• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.906-913
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• 1998

This study an analyzes the effects of the P/S ratio of dietary lipids and antioxidant vitamin supplements on serum lipids level and fatty acid profile, the degree of lipid peroxidation, and the antioxidant enzyme activities in the liver of rats treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz($\alpha$) anthracene(DMBA). P/S ratio of dietary lipids was made into 0.5, 1 and 2 by mixing palm oil, soybean oil, sesame oil and perilla oil at 10%(w/w) fat level and n-6/n-3 ratio was fixed to 4. Antioxidant vitamin of $\alpha$-tocopherol or $\beta$-carotene was supplemented in addition to vitamin mixture which was given at 1 % of the standard diet. female Sprague-Dawley strain rats, about 60 days old, were divided into three groups(LP : low P/S ratio(0.5), MP : medium P/S ratio (1.0), HP , high P/S ratio(2.0)) and each group was sub-divided into three groups(S ; standard, T ; tocopherol supplemented, C : carotene supplemented): Two weeks after feeding experimental diets, all groups were treated with a single dose of DMBA(2mg/100g BW) by gastric intubation and fed experimental diet for 9 week. The results were as follows ; 1) Serum total cholesterol(TC) level was not significantly influenced by diet but tended to be lower in HP groups compared to LP and MP groups. Triglyceride level was the highest in LP groups and the lowest in $\alpha$-tocopherol supplemented groups. 2) Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) level, representing lipid peroxidation in hepatic microsome, tended to be increased as the unsaturation of dietary lipids increases. $\alpha$-Tocopherol supplement significantly decreased TBARS level. 3) The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GSHPx) in hepatic cytosol showed the tendency to be high with increasing P/S ratio of dietary lipids. SOD activity was not significantly influenced by antioxidant vitamin, but GSHPx activity was significantly increased in $\alpha$-tocopherol supplemented groups. In summary, high polyunsaturated fat diet was effective on reducing the serum level of total cholesterol and triglyceride, while it increased unsaturation and peroxidizability of serum fatty acid. With increasing P/S ratio of dietary lipids, lipid peroxidation was increased in the liver and antioxidant enzyme system was induced to inhibit lipid peroxidation against oxidative damage. $\alpha$-Tocopherol supplement was effective in lowering lipid peoxidation, but $\beta$-carotene supplement did not exhibit antioxidant effect. (Korean J Nutrition 31(5) 906~913, 1998)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.375-386
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• 1995

This study was designed to investigate the changes in energy substrates, glucose and non-esterified fatty acid(NEFA), and fatty acid compositions in serum, following physiolgical stress in rats fed diets containing various fatty acids. Forty two Sprague-Dawley strain male rats, weighing 108$\pm$2.1g, were fed 3 different experimental diets for 4 weeks. The diets were composed of 105 fat(w/w) of either corn oil(CO;18:2 n6:57%), plant perilla oil(PO;18:3 n3:59%), or tuna fish oil(FO;20:5 n3:17%%, 22:6 n3:19%). After 4 weeks of feeding, each group wa subdiveided into (a) control, (b) 2 min swim in ice-cold water. Animals wer decapitated 20min after commencing the swim; trunk blood, brain, liver and epididymal fat pad were obtained. The levels of serum corticosterone, glucose, NEFA, triglyceride, fatty acid compositions, brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were determined. Basal levels of corticosterone na NEFA of serum were significantly lower in fish oil fed animals than those of any other oil fed animals. Compared to either perilla oil-fed or corn oil-fed rats, cold swim stress in fish oil fed rats produced significantly smaller NEFA and larger corticosterone responses. However, there was no significant difference in basal levels of serum glucose. Stress increased serum glucose levels slightly, and the amount of increment was larger in fish oil rats than those of any other oil fed rats than those of any other oil fed rats, although all the values were normal level. Dietary fats and stress did not affect serotonin metabolism. In additions, the composition of fatty acids in serum was significantly affected by the dietary compostion of fatty acids and stress. Stress induced decreases in monounsaturated fatty acid and non-polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration in either perilla oil fed or fish group, but did not in corn oil fed group. Stress resulted in changes in fatty acid metabolism similar to that associated with essential fatty acid(EFA) dificiency, when feeding animals n-3 fatty acids in diet. In conclusion, feeding fish oil was more effective to decrease NEFA in serum than feeding perilla oil or corn oil and improved lipid metabolism, when the rats were maintained in normal or exposed to stressful environment. However, the fact that feeding diet containing n-3 fatty acids decreased EFA status under stress suggests that the requirement of n-6 PUFA should be increased in these groups.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.29-38
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• 1988

This study was done to determine the effect of antioxidants added perilla oil diet on the content of cholesterol, vitamin E, and lipid peroxide in serum and tissue of rats. Four groups of experimental diets, such none added perilla oil diet, ascorbic acid added perilla oil diet, vitamin E added perilla oil diet, EDTA added perilla oil diet were fed ad libitum to the 4 weeks white male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain. The results obtained are summarized as follow: 1) The body weight gain in all experimental diet groups was higher than the control gorup and EDTA added diet group was lower than the other experimental diet group, while food intake in vitamin E added diet group was the highest and vitamin C added diet group was the lowest in the control group. 2) Total cholesterol levels in serum of all experimental diet groups were lower than that of the control group and especially the level of total cholesterol in none added diet group and vitamin C added diet group were significantly lower than that of control group. 3) HDL-cholesterol levels of all experimental diet groups were lower than that of the control group and especially none added diet group was significantly lower than that of control group. 4) The activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in serum of all experimental diet group except EDTA added diet group were higher than that of the control group and especially none added diet group was significanly higher than that of the control group. The activites of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in serum of all experimental diet groups except vitamin C added group were higher than that of control group. 5) Vitamin E levels in serum of none added diet group and vitamin C added diet group were lower than that of the control group and vitamin E added diet group and EDTA added diet group were higher than that of the control group. 6) Vitamin E levels in liver of all experimental diet groups were higher than that of control group and especially none added diet group and vitamin E added diet group were significantly higher than that of the control group. 7) Lipid peroxide in serum of all experimental diet group were lower than that of control group and especially EDTA added diet group. 8) Lipid peroxide in liver and spleen of all experimental diet groups were higher than that of the control group and lipid peroxide in kidney of all experimental diet groups except EDTA added diet group were higher than that of the control group. Four these results, as vitamin C, vitamin E and EDTA added diets have an effect to lipid peroxide by antioxidants, it could be suggested that perilla oil diet has required to add antioxidant because it has not sufficient vitamin E for antioxidant and intake and overtake level of perilla oil diet should be studied to go ahead.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.162-174
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• 1981

Fiftysix male weanling rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain weighing $52.6{\pm} 0.9g$ were fed with 77% starch-15% casein diet by ad libitum for four days to get them adapted and divided into eight groups. For three weeks, the body weight gain of rats was controlled in three different ranges. After the period of food restriction, the rats were recovered by being fed by ad libitum for seventeen days. During the experimental period, the amount of food intake and body weight were measured. And the experimental groups were compared when they reached at the same age and at the same body weight. Anterior Tibialis, Extensor Digitorum Longus, Soleus, Plantaris, Gastrocnemius were used as analytic items of skeletal muscle. Wet weight of muscle, muscle protein, water content were measured from each of five skeletal muscles. Sodium, potassium, magnesium content were measured from Anterior Tibialis, Extensor Digitorum Longus, Soleus ana Plantaris. Phosphorus was measured only from Gastrocnemius. The whole carcass protein except the skeletal muscles was also measured. During the period of food restriction, food intake was $311.7{\pm}19.5g$ for the control group. $130.2{\pm}1.5g$ for the second group and $161.7{\pm}2.1g$ for the third group. During the period of food restriction, body weight gain was $106.8{\pm}12.7g$ for the control group, $3.6{\pm}2.1g$ for the second group and $18.9{\pm}3.3g$ for the third group. Comparing the body weight when they reached at the age 66 days, the control group showed higher value than the other groups. In the concentration of electrolytes of skeletal muscles sodium and magnesium tend to increase and potassium and phosphorus tend to decrease by food restriction. But after their recovery, there was no significant difference between the groups. By the degree of food restriction, there was time difference in reaching at the same body weight. But when they reached at the same body weight, there was no significant difference in the value of electrolytes concentration. Regarding all the results of this study, the ages of rats which reached the same body weight were different by food restriction level during weanling. Once food·restricted rats reached the same body weight by recovery, the concentration of electrolytes and protein tend to become almost the same.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the irradiatiion effects on the capillary and endothelial cell in the submandibular gland. Sprague-Dawley strain male rats were singly irradiated to their neck region with the dose of 5Gy by 6MV X-irradiation and sacrificed on the 6 hours, 12 hours, 1, 3, 7, and 14days after irradiation. The authors observed the histological changes of the capillary at H & E and PAS staining under a light microscope, and also observed the ultrastructural changes of the endothelial cell using a transmission electron microscope. The obtaining results were as follows: 1. In the light microscopic examination, the capillary density was slightly increased on the 1day after irradiation, and increased until the 7 days after irradiatiion. After then, capillary density was apparently decreased. 2. The reaction to PAS staining at acinar cells was decreased on the 6 hours after irradiation, and recovered on the 7days after irradiation. But reaction was decreased on the 14days after irradiation agan, after then, gradually recovered with days. 3. In the transmission electron microscopic examination, mild proliferation of cytoplasmic process of the endothelial cell and reduction in luminal size were observed just after irradiation. After then, nuclear degeneration, marked proliferation of cytoplasmic process, thickened basal lamina, and numerous cytoplasmic vesicles were observed on the 1day after irradiation. These changes were recovered to normal on the 14days after 5Gy group, but not with 10Gy irradiation group. And destruction of endothelial cell and loss of basal lamina were not observed in both groups. 4. From the above results, reduction in luminal size, proliferation of cytoplasmic process and thickening of basal lamina were observed as the irradiation effects on the capillary and endothelial cell of the submandibular gland. And also, these changes may induce increase in capillary number and endothelial permeability by means of increase of cytoplasmic vesicle formation. The changes appeared earlier and more prominent in 10Gy irradiated group than in 5Gy irradiated group.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.171-182
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of irradiation on the striated duct cells of the rat submandibular gland ductal tissues which control the characteristics of saliva. For this study, the experimental group was composed of 36 irradiated Sprague Dawley strain rats divided into 8 subgroups 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours after irradiation. 4 non-irradiated rats were used as the control group. The experimental animals were singly irradiated with a dose of 18Gy gamma ray to their head and neck region by the Co-6- teletherapy unit and sacrificed after each experimental duration. The specimens were examined with a light microscope with an H-E stain and with a trans- mission electron microscope. The results of this study were as follows. In the light micrograph, a severe atrophic change occurred in the striated duct cells at 2hours after irradiation and gradual recovery occurred from 6 hours after irradiation. 2. The nuclear chromosomes of the striated duct cells were changed granular at 2 hours after irradiation. Recovery was observed at 6 hours after irradiation. Nuclear bodies were also observed from 3 hours after irradiation. 3. The mitochondria of the striated duct cells had indistinct cristae at 2 hours after irradiation, and were degenerated or swollen at 3 hours after irradiation. They recovered, however, from 6 hours, with an increasing number at 48 hours and a regular arrangement was observed at 72 hours after irradiation. 4. The microvilli showed atrophic changes at 2 hours after irradiation and were almost lost at 3 hours after irradiation. They were observed again from 48 hours after irradiation. 5. The rough endoplasmic reticulum and golgi body were not apparent at 1 hour after irradiation and were dilated with degeneration 2 hours after, but intact rough endoplasmic reticulum were observed from 3 hours after irradiation and developed well at 24 hours after irradiation. By the result of this study, showing a mild change in the functional morphology of the salivary striated duct cells immediately following irradiation, it is considered that the many complications which occur after radiation therapy, will disappear in time with the histological and the functional recovery of the glandular tissues.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.58-67
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• 2018

This study aimed to identify the effects of extracts of fermented Angelica gigas Nakai (A. gigas) with a Monascus purpureus strain on anti-obesity in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into seven dietary groups (n=8 per group), as follows: a normal diet group (N) and six HFD groups (C: control, HFD and no treatment; AG: HFD +10% A. gigas extracts; FAG2.5: HFD +2.5% fermented A. gigas extracts; FAG5: HFD +5% fermented A. gigas extracts; FAG10: HFD +10% fermented A. gigas extracts; GC: HFD + Garcinia cambogia extracts). FAG-fed rats exhibited effectively lowered rates of increasing body weight and visceral fat accumulation in the HFD-induced obesity model. The activities of several hepatic marker enzymes, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were increased with HFD-induced obesity, but levels of these marker enzymes were significantly decreased in FAG-fed rats. The consumption of FAG reduced triglyceride concentrations in serum to normal levels. FAG-fed rats showed effectively increased leptin concentrations in the HFD-induced obesity model. HFD ingestion induced a significant increase in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, which was decreased in FAG-fed rats. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Oil Red O staining of the liver showed that the lipid deposits were decreased via FAG feeding. Moreover, hematoxylin and eosin staining of epididymal adipose adipose tissue showed that the adipocyte were decreased by feeding FAG.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.29-43
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• 1990

The purpose of this study is to investigate the vairous change in the toxicity of cadmium by the simultaneous administration of selenium and zinc, which have been reported to change -the toxicity of cadmium through the interaction with cadmium, to rat. For the experiment, 42 rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were used. The experimental groups were divided into 6 groups: a control group, a cadmium (100ppm) alone treatment group, a cadmium (100ppm) and zinc (100ppm) combined treatment group, and three cadmium (100ppm), zinc (100ppm) and selenium (1, 4, and 8ppm) combined treatment groups. The rats were allocated seven to each group and observed for seven weeks. The results of experiment are as follows: 1. The food consumptions of each group were reduced, compared with a control group, especially, in a cadmium and zinc combined treatment group and a cadmium $\cdot$ zinc and selenium(1ppm) combined treatment group to the significant level compared with a control group (p < 0.05). The water consumptions of each group were reduced to the very significant level compared with a control group (p < 0.01). The feed efficiencies of each group were lower than a control group, and among them the highest group was cadmium $\cdot$ zinc and selenium (8ppm) combined treatment group as 90% of a control group. 2. In all groups, the weight gains were highest in the second week and the total weight gains were reduced to the very significant level compared with a control group (p < 0.01). 3. In all groups, the relative weights of liver were reduced, compared with a control group, especially, a cadmium alone treatment group was reduced to the significant level (p < 0.05). The relative weight of kidney was high to the significant level in a cadmium alone treatment group (p < 0.05) compared with a control group. In all groups, the relative weights of testis were reduced, compared with a control group, but the levels were not significant. 4. The accumulation of cadmium was highest in the kidney and the order of height was in liver, testis and blood, respectively. In all groups, the amount of cadmium accumulation was high to the very significant level compared with a control group (p < 0.01). In liver, the amount of acdmium accumulation in. a cadmium alone treatment group was high to the significant level compared with a cadmium $\cdot$ zinc and selenium (8ppm) combined treatment group (p < 0.05), and in kidney, the amount of cadmium accumulation in a cadmium alone tretment group was high to the very significant level compared with the cadmium $\cdot$ zinc and selenium (4, 8ppm) combined treatment groups (p < 0.01). However, in testis, among the treatment groups the level was not significant and in blood, a cadmium alone treatment group was low to the significant level compared with the cadmium $\cdot$ zinc and selenium (4, 8ppm) combined treatment groups (p < 0.05). 5. According to the histopathological finding on the testis, some of the seminiferous tubules of a group treated with cadmium alone showed severe necrosis and atrophy. But the testis of cadmium $\cdot$ zinc and selenium (8ppm) combined treatment group was similar to that of a control group. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the repeated simultaneous oral administration of large doses of selenium with the cadmium produces the partial amelioration of cadmium toxicity, whereas zinc does not.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.73-87
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• 1988

This study was performed to investigate the effect of lactose in 4 different concentrations against the protective effect of calcium on the acute lead poisoning in rats after 4 weeks treatment. In this animal experiment, 70 albino male weanling rats (50-70g of body weight) of Sprague-Dawley strain were used. Lead was dissolved in the distilled water and intubated at the dose of 400mg lead (as acetate)/ kg of body weight/day. Calcium and lactose were administered in drinking water ad libiturn dissolved with the solution of 0.7% calcium gluconate mixed with 40, 80, 160 and 320mM lacotse respectively. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The rate of body weight gain in all treated groups turned out to be lower than that in the control group during 4 weeks treatment. The slow-down of body weight gain was the most significantly observed in the group treated with lead only ( p < 0.05). 2. The relative spleen weight in lead only treated group was significantly lower than that of lead + calcium, lead + calcium + 80mM lactose treated group ( p < 0.05). 3. The value of RBC, WBC, Hb and Hct showed a decreasing tendency in the group treated with lead only ( p < 0.05), however, a significant decrease was not observed in the group treated with lead + calcium. On the other hand, the protective effect of calcium was deteriorated in the group treated with lead + calcium + lactose. 4. The activity of $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase ($\delta$-ALAD activity) showed the same tendency as No. 2. 5. The lead concentration in the blood (PbB) showed an increasing tendency and the interrelation among the different groups was also identical with No. 2. 6. With a statistical approach, it was found out that the activity of $\delta$-ALAD and the lead concentration in the blood show a relation of inverse proportion(r=-0.7301). The diagram was interpreted with the logarithmic equation InY = 5.5357-0.0251X (X:PbB, Y:$\delta$-ALAD activity). 7. In the histopathological findings of the kidney, the protective effect of calcium was observed. However, the protective effect of calcium was restricted in the group treated with lead + calcium + lactose. As a conclusion, the intensity of the acute ingested lead poisoning was obviously reduced by calcium, however, the protective effect of calcium was deteriorated in proportion with the concentration of the lactose to be administered. On the other hand, it was also noted that the deterioration was lightly restrained in the group treated with the physiological concentration of 80mM lactose than the results shown in the groups treated with lactose of other concentrations.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.71-87
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the early irradiation changes on the ultrastructure of the capillary endothelial cell in the rat submandibular glands. For the study, 110 Sprague-Dawley strain male rats were singly irradiated to their neck regions with the doses of 2Gy, 5Gy, and 10Gy by 6MV X -irradiation, and sacrificed on the 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days after irradiation. The authors observed the histologic and ultrastructural changes of the capillary endothelial cell using the light and electron microscopes. The results were as follows: I. In the light microscopic examination, the capillary dilation was observed on the 6 hours group and the capillary density was slightly increased on the 12 hours group after 2Gy and 5Gy irradiation. And luminal size and capillary density were decreased on the 3 days and the 7 days groups after irradiation, after then, they were recovered. But capillary density was still decreased on the 14 days group after 10Gy irradiation. 2. In the transmission electron microscopic examination, the mild proliferation of cytoplasmic process of the endothelial cell and reduction in luminal size were observed on the 3 hours group after irradiation. After then, endothelial swelling, marked proliferation of cytoplasmic process, thickened basal lamina, and numerous pinocytotic vesicles were observed after the 1 day group after irradiation. Thickened basal lamina and numerous pinocytotic vesicles were still observed until the 7 days group after irradiation. These changes were recovered to normal on the 14 days group after 2Gy and 5Gy irradiation, but not after 10Gy irradiation. 3. In the scanning electron microscopic examination, the dilation of conduits and constriction, and meandering were observed on the 1 day group after 10Gy irradiation. These changes were observed with increased coarseness of the surface of the vascular resin casting on the 3 days group after irradiation. 4. From the above results, endothelial swelling, proliferation of cytoplasmic process, and thickening of the basal lamina appeared before the 6 hours group after irradiation. And these changes may also induce the increase of the capillary number and luminal size, after then, capillary permeability was increased via the increase of the number of pinocytotic vesicles. The changes were observed earlier and more apparent with the increase of the irradiation doses under the dose of 10Gy irradiation.