• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.525-532
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• 2015

After comparing the effectiveness of standoff compensation between current techniques using data obtained from a series of borehole model experiments for standoff compensation in 2007, 2008, and 2009, a follow-up study was conducted to find a more effective standoff compensation algorithm, Comparing the results of the application of the conventional spine and ribs technique, and the spine and ribs technique in terms of apparent density shows that the standoff compensation error obtained from the latter method is more than twice that obtained from the former. The larger size of the compensation error from the spine and ribs plot using the radioactive decay equation indicates that there are no benefits in using this equation in standoff compensation. Based on these results, we propose a reverse transform spine and ribs technique by essentially combining the conventional spine and ribs technique and the spine and ribs technique in terms of apparent density.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2018

We carried out the standoff compensation data from 2007 to 2011 into four different density borehole models to find out the most effectiveness of standoff compensation charts. First, we investigated the irregular collapse characteristics of gamma ray and cut the non-ideal gamma response to improve the effectiveness of the standoff compensation error data. Effectiveness of detector combinations, density of borehole, and spine and ribs techniques from the modified standoff compensation data was analyzed. As the result of comparison, LSD-MSD combination has been suitable for standoff compensation more than LSD-SSD combination and it is possible to do standoff compensation for soil or weathered zone under groundwater level without fatal errors. Even though error scales of density transformed spine and ribs techniques were generally large compared to the conventional standoff compensation, standoff compensation for soil and weathered zone under groundwater level were sufficiently effective.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2008

The stand-off errors due to the different separations between the sonde and the borehole wall were measured and analyzed in 4 physical borehole models located in Kangwon National University having different densities with cylindrical and half cylindrical PVC and/or acrylic casings. The analysis of the stand-off error data based on the "spine and ribs" technique suggests a well defined rib line for each model irrespectively of the types and thicknesses of the casing, and that the gradients of the ribs are proportional to the densities of the models. By using these characteristics successful density correction could be made for the plastic casings in NX sized boreholes.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.16 no.4 s.50
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• pp.429-435
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• 2006

A preliminary study was made for density correction for the effect of separation between sonde and borehole wall due to the existence of casing in a borehole. Firstly, series of gamma-gamma measurements were obtained with 3 different separations in 3 different density models constructed in Kangwon National University. Secondly, density correction charts were made based on the 'spine and ribs' technique in mud cake correction. Using these charts, we could determine effectively the true density from the measurement in the thinly cased borehole.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.1059-1061
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• 2002

A FE model is to develop a personalized biomechanical model of the scoliotic spine that will allow the design of clinical test providing optimal estimation of the post-operation results. A flexible multi-body model of the spine including rib cage, clavicle, and scapular was developed to simulate several mobility simulations. Vertebrae, clavicle and scapular were represented using rigid bodies and ribs and sternum were modeled as flexible bodies. Kinematical Joints and spring elements were used to represent the intervertebral disc and ligaments respectively. Postero-anterior and lateral radiographics of a scoliotic spine were used to represent a 3D reconstruction. CT data for same patient were also used to verify vertebrae rotation driven from postero-anterior and lateral radiographic images. Simulated results showed good reducibility almost uniformly distributed along the spinal segments. It was also found that boundary and loading conditions, required to mimic the operation procedures, were proven to be very sensitive parameters to its results rather than its mechanical properties

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.52.1-52.8
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• 2021

Background: The normal vertebral anatomy of Korean raccoon dogs and their variants require research attention as a prerequisite for identifying pathologies and anomalies. Objectives: This retrospective study aimed at describing the vertebral formula and congenital vertebral anomalies in Korean raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis). Methods: Radiographs of 82 raccoon dogs (42 males, 40 females) acquired from May 2013 to June 2020 in the Gangwon Wildlife Medical Rescue Center were reviewed to evaluate the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae of the spine. Results: Normal morphology of all vertebrae was observed in 50 of the 82 raccoon dogs, and the vertebral formula was cervical 7, thoracic 13, and lumbar 7. Congenital vertebral anomalies were found in 32 raccoon dogs: transitional vertebrae (TV) in 31 and block vertebrae in 2. Two raccoon dogs had 2 types of vertebral anomalies: one had TV and block vertebra, and the other had 2 types of TV. Twenty-nine raccoon dogs had thoracolumbar TV (TTV) and 3 had lumbosacral TV. TTV was morphologically classified into 4 different types: unilateral extra-rib in 5 raccoon dogs, bilateral extra-ribs in 14, bilateral elongated transverse processes in 4, and an asymmetric mixed formation of extra-rib with elongated transverse process in 6. Conclusions: This study showed that TTV is common in Korean raccoon dogs, and that the vertebral formula is relatively diverse. The bilateral extra-ribs type TTV is the most common variant, which is almost similar to normal rib to be confused the radiographic evaluation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.396-405
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• 2017

We observed the osteological development in larvae and juveniles of Korean spotted sleeper Odontobutis interrupta bred in the laboratory in April 2014. Immediately after hatching, the prelarvae, which were about 4.27 mm long, showed ossification of the premaxillary bones in the upper jaw and the dentary and articular bones in the lower jaw. At 7.11 mm, the larvae showed complete fusion of the post-cleithra and ossification of the scapulae with the appearance of one hole. At 8.65 mm, the larvae showed ossification of seven ribs from the third abdominal vertebra and an increase in the length of the neural spine and hemal spine. The number of caudal fin rays increased to 19. At 11.9 mm, the juveniles showed ossification of three procurrent rays on the side of the parhypural bone as well as ossification of two procurrent rays on the side of the epural bone, indicating the complete ossification of all spicules.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to survey the various kinds of cooked beef products focusing on "chim" (a steamed beef recipes) through historical literatures written from 1945 to 1997 in Korea. " Chim" was recorded 96 times in the references and could be classified into 3 groups based on major ingredients suchas the cud pouch, liver , spine , tongue, fleshes, beef, rib and tail, an could be classified into 14 groups based on minor ingredients such as vegetables fried beef in egg batter. tomatoes, callion and rice cake. Among the seventeen cooked recipe of " chim", "kalbi chim(rib) " was recorded most frequently and "satae chim(shank)" was the next. Though "yang chim(the cud pouch), salkogi chim(fleshes), sokalbi chim(rib) and sokori chim (tail) " has been sued until present day, salkogi chim subdivided into satae chim, udun chim, nubianisam chim, sosim chim in the middle twenty centuries. Ribs was most popular ingredient among the major ingredients such as the cud pouch, liver, spine, tongue, tail, fleshes. Decorating ingredients such as sukgi mushroom, minarichodae, pyoko mushroom, gingkonut also come into use subingredients or decorating ingredient in the 1990.nto use subingredients or decorating ingredient in the 1990.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.211-215
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• 2001

Purpose : This study was done to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose radiation in reduction of thoracic vertebral metastases in patients with breast cancer. Materials and Methods : 109 patients who were treated for bone metastasis from breast cancer from June, 1988 to June, 1998 in the Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Seoul National University were included. Of the 109 patients, 40 patients had been previously treated by postoperative radiotherapy and 69 had not. Postoperative radiotherapy had been given using Co-60 teletherapy device in 30 patients or 6 MV linear accelerator in 10. Thoracic spines from 1 to 10 were usually irradiated except in 1 patient and cervical vertebrae 6 and/or 7 were partially included in ,: patients. A total of 50.4 Gy was given with 1.8 Gy fraction. Metastatic bone diseases were scored in 11 regions, i. e., skull, conical spine, thoracic spine from 1 to 4, from 5 to 8, 9 and 10, 11 and 12, lumbar spine, pelvis, femur, ribs and others. Results : In no postoperative parasternal irradiation group, lumbar vertebrae were the most common metastatic sites $(55.1\%)$ followed by pelvis $(44.9\%)$, ribs $(40.6\%)$, thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12 $(37.7\%)$, thoracic vertebrae between 5 and 8 $(36.2\%)$, thoracic vertebrae 9 and 10 $(34.8\%)$, and thoracic vertebrae between 1 and 4 $(26.1\%)$. In postoperative parasternal irradiation group, lumbar vertebrae and pelvis were also the most common sites of metastases ($55.0\%$, respectively) followed by ribs $(37.5\%)$, and thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12 $(32.5\%)$. But significant less metastases were seen at thoracic vertebrae from 1 to 10. Conclusion : We can find that the were significantly less bony metastases at thoracic vertebrae which had been previously irradiated postoperatively.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.253-265
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• 2022

A study on silica-scaled chrysophytes(Chrysophyceae and Synurophyceae) from Mt. Sinbul alpine wetland, South Korea was performed from January 2018 to March 2020 using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We found a total of 19 taxa of silica-scaled chrysophytes; Mallomonas(13); Synura (3); Chromophysomonas (1); Chrysosphaerella (1); and Paraphysomonas(1), of which six taxa, including two new species(Mallomonas dimorphus sp. nov. and Mallomonas alpestris sp. nov.), were reported for the first time in Korea. All the species are illustrated with SEM micrographs and briefly described with regard to their taxonomy. Two new species were described based on the cell shape, size and ultrastructure of the scales and bristles. Mallomonas dimorphus sp. nov. belongs to the Sectio Heterospinae in that its scales have a flat dome, a reticulated secondary layer and needle shaped bristles. However, this species is distinguished from other taxa in the Sectio by two different patterns of shield ornamentation and a dome ornamentation. Mallomonas alpestris sp. nov. belongs to Series Torquatae (Sectio Torquatae) characterized elongated domed collar scales, domeless body scales and rear scales with a short spine. However, it is different from all other taxa in the Sectio Torquatae as well as Series Torquatae by shield ornamentation of the body and rear scales with evenly spaced transverse ribs and papillae.