• Resources Recycling
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.43-50
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• 2001

Characteristics of crushing and magnetic separation on the spent batteries, were investigated for reclaiming spent carbon-zinc and alkaline manganese dioxide batteries. Crushing of carbon zinc battery was easier than that of alkaline $MnO_2$battery using impact type crusher with rotary blades. Most of magnetic products were distributed in the range of 8 mesh size. With crushing 1 ton of spent carbon-zinc and alkaline $MnO_2$batteries respectively, magnetic separation of 8 mesh oversize particles, we can get 214 kg and 235 kg of magnetic products which is composed of 94% and 88% of Fe.

• Clean Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to recover valuable metals from spent batteries using a dry process. We focused on the effect of the smelting temperature on the composition of recovered solid and liquid products and collected gaseous products. After removal of the cover, the spent battery was left in NaCl solution and discharged. Then, the spent battery was made into a powder form through a crushing process. The smelting of the spent battery was performed in a tubular electric furnace in an oxygen atmosphere. For spent lithium-ion batteries, the recovery yield of the solid product was 80.1 wt% at a reaction temperature of 850 ℃, and the final product had 27.2 wt% of cobalt as well as other metals such as lithium, copper, and aluminum. Spent nickel-hydrogen batteries had a recovery yield of 99.2 wt% at a reaction temperature of 850 ℃ with about 37.6 wt% of nickel and other metals including iron. For spent nickel-cadmium batteries, the yield decreased to 65.4 wt% because of evaporation with increasing temperature. At 1050 ℃, the recovered metals were nickel (41 wt%) and cadmium (12.9 wt%). Benzene and toluene, which were not detected with the other secondary waste batteries, were detected in the gaseous product. The results of this study can be used as basic data for future research on the dry recycling process of spent secondary batteries.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.14 no.4 s.66
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• pp.17-21
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• 2005

Deep-sea Manganese nodules was treated with reduction-smelting process with adding the spent Ni-Cd battery or the cobalt contained spent catalyst for recovery of nickel and cobalt metals. The nickel in the spent Ni-Cd battery could be recovered by adding $5\%$ coke as a reducing agent regardless of the amount of battery added. However, to recover cobalt from the spent catalyst, it is require to add more coke for reduction of cobalt oxide in the catalyst. The treatment of metal wastes with manganese nodules can contribute to lower the cost for the processing of nodules and to facilitate the recycling of metal wastes.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 1994

Mercury in spent button type batteries can be separated and recovered with vacuum distillation method. It was found that mercury in the battery began to distill at $150^{\circ}C$ and organic substanced like a packing material was decomposed at$ 300^{\circ}C$. More than 99.9% of mercury contained in the battery was distiled and separated at about $250^{\circ}C$ and 20 torr with 8 hours' reaction time. The dissolution tests of the residue after distillation showed that mercury concentration in the solution were lower than 5 ppb and this values satisfied the environ-mental condition. Also as the furnace heating rate was above $15^{\circ}C$/min, it was found that the spent battery was destroyed because of increased pressure in the battery inside.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Resources Recycling Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.111-112
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• 2002

• Resources Recycling
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.10-19
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• 2007

The mechanical process followed by hydrometallurgical treatment has been developed in order to recover cobalt and lithium from spent lithium ion battery. In the previous study, a citrate precursor combustion process to prepare cathodic active materials from the leaching solution was elucidated. Resynthesis of electrode materials should be more valuable in spent battery recycling. Conventional slurry mixing of $LiCoO_2$ and carbon cannot make uniform distribution, and therefore the cathode cannot reach the theoretical charge-discharge capacity and is easily degraded during the charge-discharge cycling. In this study, ultra-fine $LiCoO_2$ powders has been prepared by modification of the combustion process and fabricated the enhanced cathode by modification of mixing method of $LiCoO_2$ and carbon added.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.37-43
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• 2000

Leaching of $LiCoO_2$ as a cathodic active materials for recovering Li and Co from spent lithium ion battery was investigated in terms of reaction variables. At the optimum condition determined in the previous work, Li and Co in a $H_2SO_4$ and $HNO_3$ solution were dissolved 70~80% and 40%, respectively. Li and Co were leached over 95% with the addition of a reductant such as $Na_2S_2O_3$ or $H_2O_2$. This behavior is probably due to the reduction of $Co^{3+}$ to $Co^{2+}$. Leaching of $LiCoCo_2$ powder obtained by calcination of an electrode materials from spent batteries was also carried out. Leaching efficiency of Li and Co were over 99% at the optimum condition with $H_2O_2$ addition of 1.7 vol.%. It seems to be due to the activation of $LiCoO_2$ by repeated charging and discharging or an imperfect crystal structure by deintercalation of Li.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.25-30
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• 2003

The synthesis of SiC used for the parts of the gas turbine and the heat exchanger, was carried out. In this study, wire cutting slurry of silicon wafer and the graphite rod of spent zinc-carbon battery were applied to the starting materials for the synthesis. The powders of Si or Si+SiC were obtained from the waste material by filtration, gravity separation and magnetic separation. Graphite powder was produced by dismantling, grinding and gravity separation from spent zinc-carbon battery. The synthesis of SiC could be completed from the mixture powders of Si and C or Si+SiC and C at the condition of equivalent ratio of Si and C, atmosphere of Ar or vacuum, temperature of above 1$600^{\circ}C$ and 2 hours reactions. The purity of synthesized Si-C was above 99%.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 2013.07a
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• pp.238-239
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• 2013

It is a crucial requirement to utilize an economical battery capacity for the wind energy conversion system. In this paper, the optimal BESS capacity is determined for the wind farm whose dispatched power is assigned by the min-max dispatching method. Based on a lifetime cost function that indicates the BESS cost spent to dispatch 1kWh wind energy into grid, the battery capacity can be optimized so as to obtain the minimum system operation cost. Moreover, the battery state of charge (SOC) is also managed to be in a safe operating range to ensure the system undamaged. In order to clarify the proposed optimizing method, a 3MW permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine model and real wind speed data measured each minute are investigated.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.16-25
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• 2012

There are several kinds of batteries such as zinc-air battery, lithium battery, Manganese dry battery, silver oxide battery, sodium-sulphur battery, lead acid battery, metal hydride secondary battery, nickel-cadmium battery, lithium ion battery, alkaline battery, etc. These days it has been widely studied for the recycling technologies of the used battery from view points of economy and efficiency. In this paper, patents and published papers on the recycling technologies of the used battery were analyzed. The range of search was limited in the open patents of USA (US), European Union (EU), Japan (JP), Korea (KR) and SCI journal articles from 1972 to 2011. Patents and journal articles were collected using key-words searching and filtered by filtering criteria. The trends of the patents and journal articles were analyzed by the years, countries, companies, and technologies.