• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.986-998
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• 2002

Flow and spray characteristics are critical factors that affect the performance and exhaust emissions of a direct injection diesel engine. It is well known that the swirl control system is one of the useful ways to improve the fuel consumption and emission reduction rate in a diesel engine. However, until now there have only been a few studies on the effect of flow on spray. Because of this, the relationship between the flow pattern in the cylinder and its influence on the behavior of the spray is in need of investigation. First, in-cylinder flow distributions for 4-valve cylinder head of DI (Direct Injection) Diesel engine were investigated under steady-state conditions for different SCV (Swirl Control Valve) opening angles using a steady flow rig and 2-D LDV (Laser Doppler Velocimetry). It was found that swirl flow was more dominant than that of tumble in the experimented engine. In addition, the in-cylinder flow was quantified in terms of swirl/tumble ratio and mean flow coefficient. As the SCV opening angle was increased, high swirl ratios more than 3.0 were obtained in the case of SCV -70° and 90°. Second, spray characteristics of the intermittent injection were investigated by a PDA (Phase Doppler Anemometer) system. A Time Dividing Method (TDM) was used to analyze the microscopic spray characteristics. It was found that the atomization characteristics such as velocity and SMD (Sauter Mean Diameter) of the spray were affected by the in-cylinder swirl ratio. As a result, it was concluded that the swirl ratio improves atomization characteristics uniformly.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.61-64
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• 2013

본 실험은 한국에서 여름철 동안 야간 고온이 스프레이국화의 개화기간에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 수행하였다. 2005년 실험결과에 따르면, 단일기간 중 야간 온도가 $25^{\circ}C$ 이상 지속된 기간은 23.6일로 조사되었고 개화가 지연된 기간은 22일로 조사되었다. 유사한 결과가 2006년에도 조사되었는데, 단일기간 중 야간 온도가 $25^{\circ}C$ 이상 지속된 기간은 23.6일, 개화지연 기간은 23일로 조사되었다. 2007년 결과도 단일기간 중 야간 온도가 $25^{\circ}C$ 이상 지속된 기간은 31.9일, 개화지연 기간은 31일로 조사되었다. 결론적으로 2005년부터 2007년까지의 결과에 따르면, 스프레이국화 'Euro' 품종에서 야간에 고온과 개화기간지연 사이에 특별한 상관관계가 있을 것으로 추정된다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

그린키위 품종 'Hayward'와 골드키위 품종 'Hort16A'가 같은 과수원에서 나란히 재배되고 있는 제주도 서귀포시 성산읍 신산리에 있는 키위 재배농가 포장에서 2009년과 2010년 국내에서 키위 과실연부병(무름병) 방제약제로 등록되어 있는 살균제인 베노밀 수화제 및 지오판 수화제와 키위 재배농가에서 관행적으로 많이 사용하는 카벤다짐 디에토벤카브 수화제의 적정 살포시기, 살포간격 및 살포횟수를 조사하였다. 약제간 방제효과는 베노밀 수화제, 티오파네이트메틸 수화제, 카벤다짐 디에토펜카브 수화제 순이었다. 개화 전부터 약제를 살포하는 것보다 수정 후 약제를 살포하는 것이 방제효과가 높았으나 수정 후 약제살포하는 시기가 늦어질수록 방제효과는 낮아졌다. 약제살포 횟수가 증가함에 따라 방제효과는 증가하는 경향이었으나 'Hayward'와 'Hort16A' 모두에서 과실무름병 방제를 위한 예방약제의 적정 살포시기, 살포간격 및 살포횟수는 수정 후 2주일 간격 4회 처리로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.288-296
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 분무건조 조건 및 계면활성제 첨가에 따른 리그노셀룰로오스 나노피브릴(lignocellulose nanofibril, LCNF)의 분무건조 수율 및 건조 LCNF의 형태학적 특성, 치수분포 및 수재분산성을 조사하였다. 원료로는 약 70-300 nm 직경을 지니는 섬유상의 LCNF를 사용하였으며, 분무건조 LCNF는 rod형 파티클의 형태학적 특성을 보였다. $140^{\circ}C$ 온도조건에서의 분무건조 수율이 가장 높았으며, 분무건조 LCNF의 입자크기 또한 가장 작았다. LCNF 현탁액의 농도가 감소할수록 또한 송풍량이 증가할수록 분무건조 수율 및 입자크기가 증가하였다. 또한, 계면활성제의 첨가로 건조 수율을 향상시킬 수 있었으며, 첨가 비율이 증가할수록 평균입자크기가 감소하였다. 건조 LCNF의 입자 크기가 감소할수록, 물에서의 재분산성이 향상되었으며, 수현탁액의 여수시간이 증가하였다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2002

Dimethyl ether (DM) is one of the most attractive alternative fuel far compression ignition engine. Its main advantage in diesel engine application is high efficiency of diesel cycle with soot free combustion though conventional fuel injection system has to be modified due to the intrinsic properties of DME. Experimental study of DME and conventional diesel spray employing a common-rail type fuel injection system with a 5-holes sac type injector (hole diameter 0.168 ㎜/hole) was performed in a high pressure chamber pressurized with nitrogen gas. A CCD camera was employed to capture time series of spray images followed by spray cone angles and penetrations of DME were characterized and compared with those of diesel. Under atmospheric pressure condition, regardless of injection pressure, spray cone angles of the DME were wider than those of diesel and penetrations were shorter due to flash boiling effect. Tip of the DME spray was farmed in mushroom like shape at atmospheric chamber pressure but it was disappeared in higher chamber pressure. On the contrary, spray characteristics of the DME became similar to that of diesel under 3MPa of chamber pressure. Hole-to-hole variation of the DME spray was lower than that of diesel in both atmospheric and 3MPa chamber pressures. At 25MPa and 40MPa of DME injection pressures, regardless of chamber pressure, intermittent DME spray was observed. It was thought that vapor lock inside the injector was generated under the two injection pressures.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1360-1368
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• 2005

This study investigates the characteristics of spray, such as evaporation rate and spray trajectory, for a 4-hole injector which is applied to a 4-valve motorcycle gasoline engine. Three dimensional, unsteady, compressible flow and spray within the intake-port and cylinder have been simulated using the VECTIS code. Spray characteristics were investigated at 6000 rpm engine speed. Furthermore, we visualized fuel behavior in the intake-port using a CCD camera synchronized with a stroboscope in order to compare with the analytical results. Boundary and intial conditions were employed by complete 1-D simulation of the engine using the WAVE code. Fuel was injected into the intake-port at two time intervals relative to the position of the intake valves so that the spray arrived when the valves were closed and fully open. The results showed that the trajectory of the spray was directed towards the lower wall of the port with injection against the closed valves. With open valve injection, a large portion of the fuel was lifted by the co-flowing air towards the upper half of the port and this was confirmed by simulation and visualization.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.22-28
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• 1999

The injected liquid does not break-up instantly after injection for diesel engine. There is some unbroken portion, which is the liquid core(The length of liquid core is called the break-up length) in the spray. If the liquid core is longer than the depth of the bowl in the small DI diesel engine, the liquid core impinges on the surface of the piston. Once the liquid core impinges on the surface, it cannot ignite or burn rapidly and thus prolongs burning time with a degradation in thermal efficiency. The break-up length of a diesel spray in a compressure vessel was measured by an electric resistance method, A voltage was applied between the nozzle and screen, bar, needle electrode inserted at various axial and radial positions into atomizing sprays. As a result, a current flows not only in the region of liquid core but also through the droplets of the spray. It is found that the break-up length measured with screen electrode is overestimated. The break-up length of the spray is found to be proportional to the square root of the density ratio of fuel and surrounding gas. The break-up length of the spray decreases as the injection pressure and the back pressure increase.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2005

The spray and acoustic characteristics of a gas/liquid swirl coaxial injector are studied experimentally. The self-pulsation is defined as a pressure and flow rate oscillations by a time-delayed feedback between liquid and gas phase. Self-pulsation has strong influences on atomization and mixing processes and accompanies painful screams. So. the spray and acoustic characteristics are investigated. Spray patterns are observed by shadow photography technique in order to determine the onset of self-pulsation. And self-pulsation boundary with Injection conditions and recess length is get. To measure the frequency of the spray oscillation. oscillation of the laser intensity which passes through spray is analyzed by Fast Fourier Transform. For acoustic tests, a PULSE System was used. Acoustic characteristics of a swirl coaxial injector are investigated according to the injection conditions. such as the pressure drop or the liquid and gas phase. and injector geometries. such as recess length and gap size between the inner and outer injector. Front the experimental results. the increase of recess length leads to the rapid increase of the sound pressure level. And as the pressure drop of the liquid phase increases. the frequency of the self?pulsation shifts to the higher frequency. The frequency of spray oscillations is the same as that of the acoustic fields by self-pulsation.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.16-21
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• 2000

Measurement of spray deposit is necessary for evaluation of a chemical application technology. However it is not easy and time consuming. A simple method for measuring the deposition amount of spray using a tracer and a spectrophotometer was developed. Various materials were tested to determine an adequate tracer. Food dye was selected as a tracer, because it was cheep and easily treatable. Using NIRS(Near Infrared Reflection Spectrophotometer), a regression curves between maximum absorbance of a solution and concentration of the tracer were obtained. Yellow food dye solution showed a peak of spectrum at 452 nm, and absorbance of peak showed a tendency to increase as concentration increased. Green or pink food dye were tested and judged to be good tracers. However, tracer concentration should not exceed certain limits in order to measure maximum absorption. Using spraying liquid with known tracer concentration and known amount of washing liquid, spray deposit amount on real targets on leaves could be estimated at less than 13% error level.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.7-16
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• 2006

Performance of thin films fabricated with the electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) technique is strongly governed by surface morphology, which depends on deposition parameters such as deposition time and temperature, solution properties, and surface characteristics of substrates. In this article, the state of the art on the relationships between the surface morphology and the deposition parameters is presented. Also studies on the electro-hydrodynamic atomization process and the motion of drops relevant to the ESD technique are briefly reviewed, and the future research works are suggested.