• 제목/요약/키워드: Spike current

검색결과 90건 처리시간 0.024초

Calcium Influx is Responsible for Afterdepolarizations in Rat Hippocampal Dentate Granule Cells

  • Park, Won-Sun;Lee, Suk-Ho
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • 제6권3호
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    • pp.143-147
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    • 2002
  • Granule cells in dentate gyrus of hippocampus relay information from entorhinal cortex via perforant fiber to pyramidal cells in CA3 region. Their electrical activities are known to be closely associated with seizure activity as well as memory acquisition. Since action potential is a stereotypic phenomena which is based on all-or-none principle of $Na^+$ current, the neuronal firing pattern is mostly dependent on afterpotentials which follows the stereotypic $Na^+$ spike. Granule cells in dentate gyrus show afterdepolarization (ADP), while interneurons in dentate gyrus have afterhyperpolarizaton. In the present study, we investigated the ionic mechanism of afterdepolarization in hippocampal dentate granule cell. Action potential of dentate granule cells showed afterdepolarization, which was characterized by a sharp notch followed by a depolarizing hump starting at about $-49.04{\pm}1.69\;mV\;(n=43,\;mean{\pm}SD)$ and lasting $3{\sim}7$ ms. Increase of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ from 2 mM to 10 mM significantly enhanced the ADP both in amplitude and in duration. A $K^+$ channel blocker, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 2 mM), enhanced the ADP and often induced burst firings. These effects of 10 mM $Ca^{2+}$ and 4-AP were additive. On the contrary, the ADP was significantly suppressed by removal of external $Ca^{2+},$ even in the presence of 4-AP (2 mM). A $Na^+$ channel blocker, TTX (100 nM), did not affect the ADP. From these results, it is concluded that the extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ influx contributes to the generation of ADP in granule cells.

Effects of Phenylephrine on the Excitability of Medial Vestibular Nuclear Neurons in Rats

  • Jeong, Han-Seong;Huh, Hae-Ryong;Jang, Myung-Joo;Hong, Seol-Hee;Jang, Su-Jeong;Park, Jin;Lee, Seung-Han;Kim, Jae-Ha;Park, Jong-Seong
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • 제10권3호
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    • pp.131-135
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    • 2006
  • Coeruleo-vestibular pathway which connects locus coeruleus and vestibular nuclei is noradrenergic. This study was designed to elucidate the effects of phenylephrine on the spontaneous activity of acutely isolated medial vestibular nuclear neurons of rat by whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 14 to 16 days, were used. After enzymatic digestion, dissociated medial vestibular neurons were transferred to a recording chamber mounted on an inverted microscope, and spontaneous action potentials were recorded by standard patch-clamp techniques. In current-clamp mode, the frequency of spontaneous action potential of medial vestibular nuclear neurons was decreased by phenylephrine (n=15). Phenylephrine increased the amplitude of afterhyperpolarization without changes in the resting membrane potential and spike width. In voltage-clamp mode, the whole potassium currents of the medial vestibular nuclear neurons were increased by phenylephrine (n=12). These experimental results suggest that ${\alpha}-receptor$ mediates the inhibitory effects on the neuronal activity of the medial vestibular nuclear neuron.

A Computational Model of the Temperature-dependent Changes in Firing Patterns in Aplysia Neurons

  • Hyun, Nam-Gyu;Hyun, Kwang-Ho;Hyun, Kwang-Beom;Han, Jin-Hee;Lee, Kyung-Min;Kaang, Bong-Kiun
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • 제15권6호
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    • pp.371-382
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    • 2011
  • We performed experiments using Aplysia neurons to identify the mechanism underlying the changes in the firing patterns in response to temperature changes. When the temperature was gradually increased from $11^{\circ}C$ to $31^{\circ}C$ the firing patterns changed sequentially from the silent state to beating, doublets, beating-chaos, bursting-chaos, square-wave bursting, and bursting-oscillation patterns. When the temperature was decreased over the same temperature range, these sequential changes in the firing patterns reappeared in reverse order. To simulate this entire range of spiking patterns we modified nonlinear differential equations that Chay and Lee made using temperature-dependent scaling factors. To refine the equations, we also analyzed the spike pattern changes in the presence of potassium channel blockers. Based on the solutions of these equations and potassium channel blocker experiments, we found that, as temperature increases, the maximum value of the potassium channel relaxation time constant, ${\tau}_n(t)$ increases, but the maximum value of the probabilities of openings for activation of the potassium channels, n(t) decreases. Accordingly, the voltage-dependent potassium current is likely to play a leading role in the temperature-dependent changes in the firing patterns in Aplysia neurons.

LED 기반 그린에너지 조명시스템을 위한 전력품질 측정 (Power Quality Measurement for LED-based Green Energy Lighting Systems)

  • 유형모;최진원;최상호
    • 전자공학회논문지
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    • 제50권2호
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    • pp.174-184
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    • 2013
  • LED 기반 그린에너지 조명 시스템의 성공적인 연구 개발과 원만한 설치 운영을 위해서는 펄스 파, 스파이크 파를 비롯한 비선형신호와 고조파, sag, swell 등을 포함한 불요신호에 대한 실시간 전력품질측정이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 그린에너지 조명시스템 응용을 타깃으로 기존 저주파수 대 (60Hz~수KHz)는 물론 수십 KHz 이상의 고주파수 대에 발생하는 각종 전원 신호 분석이 가능한 저가형 전력품질측정 (power quality measurement: PQM) 방안을 제안하고, 이를 TI 320F28335 MCU(micro-controller unit) 기반 PQM 테스트 베드로 구현한다. 제안된 알고리즘은 CCS (Code Composer Studio) 3.3 환경에서 C언어로 작성하였으며, 임의 신호 발생기(NF-WF1974)로부터 발생된 모의 신호를 활용하여 구현된 알고리즘을 검증한다. 테스트 베드를 이용하여 LED SMPS로부터 발생되는 각종 비선형 전류 신호 측정, FFT를 이용한 고조파 신호의 분석이 가능할 뿐 아니라 이산 웨이블렛 변환을 이용한 sag, swell, interruption 등의 고품질 전력신호 측정도 가능하다.

Design and Realization of a Digital PV Simulator with a Push-Pull Forward Circuit

  • Zhang, Jike;Wang, Shengtie;Wang, Zhihe;Tian, Lixin
    • Journal of Power Electronics
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    • 제14권3호
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    • pp.444-457
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    • 2014
  • This paper presents the design and realization of a digital PV simulator with a Push-Pull Forward (PPF) circuit based on the principle of modular hardware and configurable software. A PPF circuit is chosen as the main circuit to restrain the magnetic biasing of the core for a DC-DC converter and to reduce the spike of the turn-off voltage across every switch. Control and I/O interface based on a personal computer (PC) and multifunction data acquisition card, can conveniently achieve the data acquisition and configuration of the control algorithm and interface due to the abundant software resources of computers. In addition, the control program developed in Matlab/Simulink can conveniently construct and adjust both the models and parameters. It can also run in real-time under the external mode of Simulink by loading the modules of the Real-Time Windows Target. The mathematic models of the Push-Pull Forward circuit and the digital PV simulator are established in this paper by the state-space averaging method. The pole-zero cancellation technique is employed and then its controller parameters are systematically designed based on the performance analysis of the root loci of the closed current loop with $k_i$ and $R_L$ as variables. A fuzzy PI controller based on the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model is applied to regulate the controller parameters self-adaptively according to the change of $R_L$ and the operating point of the PV simulator to match the controller parameters with $R_L$. The stationary and dynamic performances of the PV simulator are tested by experiments, and the experimental results show that the PV simulator has the merits of a wide effective working range, high steady-state accuracy and good dynamic performances.

Abiraterone Acetate Attenuates SARS-CoV-2 Replication by Interfering with the Structural Nucleocapsid Protein

  • Kim, Jinsoo;Hwang, Seok Young;Kim, Dongbum;Kim, Minyoung;Baek, Kyeongbin;Kang, Mijeong;An, Seungchan;Gong, Junpyo;Park, Sangkyu;Kandeel, Mahmoud;Lee, Younghee;Noh, Minsoo;Kwon, Hyung-Joo
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • 제30권5호
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    • pp.427-434
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    • 2022
  • The drug repurposing strategy has been applied to the development of emergency COVID-19 therapeutic medicines. Current drug repurposing approaches have been directed against RNA polymerases and viral proteases. Recently, we found that the inhibition of the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 structural nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins decreased viral replication. In this study, drug repurposing candidates were screened by in silico molecular docking simulation with the SARS-CoV-2 structural N protein. In the ChEMBL database, 1994 FDA-approved drugs were selected for the in silico virtual screening against the N terminal domain (NTD) of the SARS-CoV-2 N protein. The tyrosine 109 residue in the NTD of the N protein was used as the center of the ligand binding grid for the docking simulation. In plaque forming assays performed with SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells, atovaquone, abiraterone acetate, and digoxin exhibited a tendency to reduce the size of the viral plagues without affecting the plaque numbers. Abiraterone acetate significantly decreased the accumulation of viral particles in the cell culture supernatants in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, abiraterone acetate significantly decreased the production of N protein and S protein in the SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 cells. In conclusion, abiraterone acetate has therapeutic potential to inhibit the viral replication of SARS-CoV-2.

편측 안면경련의 한의치료에 대한 연구분석 (Review of Studies on Korean Medicine Treatment for Hemifacial Spasm )

  • 박정현;정수현
    • 척추신경추나의학회지
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    • 제17권2호
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    • pp.109-118
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    • 2022
  • Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate Korean medicine treatment on hemifacial spasm and to suggest future research direction. Methods We used seven electronic databases to find articles on Korean medicine treatment of hemifacial spasm and by analyzing the title, abstract, and main text, articles elucidating on Korean medicine treatment on hemifacial spasms were included. Results A total of 68 articles were searched from seven electronic databases. Excluding duplicate articles and articles that satisfied the exclusion criteria, nine articles were included in this study. Acupuncture was used in nine cases, herbal medicine in five cases, physical therapy in three cases, and cupping therapy in one case. In acupuncture, general acupuncture was used in five cases, pharmacopuncture in three cases, and Meridian tendino-musculature acupuncture and thread-embedding therapy in two cases each. Gamigwibi-tang used in two cases was the most frequently used herbal medicine. In physical therapy, carbone, hot pack, interferential current therapy, and silver spike point were used in two cases each. Conclusions It was confirmed that Korean medicine treatment for hemifacial spasm was attempted in varying methods and nearly all cases included in this study showed improvement. However, because of the low level of evidence due to the nature of these case reports, further studies should be conducted for an objective comparison and analysis on the effect of Korean medicine treatment compared to existing treatments.

열이온화 질량분석에 의한 극미량 우라늄 정량에 미치는 바탕값 영향 (Background effect on the measurement of trace amount of uranium by thermal ionization mass spectrometry)

  • 전영신;박용준;조기수;한선호;송규석
    • 분석과학
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    • 제21권6호
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    • pp.487-494
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    • 2008
  • 극미량 우라늄시료에 대한 열이온화 질량분석기를 이용하여 우라늄 동위원소 비 측정 및 정량과 관련하여 고순도(zone refined) 레늄필라멘트와 일반 레늄필라멘트로부터 오는 바탕값(background) 특성을 비교하였다. 두 종류 필라멘트에서 가벼운 알칼리금속원소들의 클러스터(cluster)인 $(^{39}K_6)^+$, $(^{39}K_5+^{41}K)^+$ 및 금속산화물($PbO_2$)로 추측되는 우라늄 동중원소영향(isobaric effect)을 확인하였다. 고순도 레늄필라멘트를 < $10^{-7}$ torr에서 약 $2000^{\circ}C$로 1.5 시간 이상 degassing 함으로 불순물들을 완전히 제거할 수 있었으나 일반 레늄필라멘트의 경우 5시간 이상 degassing을 하여도 약 3 pg-U이 남아있었다. 일반 레늄필라멘트에 대한 불순물 제거(degassing) 실험결과 5 A, 30 분이 불순물제거의 최소조건이었다. U-233을 spike로 사용, 동위원소희석 질량분석법으로 일반 레늄필라멘트 중 불순물로 포함된 우라늄 양을 측정한 결과 degassing을 하지 않은 필라멘트에서는 0.31 ng-U이 측정되었고, degassing (5.5 A, 1 hr.)을 한 것은 약 3 pg-U 이 측정되었다. 즉, 일반필라멘트의 경우, degassing을 하더라도 1 ng-U 시료에 대하여 0.3% 오차를 근본적으로 갖는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 환경급 극미량 우라늄시료 측정에는 고순도 필라멘트를 degassing하여 사용해야 함을 알 수 있었다. 우라늄 측정 시 필라멘트 전류를 5.5 A로 하였을 때보다 6.0 A로 했을 때 불순물 우라늄 량이 1.5 배 더 크게 나타났다. 따라서 필라멘트 전류를 5.5 A 이상 올리지 않는 것이 바탕값 영향이 작음을 알 수 있었다. 우라늄 표준물질(KRISS 표준물질/NIST U-005, 030)을 사용하여 우라늄 동위원소 함량을 측정한 후 인증 값과 비교한 결과 U-235 는 0.04%, U-234, U-236는 2% 이내에서 각각 일치하였다.

해양생태계 복원기술개발 사업의 경제적 타당성 분석 (Economic Feasibility Analysis of Marine Ecosystem Restoration Technology Program)

  • 권영주;백상규;유승훈
    • 해양환경안전학회지
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    • 제20권2호
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    • pp.130-142
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    • 2014
  • 정부는 훼손된 해양생태계의 현황 및 원인을 파악하고 생태계 기능 복원 및 손실 방지 전략을 수립하기 위해 해양생태계 복원기술개발 사업의 시행을 고려하고 있다. 사업 시행 여부에 대한 판단을 위해서는 이 사업에 대한 경제적 타당성 분석이 필수적으로 요구된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 조건부 가치측정법(CVM, contingent valuation method)을 적용하여 사업 수행의 경제적 타당성을 분석하고자 한다. 지불의사 유도방법으로 유인일치적인 양분선택형 모형을 이용하되, 지불의사액 추정모형으로 영(0)의 응답을 명시적으로 다룰 수 있는 스파이크 모형을 적용한다. CVM 적용을 위한 설문조사는 미국 해양대기청의 지침에 따라 전국 1,000가구를 대상으로 일대일 개별면접을 통해 2013년에 시행되었다. 분석결과 연간 가구당 평균 지불의사액은 5,414원으로 추정되었다. 이 값을 전국으로 확장하면 향후 5년 동안 연간 약 986억원에 달한다. 이 값과 해양생태계 복원기술개발 사업의 투자비 정보를 이용하여 경제성을 분석한 결과, 순현재가치, 편익/비용 비율, 내부수익률은 각각 3,378억원, 5.20, 65.9 %로 산정되어 각각 0, 1.0, 5.5 %를 상회하므로 이 사업은 비용-편익 분석을 통과한다.

울릉분지 가스하이드레이트 2/3차원 탄성파 탐사자료 취득 및 품질관리 (2-D/3-D Seismic Data Acquisition and Quality Control for Gas Hydrate Exploration in the Ulleung Basin)

  • 구남형;김원식;김병엽;정순홍;김영준;유동근;이호영;박근필
    • 지구물리와물리탐사
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.127-136
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    • 2008
  • 울릉분지에서 가스하이드레이트 부존 유망지역 파악을 위하여 2005년과 2006년에 탐해2호를 사용하여 2차원 및 3차원 탄성파 탐사를 수행하였다. 탐사장비는 항측시스템, 기록시스템, 스트리머 케이블, 음원 등으로 구성되었다. 주로 1,000 m 이상의 대수심 환경 및 해저면 하부 500 msec 구간에서의 속도분석의 신뢰도를 고려하여, 3 km 길이의 스트리머와 1,035 $in^3$ 용량의 동조 에어건 음원을 사용하였다. 현장탐사자료취득과정에서 음원파형분석, 2차원 저급중합, RMS 잡음 분석, 주파수-파수 스펙트럼 분석 등의 일련의 품질관리를 수행하였다. 음원의 품질기준 적합성을 검토하기 위하여 음원파형을 계산하고, 건제거시험을 통하여 에어건 고장시의 음원파형변화를 확인하였다. 실시간 품질 분석을 통하여 일부 탄성파 자료에서 너울잡음, 패러티 오류, 스파이크 잡음 및 조목잡음 등을 확인할 수 있었지만, 탐사자료의 품질이 전반적으로 양호함을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 3차원 탐사 시 불가피한 현장상황에 의해 조목잡음의 영향을 받은 탐사자료에 대해 FK 필터링 및 누락 트레이스 복원 기법을 적용한 품질향상 결과를 제시함으로써 취득자료의 적합 판정 및 현장 탐사 지속이 결정될 수 있었다. 탐사자료가 품질기준을 벗어나는 탐사해역에서도 현장자료처리를 통하여 잡음제거 가능성을 제시함으로써 해양탄성파탐사의 효율성을 높일 수 있다.