visual concentration by classifying the subjects into architectural related major, the major group showed higher frequency of viewing than the non - major group.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.201-213
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• 2021

Recently, personal mobility has been spreading and using increasing, but the pedestrian environment is getting worse and accidents are also rapidly increasing. Therefore, this study conducts a status survey related to the elements of pedestrian disturbances in personal mobility and identifies the problems. The following measures are presented to improve the pedestrian environment for the mobility handicapped through expert opinion surveys. The movement of individual mobility means in the walking space is prohibited, and the speed limit shall be stipulated to enable the mobility handicapped to walk safely and conveniently. Parking spaces will have to create obstacle zones in the parking area next to the roadway or at the border of sidewalks and roads, and regulations are needed to collect illegally parked vehicles. It is necessary to switch from the existing automobile-oriented road to the road structure considering the use of low and medium-speed vehicles.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.268-276
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• 2022

This study examined whether K-pop dance is qualified as an academic subject and how university students perceive K-pop dance as a liberal art subject. The survey was conducted with 138 students. Among the total of 138, 40 participants were male, and 53 participants were female. Fourteen(14) participants had experience with K-pop classes, and 124 participants did not have any experience with K-pop dance classes. According to the study, K-pop is a form of Korean culture that adds unique cultural and social characteristics to Koreans. It is in the cultural and art education category. In addition, K-pop dance is a socio-cultural phenomenon characterized by dance. However, K-pop dance is not qualified as an academic subject because it lacks theoretical foundations. The survey result also revealed that the students did not perceive that K-pop dance had personal, aesthetic, social, or educational value. They did not want to take a class if K-pop dance is offered as an academic subject in liberal art class. When analyzing the data by gender and experiences with dance classes, there was a difference based on gender in the two questions. In the case of females, they responded to having fun and joy from K-pop dance, while male respondents did not. Regarding the learners' interest in Kpop dance class, female respondents were more optimistic about the learner interest than male respondents. In conclusion, K-pop dance is a sociocultural phenomenon, and many informal online courses are created daily, spreading everywhere. However, the status of K-pop dance as an academic area is not set up yet.

• Journal of KIBIM
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.70-79
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• 2022

As BIM(Building Information Modeling) technology advances in architecture around the world, projects and industries using BIM are increasing. Unlike previous developments that were limited to buildings, BIM is now spreading to other fields such as civil engineering and electricity. In architecture, BIM is used in the entire process from design to maintenance of a building, and IFC(Industry Foundation Classes), a neutral format with interoperability, is used as an open BIM format. Since firefighting requires intuitive 3D models for evacuation and fire simulations, BIM models are desirable. However, due to the BIM model, which was developed centered on building objects, there are no objects and specific properties for fire evacuation in the IFC scheme. Therefore, in this study, when adding a new object in the firefighting area to the IFC schema, the IFC interoperability is not broken and the building WBS(Work Breakdown Structure) is analyzed with a hierarchical system similar to the IFC format to define the scope for a new object and the firefighting part within of the building WBS to derive a firefighting HBS(Hierarchy Breakdown Structure) with the extension of the object-oriented IFC file. And according to HBS, we propose an IFC schema extension method. It is a methodology that allows BIM users to instantly adapt the IFC schema to their needs. Accordingly, the methodology derived from this study is expected to be expanded in various areas to minimize information loss from IFC. In the future, we will apply the IFC extension methodology to the actual development process using HBS to verify that it is actually applicable within the IFC schema.

• Clinical Pain
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.59-64
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• 2019

Objective: This study evaluated the feasibility of ultrasound-guided lumbar nerve root block (LNRB) and S1 nerve root block by identifying spread patterns via fluoroscopy in cadavers. Method: A total of 48 ultrasound-guided injections were performed in 4 fresh cadavers from L1 to S1 roots. The target point of LNRB was the midpoint between the lower border of the transverse process and the facet joint at each level. The target point of S1 nerve root block was the S1 foramen, which can be visualized between the median sacral crest and the posterior superior iliac spine, below the L5-S1 facet joint. The injection was performed via an in-plane approach under real-time axial view ultrasound guidance. Fluoroscopic validation was performed after the injection of 2 cc of contrast agent. Results: The needle placements were correct in all injections. Fluoroscopy confirmed an intra-foraminal contrast spreading pattern following 41 of the 48 injections (85.4%). The other 7 injections (14.6%) yielded typical neurograms, but also resulted in extra-foraminal patterns that occurred evenly in each nerve root, including S1. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided injection may be an option for the delivery of injectate into the S1 nerve root, as well as lumbar nerve root area.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.137-151
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• 2024

This study analyzes the feng shui characteristics of the location of Seon-un Temple in Do-sol Mountain, Gochang from a metaphysical and selfish perspective through field research and literature review.A characteristic element of feng shui was that it prioritized harmony with nature and made it a reference point for selecting a location through a reasonable method. In the Silla Dynasty, adherent monks studied in the Gangseo area, where the Hyeongsepungsu first appeared, and this Hyeongsepungsu of the Gangseo District Law flowed into Korea and played a leading role in selecting the location of the temple and arranging Garam. Seon-un Temple was located under Do-sol Mountain and had no choice but to have great significance, and it was a practice of the desire to achieve Buddhist perfection through Do-sol Stream and Do-sol Small Temple, which enter the kingdom of Buddha. A s a result, the location of Seon-un Temple under Do-sol Mountain in Gochang reflected a variety of feng shui characteristics. In particular, the location of Sun-un Temple in Do-sol Mountain logically used the characteristics and meanings of feng shui and practiced becoming one with nature, which is aimed at spreading Buddhist doctrine and ideology, which has the holiest meaning of Buddhism.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.268-279
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• 2023

The pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh produces a diverse range of antibiotics for human and animal use, however, waste disposal management is inadequate. This results in substantial quantities of antibiotics being discharged into water bodies, which provide suitable environment for the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, capable of spreading resistance genes. This study intended for exploring the bacterial antibiotic resistance profile in adjoining aquatic environmental sources of pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities in Bangladesh. Seven surface water samples were collected from the vicinity of two pharmaceutical industries located in the Savar area and 51 Escherichia coli isolates were identified using both phenotypic and genotypic methods. Antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed the highest percentage of resistance against ampicillin, azithromycin, and nalidixic acid (100%) and the lowest resistance against meropenem (1.96%) out of sixteen different antibiotics tested. 100% of the study E. coli isolates were observed with Multidrug resistance phenotypes, with the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) value ranging from 0.6-1.0. Furthermore, 69% of the isolates were Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) positive as per the Double Disk Diffusion Synergy Test (DDST). ESBL resistance genes bla_TEM, bla_CTX-M-13, bla_CTX-M-15, and bla_SHV were detected in 70.6% (n = 36), 60.8% (n = 32), 54.9% (n = 28), and 1.96% (n = 1) of the isolates, respectively, by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Additionally, 15.68% (n = 8) of the isolates were positive for E. coli specific virulence genes in PCR. These findings suggest that pharmaceutical wastewater, if not properly treated, could be a formidable source of antibiotic resistance spread in the surrounding aquatic environment. Therefore, continued surveillance for drug resistance among bacterial populations around drug manufacturing facilities in Bangladesh is necessary, along with proper waste disposal management.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.5 no.1_2 s.6
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• pp.9-15
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• 1997

The study area is located in the Central Bransfield Basin, Antarctica. To analyze the morphology of seafloor, structure of basement, and seismic stratigraphy of the sedimentary layers, we have acquired, processed, and interpreted the multi-channel seismic data. The northwest-southeastern back-arc extension dramatically changes seafloor morphology, volcanic and fault distribution, and basin structure along the spreading ridges. The northern continental shelf shows a narrow, steep topography. In contrast, the continental shelf or slope in the south, which is connected to the Antarctic Peninsula, has a gentle gradient. Volcanic activities resulted in the formation of large volcanos and basement highs near the spreading center, and small-scale volcanic diapirs on the shelf. A very long, continuous normal fault characterizes the northern shelf, whereas several basinward synthetic faults probably detach into the master fault in the south. Four transfer faults, the northwest-southeastern deep-parallel structures, controlled the complex distributions of the volcanos, normal faults, depocenters, and possibly hydrocarbon provinces in the study area. They have also deformed the basement structure and depositional pattern. Even though the Bransfield Basin was believed to be formed in the Late Cenozoic (about 4 Ma), the hydrocarbon potential may be very high due to thick sediment accumulation, high organic contents, high heat flow resulted from the active tectonics, and adequate traps.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.209-225
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• 2010

The Shinri area near the Yedang Lake, the eastern part of the Hongseong area in SW Gyeonggi Massif, consists of the Neoproterozoic Duckjeongri granodiorite-tonalite, mylonitized amphibole-bearing orthogneiss and impure marble with lens-shaped garnet-bearing metabasites. In this paper, we report mineralogical and geochemical data of Neoproterozoic lens-shaped garnet-bearing metabasites within marble of the Shinri area. The $SiO_2$ contents of garnet-bearing metabasites in marble vary between ~46.98 and 51.17 wt%, and the $Na_2O$ + $K_2O$ contents fall between ~1.95 and 2.85 wt%, similar to the tholeiitic sub-alkaline basaltic rocks. In the Zr/Y vs. Zr diagram, garnet-bearing metabasites also plot in the subalkaline basaltic rocks. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns for Shinri garnet-bearing metabasites show relatively flat patterns to that of chondrite. They show slight LREE-enriched and depleted patterns. The major and trace element data from lens-shaped garnet-bearing metabasites in marble of the Shinri area suggest that these rocks were formed in within plate. In contrast, previous major and trace element data of high pressure type garnet-bearing metabasites from the mafic-ultramafic complex in the Baekdong and Bibong areas suggest that these rocks were formed in a nascent arc to backarc spreading center within subduction zone setting. Based on mineral assemblage and mineral chemistry, P-T estimates for Shinri garnet-bearing metabasites are 9.6-12.7 kb, $695-840^{\circ}C$ for inclusions in the core, and 9.6-13.6 kb, $630-755^{\circ}C$ for those in the rim. These P-T estimates are distinct from those of the Baekdong and Bibong garnet-bearing metabasites with isothermal decompressional retrograde P-T path. In addition to Triassic tectonic activity previously reported in the Shinri area of Hongseong, the details of metamorphic history such as protolith age and Neo-Proterozoic metamorphic episode need to be solved.