• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.195-207
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to develop and test a model for predicting problem gambling in speculative game users based on Blaszczynski and Nower's pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Methods: The participants were 262 speculative game users recruited from seven speculative gambling places located in Seoul, Gangwon, and Gyeonggi, Korea. They completed a structured self-report questionnaire comprising measures of problem gambling, negative emotions, attentional impulsivity, motor impulsivity, non-planning impulsivity, gambler's fallacy, and gambling self-efficacy. Structural Equation Modeling was used to test the hypothesized model and to examine the direct and indirect effects on problem gambling in speculative game users using SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 20.0 programs. Results: The hypothetical research model provided a reasonable fit to the data. Negative emotions, motor impulsivity, gambler's fallacy, and gambling self-efficacy had direct effects on problem gambling in speculative game users, while indirect effects were reported for negative emotions, motor impulsivity, and gambler's fallacy. These predictors explained 75.2% problem gambling in speculative game users. Conclusion: The findings suggest that developing intervention programs to reduce negative emotions, motor impulsivity, and gambler's fallacy, and to increase gambling self-efficacy in speculative game users are needed to prevent their problem gambling.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to present the cognition of speculative aesthetics in the architectural space. Architectural space as the subject of the aesthetical study has been ignored such a long period though it should be centered of the whole architectural theory. Even it has not been dealt with independently but just only as a part of aesthetic or artistic field. Also it is also true that academic approach to the architectural space as per the aesthetic recognition has not been done so satisfactorily. The transcendental subjectivity as the aesthetic cognitive viewpoint of the architectural space means speculative aesthetics and the understands the essential meaning of the function and composition The conclusions of this study are as follows : The formalistic cognitive concepts including organic functional space between the whole and the part and anti-cubic synchronous space are included in the architecture of the speculative cognition, and finally the contextual cognitive concepts including the restoring analogical space of the in-depth constituent factors and associated centripetal spaces.

• Korean Linguistics
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• v.76
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• pp.187-211
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the speech act realization of speculative expressions and to present their teaching-learning contents. It is hard for Korean learners to use speculative expressions appropriately because there are various similar expressions and their meaning is distinctive in detail. This study describes speech act realizations of '-는 것 같다, -을까, -나 보다, -을걸'. All these forms have the meaning of speculations, so they are mainly used to present uncertain information or thoughts of speaker. But they show distinctive aspects. '-는 것 같다' is mainly used to present contents contrary to their counterparts' opinions or irritating for their counterparts. It is used as polite forms because it conveys meanings of uncertainty. Especially in these contexts, it performs the refusal speech acts. '-을까' has the characteristic feature in the complex forms such as '뭐랄까', '뭐라고 할까' and it performs request speech acts more frequently than '-는 것 같다'. Also it is used to express the speakers' opinions contrary to their counterparts'. '-나 보다' expresses speaker's speculations based on hearer's conditions or his speech, so it is used to respond to hearer actively and express interests unlike other speculative expressions. '-을걸' isn't used to perform request, to express interests to hearer. However, it is mainly used when speaker has the contrary assumptions or expectations to hearer's. Based on the analyze, this study presents and grades teaching-learning contents of speculative expressions.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.15A no.4
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• pp.217-226
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• 2008

Branch prediction accuracy is critical for system performance in modern microprocessor architectures. The use of speculative update branch history provides substantial accuracy improvement in branch prediction. However, speculative update branch history is the information about uncommitted branch instruction and thus it may hurts program correctness, in case of miss-speculative execution. Therefore, speculative update branch history requires suitable recovery mechanisms to provide program correctness as well as performance improvement. In this paper, we propose recovery logics for speculative update branch history. The proposed solutions are recovery logics for both global history and local history. In simulation results, our solution provides performance improvement up to 5.64%. In addition, it guarantees the program correctness and almost 90% of additional hardware overhead is reduced, compared to previous works.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.63-78
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• 2007

The objective of this study is to examine the speculative efficiency of shrimp futures market. Testing for the speculative efficiency hypothesis is carried out using Johansen's the maximum-likelihood cointegration method and Fama(1984) regressison model. Analysis data are obtained Kansai Commodities Exchange in Osaka and are daily data of frozen shrimp futures and cash prices for all trading days in the time period from September 6, 2002, frozen shrimp futures is introduced, to May 10, 2007. The empirical results are summarized as follows:First, there exists the cointegrating relationship between realized spot India 16/20, Indonesia 16/20, vietnam 16/20 prices and futures prices of the 14 day to maturity. Second, shrimp futures contract prices do not behave as unbiased predictor s of future spot shrimp prices. This indicates that the shrimp futures market is inefficient.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.179-185
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• 2016

This study verifies whether speculative trading in commodity markets acted as the primary cause of the increase in commodity prices after the global financial crisis using the Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) model. The effects of speculative trading on commodity prices increased by a factor of 3 to 6 after the crisis compared to those before the crisis. Although the demand related variables, such as industrial production, affected commodity prices significantly before the crisis, their effects decreased after the crisis. Consequently, the rebound of commodity prices after the crisis was mainly caused by the increase in speculative money, fortified by the expansion of the global liquidity supply. The global liquidity may well increase in the future, because the U.S. Federal Reserve Board is likely to continue to increase its interest rate. This study claims that when global liquidity shrinks as a result of a change in the Fed's monetary policy stance, speculative trading will slow down, leading to a decline in commodity prices.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.585-588
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• 1997

This paper presents a construction method of logic-based switching control system which operates in widely changing environments. The logic-based switching controller is composed of a family of candidate controllers together with a supervisor. The system does not require any identification schemes of environments. Switching from one candidate controller to another is carried out based on monitoring the output of the system. The basic ideas of adaptation are as follows: (1)each candidate controller is prepared for each environment in advance; (2)the supervisor applies a sequence of speculative controls to a plant with candidate controllers just after the control has started and just after the change of the environment has been detected. It is important that each candidate controller can keep the system stable during a sequence of speculative controls, and the most appropriate candidate controller for the environment to which the system is exposed can be selected before the last speculative control is ended. An application to an antiskid braking system clarifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.11
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• pp.383-391
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• 2017

This study examines the relationship between sentiment of speculators and price movements in the futures markets of WTI crude oil, copper, and wheat during the period 2003~2014 using Granger causality tests. The results indicate that speculative positions overall has no predictive power for returns in each futures market. Rather, returns seem to have effects on speculators' sentiment especially during periods of both economic expansion and recovery. During a recession, meanwhile, changes of speculators' sentiment index in the WTI crude oil and copper markets provide predictive power for returns in a positive direction, suggesting that speculators' pessimistic sentiment aggravates declines in commodity prices. Since the effects of speculative positions on market prices are ambiguous, tight regulations on speculative trading are not advisable. In a bearish market, however, regulatory bodies should consider raising speculative position limits because large speculative short positions and (or) liquidation of index traders' long positions may lead steep price declines.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.13-15
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• 2001

슈퍼스칼라 프로세서에서 값 예측기는 한 명령어의 결과를 미리 예측하여 명령들 간의 데이터 종속관계를 극복하고 실행함으로써 명령어 수준 병렬성 (Instruction Level Parallesim, ILP)을 향상시키는 기법이다. 최근의 값 예측기는 프로세서의 명령 이슈율이 커짐에 따라 예측 테이블의 갱신이 테이블의 참조 속도를 따라가지 못하여 예측기의 성능이 저하되는 경향이 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 성능저하를 줄이기 위해 명령의 결과가 나올 때까지 기다리지 않고 테이블 값을 모험적으로 갱신(speculative update)하는 스트라이드 값 예측기를 제안한다. 제안된 방식의 타당성을 검증하기 위해 SimpleScalar 시뮬레이터 상에 제안된 예측기를 구현하여 SPECint95 벤치마트를 시뮬레이션하고 제안된 스트라이드 모험적 갱신(stride speculative update)이 기존의 스트라이드 예측기 보다 성능이 향상됨을 보인다.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.133-144
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• 2017

This study investigates firm-specific financial variables that determine investment or speculative grades from the viewpoint of firms, which are one of the major stakeholders related to the credit rating. We employ an ordered probit model for our analysis with the sample data from 1999 to 2015 for listed firms in the Korean stock markets. For investment grades, operating margin, sales, market-to-book, dividend payment, capital expenditure ratio, and tangible asset ratio have a significantly positive impact on credit ratings. In the subsample for speculative grades, the coefficients of the dividend payment, retained earnings ratio, and capital expenditure ratio are significantly positive while short-term debt ratio and R&D expenditures have a significantly negative impact on credit ratings. For the analysis before and after 2009, when the Credit Information Use and Protection Act was strengthened after the global financial crisis, the coefficients of the capital expenditure ratio, cash ratio, and tangible asset ratio are significantly positive in the subsample for investment grades before 2009, but not significant after 2010. The coefficient of the long-term debt ratio is more significantly negative than that of the short-term debt ratio before 2009, for speculative grades, but short-term debt ratio has a more negative effect on ratings than long-term debt ratio after 2010. Surprisingly, the coefficient of the R&D expenditures is significantly negative in both investment and speculative grades since 2010. Our findings are inconsistent with the conjecture that the increase in R&D expenditures enhances the possibility of creating cash-flow by raising the investment growth opportunity, and thus affects positively the credit rating.