• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.34-39
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• 2014

It is necessary to enhance its availability and reliability of performance based fire design of building with various type of database such as experiments, survey and fire properties and so on. In order to utilize to the performance based fire design, the present study has been performed a series of experiments to investigate the burning characteristics of building materials for two types of interior board and three types of interior louver. The burning test has been also conducted for different thickness because it may show different characteristics of burning behavior such as flame spread rate and flame propagation time. The result shows that the effective heat release per unit mass of interior materials were almost constant with 15.3~16.9 MJ/kg regardless of its thickness while the peak heat release rate and maximum $CO_2$ concentration was varied with thickness.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.37-42
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• 2016

The present study has been performed to examine the feasibility of a flame spread model on the design fire scenario for fire risk analysis. Thermo-Gravimetric analysis and sample burning test were conducted to obtain the material properties of a single couch covered with synthetic leather material and a series of FDS calculations applying with the measured material properties were performed for different grid sizes. The overall fire growth characteristics predicted by the fire model were quite different from the results of a real scale fire test and the initial peak value of the HRR and total released energy showed the results within a 30% discrepancy for the computational grids used in the present study. The current model has some limitations in predicting the fire growth characteristics, such as fire growth rate and the time to the maximum HRR. This study shows that the fire model may be applicable to creating the design fire scenario through continuous model improvement and detailed material properties.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.213-217
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• 2003

Forest fire spread and intensity were modeled as a function of wind and fuel. Spread rate and intensity of forest fire were related to weight and thickness of forest fuel beds and to wind speed. Forest fire spread rate and fire intensity were differentiated according to wind speed. Rapid wind speed causes a faster forest fire spread rate and greater fire intensity than does slow wind speed. Relative burning time of the fire from beginning to end in the model was 161 sec at a wind speed of 0.5 m/sec and 146 sec at 1m/sec on the model. Average forest lire spread rate was 0.014 m/sec at a wind speed of 0.5 m/sec and 0.020 m/sec at 1m/sec. Average fire intensity was 0.183 ㎾/m at a wind speed of 0.5 m/sec, 0.259 ㎾/m at 1m/sec. Fire intensity was greater when forest fire spread rate was rapid.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 2024

Fire, being primarily a natural phenomenon, is impossible to control, although it is feasible to map the forest fire risk zone, minimizing the frequency of fires. The spread of a fire starting in any stand in a forest can be predicted, given the burning conditions. The natural cover of the land and the safety of the population may be threatened by the spread of forest fires; thus, the prevention of fire damage requires early discovery. Satellite data and geographic information system (GIS) can be used effectively to combine different forest-fire-causing factors for mapping the forest fire risk zone. This study mainly focuses on mapping forest fire risk in the Madikhola watershed. The primary causes of forest fires appear to be human negligence, uncontrolled fire in nearby forests and agricultural regions, and fire for pastoral purposes which were used to evaluate and assign risk values to the mapping process. The majority of fires, according to MODIS events, occurred from December to April, with March recording the highest occurrences. The Risk Zonation Map, which was prepared using LULC, Forest Type, Slope, Aspect, Elevation, Road Proximity, and Proximity to Water Bodies, showed that a High Fire Risk Zone comprised 29% of the Total Watershed Area, followed by a Moderate Risk Zone, covering 37% of the total area. The derived map products are helpful to local forest managers to minimize fire risks within the forests and take proper responses when fires break out. This study further recommends including the fuel factor and other fire-contributing factors to derive a higher resolution of the fire risk map.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.37-52
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• 2012

This research has set up the fire fighting general index for Fire fighting of Crowded Wooden Building Cultural Asset which is composed of traditional wooden building instinct or complex. The results of this study are as follows. First, Fire fighting general index for crowded wooden building cultural asset, it is necessary to set fire fighting priority by considering fire risk and cultural asset characteristic and establish the system to cope with fire disaster in the most effective way by arranging facilities with restricted resource. Second, Fire risk is the index to draw fire and spread risk of cultural asset by applying index calculation processes such as fire load, burning velocity and ignition material spread characteristic to various aspects such as individual building and complex and combining their results. Cultural asset importance index consists of individual building evaluation, publicity security degree, area importance evaluation and historical landscape degree evaluation. Third, for each index combination process, weight of each index is drawn on the basis of AHP analysis result that is performed to the specialists of related fields. The formula to apply and combine it is prepared to apply the model to include meaning of each index and comparative importance degree.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.361-368
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• 1997

Summary of experiments for the investigation of a fire which caused an upward fire spread for over 12 floors through balconies in a high-rise apartment complex is reported. The experiments include indoor tests to obtain fire properties of vertical PMMA fences and outdoor ones with a full scale model of the balcony. The test results suggest significance of the increase of total flame height by the merging of flames and a cooperative effect of the burning of the PMMA fence and combustibles on the balconies for the generation of a tall flame enough to cause ignition on the upper floors.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2004.03a
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• pp.528-531
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• 2004

For a simple one-dimensional ignition problem a mathematical model is described to investigate the difficulties in numerical simulations. Some computation results are obtained and comparison is made with analytical solution. Discussions are made on topics such as 1) coordinate transformation, 2) gas-phase and solid-phase analysis; (divergence form of the governing system, a finite-volume discretization, implicit time integration, upwind split flux, spatial accuracy improvement are described. Mass, reagent mass, and energy conservations are solved.), and 3) method to determine quantities on the burning surface (matching). Results obtained for small values of the non-dimensional pressure show a steady-combustion and good agreement with the analytical solution. Numerical instability appeared for larger values of the pressure, discussion on the cause of the problem is made. This effort is a part of a study of flame spread phenomena on solid propellant surface.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2012.04a
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• pp.167-169
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• 2012

본 연구는 정수기 화재의 원인 판정을 위한 지식기반을 구축하기 위해서 인위적 착화가 발생했을 때의 연소 확산 패턴을 해석하였다. 실험이 재현되는 동안 외부에서 인위적인 에너지의 공급은 없었으며, 정수기는 정상 작동 상태를 유지시켰다. 인위적 화염으로 착화되어 50[sec] 경과하였을 때까지 불꽃은 외부에서 관측되지 않았다. 그러나 120[sec] 정도 경과되었을 때 일순간 화염은 확산되기 시작하였으며, 부분적인 소락이 발생되는 것이 관측된다. 화염이 180[sec] 동안 진행되었을 때 강제로 진압된 후 연소패턴 분석에서 최초의 착화점을 기준으로 정확한 브이패턴(V-pattern)이 형성되었으며, 외부에서 화염이 공격되었을 때와 확연한 차이가 있음을 알 수 있다. 또한 정수기 후면에 설치된 방열판의 열화 특성 분석에서 화열의 공격방향 판정이 가능한 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.343-349
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• 2010

In Korea, man-caused forest fires are known originate primarily in coniferous forests. We have hypothesized that the vulnerability of Pinus densiflora forests is principally a consequence of the ignition characteristics of the species. To assess this hypothesis, we conducted two combustion experiments using fallen leaves with a reference species, Quercus variabilis. In the first experiments, in which a cigarette was employed as a primary heat source for the initiation of a forest fire, the Pinus leaves caught fire significantly faster (1'1" at Pinus, 1'31" at Quercus, P < 0.001), and ignition proceeded normally. Quercus leaves, on the other hand, caught fire but did not ignite successfully. In the second set of experiments utilizing different moisture contents and fuel loads, the maximum flame temperature of the Pinus leaves was significantly higher ($421^{\circ}C$ at Pinus, $361^{\circ}C$ at Quercus, P < 0.001) and the combustion persisted for longer than in the Quercus leaves (8'8" at Pinus, 3'38" at Quercus, P < 0.001). The moisture contents of the leaves appeared to be a more important factor in the maximum temperature achieved, whereas the most important factor in burning time was the amount of fuel. Overall, these results support the assumption that Pinus leaves can be ignited even by low-heat sources such as cigarettes. Additionally, once ignited, Pinus leaves burn at a relatively high flame temperature and burn for a prolonged period, thus raising the possibility of frequent fire occurrences and spread into crown fires in forests of P. densiflora.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.120-129
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• 2009

Identification of the exact cause of a building fire is generally difficult, because the source and initially ignited objects are often severely damaged or even lost during the early stages of the fire. We made an experimental attempt to reasonably estimate the burning during the very early stages of a fire, and identify its source and causes. The case we studied was an apartment fire, which occurred in Tokyo, in July 2002. The fire was extinguished just after flashover, and the on-site investigations suggested the fire started from the TV and TV stand, which had been damaged so severely that it was difficult to conclude that the TV was the ultimate cause of the fire, simply from the on-site investigation. We conducted a series of burn tests using a TV and other products identical to those actually used in the apartment. Tests were set-up and procedures were carefully studied to recreate the conditions of the articles that remained, and of the room itself. The tests demonstrated that the conditions in the apartment could be recreated only when the fire started inside the TV and came into close contact with dresser.