• Advances in environmental research
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.275-284
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• 2020

We provide the first study on the occurrence of microplastics in Dal lake, Kashmir, India. Microplastics act as catastrophe that trigger many environmental problems. The key origins of microplastics are larger plastics, which split into smaller plastics after UV light disintegration. There is relatively little work carried out on the existence of microplastics. The present work has been undertaken on the occurrence of microplastics at four pre-selected sites (surface water) in Dal lake, Kashmir. The samples were taken to the laboratory to dissolve organic matter by using H2O2 (6%). To speed up the organic digestion; the treated mixture was heated on a hot plate at 70℃. The mixture was then subjected to density separation. The supernatant obtained was observed under the microscope (10X) and measurements were taken. At site-I, the microplastics ranged from 2-3 mm, site-II 5-6 mm, site-III 3-4 mm, site-IV 4-5 mm in thickness, indicating the presence of microplastics in the lake. The presence of microplastics indicated that the lake has undergone an anthropogenic change over a period of time. Our research highlights the value of enhancing the quality of the drainage system and sewage disposal. This work can be helpful to recognize successful microplastic control management techniques and possible threats associated with the Dal lake. So far, no such data on the presence of microplastics in Kashmir lakes is available.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.71-96
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• 2010

본 연구는 OECD모델조세조약과 UN모델조세조약에 나타난 고정사업장 개념을 국내 법인세법 규정과 비교 검토함으로서 고정사업장에 대한 개념과 판정기준을 고찰하였으며, 고정사업장에 귀속되는 국내원천소득금액의 결정과 관련하여 플랜트 건설 판매 외국법인을 사례기업으로 선정하여 고정사업장에 귀속될 국내원천소득의 결정방법과 범위 그리고 그 계산방법에 대하여 검토하였다. OECD회원국으로서 국제조세에 관한 분쟁을 해결하고 국내에 진출해 있는 외국기업에 대한 과세권을 정당하게 지키기 위하여 우리나라 법인세법상의 고정사업장 개념이 나아가야 할 방향을 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째로, 건축 건설공사의 경우 6월을 초과하여 존속하는 경우에 고정사업장으로 판정하도록 규정하고 있으나 OECD기준에 따라 12월을 초과하는 현장만을 고정사업장으로 판정하는 것이 바람직할 것이다. 둘째로, 법인세법에서 고정사업장으로 간주되는 종속대리인의 범위를 계약체결대리인 뿐만 아니라 보관대리인, 주문대리인 및 보관대리인까지 종속대리인으로 규정하여 외국기업의 활동을 지나치게 제한하고 있는 것을 완화할 필요가 있다. 즉 OECD조세 조약에서와 같이 계약체결대리인만으로 한정할 필요가 있다. 셋째로, 법인세법에서 고정사업장에 포함되지 않는 보조적 예비적 활동장소를 한정하여 규정하고 있어 외국기업들의 사업 활동의 범위를 제한하고 고정사업장의 범위를 확대적용하고 있는 바 이를 완화하여야 할 것이다. 넷째로, 국내원천소득금액을 결정하는 방법에 있어서도 기타 합리적인 방법으로 이익접근방법의 하나인 이익분할법을 규정하고 거래당사자의 상대적인 공헌도에 따라 이익을 분할하도록 하고 있는데 이익배분의 기준으로 삼을 수 있는 구체적이고 객관적인 근거를 제시하여 조세분쟁의 여지를 해소할 필요가 있다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.218-230
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• 2024

최근 건설현장의 안전사고 문제를 해결하기 위해 컴퓨터 비전 기술을 활용한 안전관리에 관한 연구를 많이 수행하고 있다. 최근 딥러닝 기반 객체 인식 및 영역 분할 연구에서 앵커 박스 파라미터를 사용하고 있다. 일관적인 정확도를 확보하기 위하여 학습 과정에서 앵커 박스 파라미터의 최적화가 중요하다. 앵커 박스 관련 파라미터는 일반적으로 학습자의 휴리스틱 방법으로 모양과 크기를 고정하여 학습을 수행하고 있고, 파라미터는 단일로 구성된다. 하지만 파라미터는 객체 종류와 객체 크기에 따라 민감하고 수가 증가하면 단일 파라미터로 데이터의 모든 특성을 반영하는데 한계가 발생한다. 따라서 본 논문은 분할 학습을 통해 최적화된 다중 파라미터를 적용하는 방법을 제안하여 단일 파라미터로 모든 객체의 특성을 반영하기 어려운 문제를 해결하고자 한다. 통합 데이터를 객체 크기, 객체 수, 객체의 형상에 따라 효율적으로 분할하는 기준을 정립하였으며, 최종으로 통합 학습과 분할 학습 방법의 성능 비교를 통해 제안한 학습 방법의 효과를 검증하였다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.10-14
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• 2021

Soft tissue filler injections are widely used due to their immediate effects, predictable results, and high stability. However, as the use of soft tissue filler injections has increased, various complications have been reported. We report a life-threatening complication in a patient who developed sepsis and necrotizing fasciitis. A 45-year-old woman presented with right leg pain and discharge from the labia majora. The patient had received a soft tissue filler injection of unknown composition 1 year earlier and had recently undergone incision and drainage for an inflammatory cystic nodule. Antibiotic treatment was administered for cellulitis, but the infection progressed to necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis. Fasciotomy and intensive care unit treatment improved the systemic infection, but the soft tissue filler injection site did not respond to treatment for 1 month. Thus, the injection site was covered with a pedicled vertical rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap after wide excision. The area of skin necrosis on the leg was covered with split-thickness skin grafts. Infections occurring after soft tissue filler injections are related to biofilms, and treatment is sometimes difficult. Therefore, although soft tissue filler injections have a favorable safety profile, it is important to be aware of the risk of life-threatening complications.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.151-157
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• 2024

Electrical burn injuries can cause more damage than clinical evaluations initially suggest. The energy waves penetrate from the surface to the deepest layers of tissue, causing extensive harm at every level. The neck is a critical area, both functionally and aesthetically. We present a case involving a young male patient with a severe fourth-degree electrical burn on the neck, who underwent a single-stage debridement and reconstructive surgery. The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap is a versatile option for various head and neck reconstructions. However, if the donor site cannot be closed primarily and requires split-thickness skin grafting, it can result in unsightly scars and deformities. For large flap paddles, it is ideal to reconstruct the secondary defect with locoregional flaps. In this case, we successfully reconstructed the donor site's secondary defect using a contralateral internal mammary artery perforator flap, without resorting to any skin grafts. The early postoperative results demonstrated satisfactory cosmesis, patient satisfaction, and functional outcomes.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.92-100
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• 2006

Radial forearm free flap (RFFF) has been established itself as a versatile and widely used method for reconstruction of the head and neck, although it is still criticized for high mortality of donor site. Delayed wound healing, cosmetic deformity, vascular compromise and potentially reduced wrist function have many plastic surgeons hesitate to adapt it as a first choice in micro-reconstruction. To overcome these drawbacks, some techniques for donor-site repair such as V-Y advancement with full thickness skin graft (FTSG), application of artificial dermis ($Terudermis^{(R)}$) or acellular dermal matrix ($AlloDerm^{(R)}$), and double-opposing rhomboid transposition flap have been reported. Authors performed 4 cases of RFFF in old-aged patients of the head and neck cancer from April 2005 to February 2006. We compared the outcomes of donor site of RFFF which were resurfaced with split thickness skin graft (STSG) only and STSG overlying an $AlloDerm^{(R)}$. Patients were all males ranging from 59 to 74 years old (mean, 67.5). Three of them had tongue cancers, and the other showed hypopharyngeal cancer. All cases were pathologically confirmed as squamous cell carcinomas. We included the deep fascia into the flap, so called subfascially elevated RFFF in three cases, and in the other one, we dissected the RFFF suprafascially leaving the fascia intact. The donor site of the suprafascially elevated RFFF was resurfaced with STSG only. Among three of subfascially elevated RFFFs, donor-sites were covered with thin STSG only in one case, and STSG overlying $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ in two cases. All RFFFs were survived completely without any complication. The donor site of the suprafascially elevated RFFF was taken well with STSG only. But, the partial graft loss exposing brachioradialis and flexor carpi radialis muscle was unavoidable in all the subfascially elevated RFFFs irregardless of $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ application. Considering that many patients of the head and neck cancer are in old ages, we believe the RFFF is still a useful and versatile choice for resurfacing the head and neck region after cancer ablation. Its reliability and functional characteristics could override its criticism for donor site in old-aged cancer patients.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제9권
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• pp.59-66
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• 2008

국립경주박물관 옥외전시장에 전시되고 있었던 보단측면석은 과거 접합·복원부분의 풍화로 인하여 박리 및 박락이 진행되었다. 따라서 풍화된 암석에 대한 편광현미경 관찰 및 분석을 통한 암석 내의 팽윤성광물의 확인, Schmidt Hammer 반발경도 측정 및 Karsten Tube를 사용하여 모세관물흡수율을 조사하였다.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.1778-1783
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• 2000

When visual intrusion is an important factor, it is desirable to find alternative methods of improving the insertion loss of a noise barrier without increasing the height. Therefore, the primary object of the work attenuates the noise due to transport vehicle by small interference device installed at noise barrier edge. In this paper the performance of noise barriers with attached interference device, in terms of shape, absorptive material and split panel, are examined using the boundary element approach. Also, the scale models are moanted in an anechoic chamber and the frequency of the sound sources are appropriately scaled to simulate full scale site conditions. Lastly, experimental measurements of the designs are executed for a range of frequencies and receiver positions, and are compared with the results of numerical modeling.

• 한국결정학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국결정학회 2002년도 정기총회 및 추계학술연구발표회
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• pp.15-15
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• 2002

Homogeneous and crack-free potassium lithium niobate (K₃Li/sub 2-x/Nb/sub 5+x/O/sub 15/, 0＜x＜0.5, KLN) single crystals were successfully grown by the Czochralski technique. The KLN single crystals of several different compositions were employed for the investigation of the lattice vibration spectra using infrared Raman spectroscopy. The characteristic Raman spectra of the [NbO/sub 6/]/sup 7-/ octahedral ions were strikingly influenced by the Li ion content. The symmetric stretch vibrational modes V₁, V₂ are broadened, and the symmetric bend vibration mode V/sub 5/ is broadened and even split into three peaks with increasing the Li content, supporting that the bend vibration modes of the [NbO/sub 6/]/sup 7-/ octahedrons are obviously perturbed by Li ions in the C site. Enhanced Raman peak intensities after the post annealing at 900℃ and for 24 h evidenced that a residual stress in as-grown crystals was negligible and only a defect concentration might be reduced.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.537-542
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• 2000

When visual intrusion Is an Important factor, it is desirable to find alternative methods of Improving the insertion loss of a noise barrier without Increasing the height. Therefore, the primary object of the work attenuate the noise due to railway by small interference device installed at noise barrier edge. In this paper the performance of noise barriers with attached interference device, in terms of shape, absorptive material and split panel, we examined using the boundary element approach. Also, the scale models are mounted in an anechoic chamber and the frequency of the sound sources are appropriately scaled to simulate full scale site conditions. Lastly, experimental measurements of the designs are executed for a range of frequencies and receiver positions, and are compared with the results of numerical modeling.