• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.458-465
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• 2017

The railway signaling system, which controls the course of trains and the distance between trains, is a safety critical system of the railway system because derailment or collision of trains can occur if unsafe failure is generated by any fault. The international standards of reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety of railway applications require that the safety of functions be guaranteed in safety critical systems; system reliability and safety are quantitatively estimated and demonstrated by the failure rates of devices. The development of technology has accelerated the development of railway signaling systems. Existing devices, which have already been verified as to their safety, are applied with special user requirements to reflect the new operation scenario. It is found that the reliability and safety of the devices are different depending on individual application. Therefore, the reliability of the railway signaling system must be considered while complying with the international standards; this requires that the initial failure rate be estimated and demonstrated using fault data gathered over several years. This paper shows a method for demonstrating the initial estimated failure rate and suggests a fault data collection method and an overall process that is based on probability.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.155-179
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• 2004

This study is about the effectiveness and activation strategies of vacational training programme for the disabled guided by the Ministry of Labour and the Korea Employment Promotion Agency for the Disabled(KEPAD). This research employed quantitative approach. The quantitative research used the samples of 853 disabled people who had finished vocational training programme during recent 3 years. In this research the effectiveness is categorized into two ; product effectiveness and employment effectiveness. Product effectiveness is influenced by the kind of train-center, train-area, train-length. The KEPAD, non-IT job area and train-period over 6 month are more effective. Employment effectiveness is significantly influenced by demo-sociological factor rather than disability factor. Especially the kind of train-center is very important to be employed for the disabled. This implicates that choice of train-center by the disabled and effective management of it by the public sector is very important in developing employment. Effective management, stated above, includes reengineering programmes and functions accountable to the need form the trainee, bridging the gap among train-centers in terms of performance, differentiation of financial support according to the product to save the public fund, encouraging one special programme in one train-center.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.1
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• pp.51-71
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• 1979

During last five years several workshops and seminars among social work educators, in and out country, has taken place. In those gatherings there has been, criticism on American model on which curriculum of social work in Korea has mainly based, and many proposals which most developing countries should consider and adopt for developing their own curriculums. The proposals could be summarized as follows; 1. Specification of developmental functions of social work should be made so that the curriculum could involve. It also must come from own societal needs and own national development task. 2. Social work should participate and make contribution to plan and solve the main social problems in own countries. 3. Clarification of educational objective in undergraduate level should be made and one of them must be related to the first professional degree. 4. There should be the courses which provide the content of macro level participation. How much of the proposals are reflected in the current curriculum of Korea? What are the problems Korean social work education has been faced in connection with reflecting the proposals? What kinds of task we should or could perform in order to adopt the proposals? These are the questions which deserved to be studied. The followings are the answers to the questions; 1. The new courses such as social welfare policy and planning, Social Development, Population Dynamics and Family Planning, Social problems, Special Issues in Social Welfare, etc, are placed in the curriculum. 2. Though the new courses are added the courses of case work, group work, and community organization are strongly remained it means that integrative method is not quite adopted and that conflicts are taking place between new and old fashion. 3. Fieldwork placement policy has been changes from concurrent to block and from social work method oriented to social problem oriented. 4. There are lack of integration among the all courses, of consistency between pre and post courses and connection among the related courses. 5. Establishment of image of social worker with B, A. degree should be urgently taken place. It can't be done by social work field alone but by cooperation with all the forces related to the social work practice. 6. B. A. graduate should have a common base of knowledge and competence. It could be come from the clear and specified objectives of undergraduate level education. And agreement among the member schools on the objectives can call on the fundamental similarities in each curriculums. Different programs from one school to another can be tolerated as long as there are fundamental similarities among the schools. Basic concepts and framework of social work should be kept clearly. It is a slow and long process to make social work recognized as a profession in the developing countries. Korea can't be and exception. Failure of having social work be indegenous can't be the reason to refuse an change the basic concepts of social work. One of he most important task which social work education in Korea must achieve in the near future is to establish the minimum requirement courses in the curriculum. Social work field, on the other hand, must find the positions for the social works in the various settings and institute. Clear role and image of social worker can be obtained by doing that.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.43-53
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• 2020

A service involves a human interaction between a consumer (customer) and a provider (service worker). In particular, services in today's intangible economy are understood as creative activities that exercise human capital as related goods. Since most service activities are human activities, not objects, they depend on direct interaction between users and service workers, and funeral services are understood as human activities provided by service providers to service targets (deceased, families, condolences). In other words, the funeral service is a service for the deceased, survivors, and condolences in a special situation of death, and can be viewed as a human activity that is exerted by the integration of the interactions between service workers, survivors, and condolences. Functions of funeral services expand for convenience of consumers through the smooth provision of funeral supplies and a variety of complex interpersonal services so that the deceased can perform solemn funeral ceremonies. In this study, the concept and role of funeral services were studied in order to find the direction of funeral services centering for next of kin(families) and condolences, who are the subjects of services from a service-oriented logic perspective. In order to derive meaningful results of people-centered funeral services, funeral services and funeral supplies are classified from the perspective of dynamic resources, guarantees consumers a wide range of funeral choice, and customer dissatisfaction and improvement requests are handled transparently. It suggested a possible plan. Now, in order to improve the quality of life, it is necessary to make efforts to improve the quality of funeral services that improve the quality of death.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.337-350
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• 2016

Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries (LIBs) have garnered increasing attention with the rapid advancements in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and grid-scale energy storage systems which are expected to drastically change our future lives. This review describes a separator membrane, one of the key components in LIBs, in terms of porous structure and physicochemical properties, and its recent development trends are followed. The separator membrane is a kind of porous membrane that is positioned between a cathode and an anode. Its major functions involve electrical isolation between the electrodes while serving as an ionic transport channel that is filled with liquid electrolyte. The separator membranes are not directly involved in redox reactions of LIBs, however, their aforementioned roles significantly affect performance and safety of LIBs. A variety of research approaches have been recently conducted in separator membranes in order to further reinforce battery safeties and also widen chemical functionalities. This review starts with introduction to commercial polyolefin separators that are currently most widely used in LIBs. Based on this understanding, modified polyolefin separators, nonwoven separators, ceramic composite separators, and chemically active separators will be described, with special attention to their relationship with future research directions of advanced LIBs.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.21
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• pp.61-101
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• 1991

This study reviews the development and change of main entry principle in German cataloging codes, with special emphasis on RAK. With rerard to the functions of catalog, comparison between the traditional title main entry in the Orient and author main entry in the West has been made. The analysis confirms in this study that various criteria in choice of the entries in RAK have been adopted. In case of works where the persons who have played different roles in the works are named on the title page, as well as related works and works of mixed responsibility, the criteria of entry determination are complex and time consuming process and have no absolute value. And there are also various kinds of problems in corporate entries including confirmation of originator(Urheber), choice of either the territorial authority corncerned or corporate bodies as an entry depending on the nature of the publications, and a unique bibliographical situation of treaties. This means the code is absence of absolute value in selecting entries, and this results in adoption of main entry principle which has lost its significance for the purpose of cataloging. With emergence of the ISBD and actualization of automated cataloging, morever, all entries are equal as points of access. It would eliminate the need for personal judgements required in choice of main entry by the present code. In doing so, it would bring uniformity and standardization to cataloging practice. In direct approach to works, title entry is more developed finding device than author entry in cataloging theories. Thus introduction of unit card system beginning with title which is adopted in KCR3 would be desirable, the complicated rules for the choice of entry could be abandoned from cataloging codes. Most of the user studies show that catalog users have placed higher value on the title entry as a finding device and each entry is equal as access points through unit entry. This means that choice of a given entry as a main entry is unnecessary in cataloging codes. Title entry would be a rather simple standard and direct approach for works. This study proves that the traditional title entry of Korea is superior to author main entry in the Western world in cataloging theory. Thus recommendation to be made is that abandonment of author main entry from cataloging codes should be considered in the future.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.13-34
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• 1997

The impact of a central place on daily living over wide outlying territory has been one of traditional subjects in the field of urban geography. The flow of rural population toward the central city of Chinju characterizes the population movement in Western Kyungnam, where the spillover of urban population into outlying areas, an especially prominent phenomenon in American society, does not occur. The central city of Chinju is supposed to be the most favored settlement area in Western Kyungnam. More than two thousands of teachers. who live in Chinju, cross the city boundary each morning to do their jobs in Western Kyungnam. But only ninety teachers living outside Chinju commute to the workplace in the city. The teachers willingly spend hours commuting each day to enjoy better quality of life in the central city. In fact, the central city of Chinju functions as bedroom communities for many middle-class workers in Western Kyungnam. On the basis of teachers' commuting behavior, four levels of Chinju's urban spheres are identified in Western Kyungnam. As Table-6 and Figure-2 show, the first-order level of Chinju's sphere includes most Myuns of Sanchung/Hadong Guns and some Myuns of Sachun/Gosung Guns. The second-order level comprises Sanchung/Sachun Eubs and many Myuns of Sachun /Gosung Guns. The third-order level is made up of Samchunpo, Hadong/Gosung/Eryung/Namhae/Habchun/Hamyang Eups, and many Myuns of Eryung/Namhae/Habchun Guns. And all of Guchang Gun and most Myuns of Hamyang Gun belong to the fourth-order level of Chinju's sphere. The influence sphere of Metropolitan Chinju is extended farther in the direction of less competition with other metropolises. Such a situation occurs to the west and south of Chinju. Daily commuting, defined as the journeys to and from work, is an excellent indicator for delimiting urban spheres of influence.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.2 s.64
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• pp.173-182
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• 2006

In church building, the worship space performing practical rituals and making a place of friendship and education has a role to accept the changing services with the times. And it is also distinguishable from the chaotic surroundings and is the space for religious experience of christian identity we cannot experience in our daily life. Therefore it is very important to investigate its characteristic as the space for religious experience. The important purpose of church building is to make up a worship space, and the chancel in worship space is said to be the core in church building, the center of all worship acts. Especially, today with the tendency of multi-functionalizing and opening in worship space, the chancel in worship space has a more special meaning as spatial, functional and symbolic center. The purpose of this study, with the worship space in domestic protestant churches, is to make up basic data for the worship space plan and interiordesign in church building by analyzing the characteristics of interior design for chancel, the core field of worship space. This study has researched the constituentcharacteristics of interior design for the chancel in worship space in domestic protestant churches in 10 years from 1995 to 2004. And found the worship space opening and multi-functionalizing with the changing times. From now on, the study on interior design for creative worship space should be researched positively for the purpose of expressing the christian identity and the opening and muti-functions, on the basis of christian theology.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.133-145
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• 2019

This study was raised by the need to explain why the problems related to private parks have been sustained. In order to identify the fundamental cause, it is necessary to analyze the historical and institutional context of private parks. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the direction of change in the private park system and to derive the characteristics of the system as it currently appears. The framework based on the historical institutionalism was divided into the Park Act (1967-1980), the former of Urban Park Act (1980-1993) and the late of Urban Park Act (1993-2005), and each was assessed using the analysis elements of the institutional environment and the outcomes of implementation. The analysis elements interpreted the path dependency, in which the inertia toward the choice of institution is maintained, despite the change in the environment. The institution took a special form of 'negative systeme' and secured profitability by expanding the types of park facilities while mitigating the criteria. Additionally, the designation of private park promoters as a landowner acted as a means of compensating those with property rights to unexecuted urban parks. The expectation effectiveness on urban park creation was insufficient and the environmental regulatory functions were weakened. Thus, historically, the private park system in Korea has experienced an 'institutional decoupling' as the purpose of the system and the results of actual outcomes are not consistent.

• Journal of Korean Theatre Studies Association
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• no.52
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• pp.271-317
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• 2014

This essay studied the acting theories of Diderot, Delsarte, Meyerhold, and Artaud to know the historical formation of 'sign acting' and its theoretical and aesthetic appropriateness. The sign acting so far discussed shows the repetitive patterns of idea as follows. The sign acting (1) emphasizes the physical expression such as gesture and movement, (2) assumes that the physical expression functions as a sign evoking special emotion and thought, (3) thus recommends the imitation of the outer sign, (4) uses a tableau for the effective reception of outer sign, (5) aims for the spectator oriented aesthetics as it stresses the result of outer sign rather than the creative process of a role, (6) assumes that the emotional reaction or the intellectual understanding springs from the physical experience, (7) thus emphasizes the physical language rather than speech, (8) can attain the appropriateness of physical language by the recent theories of cognitive science. Besides having such commonness, the sign acting also reveals the individual differences. For instance, the intended sign for Diderot and Delsarte was the sign of emotion, for Meyerhold the stylized sign of circus and acrobatics, and for Artaud the spiritual sign. If Diderot and Meyerhold demands the cool consciousness for the correct sign acting, Artaud's sign acting tends to pursue the state of trance. And if Diderot, Delsarte, and Meyerhold think the sign acting on the level of sensory appeal, Artaud insists that the sign acting should dismantle the spectator's sense. As such the discussion of sign acting shows both recurrent ideas and new visions, forming an unity out of diversity. Perhaps the sign acting is a matter of practice before we consider it as a theory. It is not only supposed to have been existed practically since ancient theatre, but also used by actors consciously and unconsciously in expressing certain emotion and thought. We need to study the sign acting more academically, considering its long history and aesthetic potentials. In fact the sign acting has been an essential element of acting, in spite of bad reputation judging it as a banal and worn-out style. It is true that the sign acting, in the worst case, could produce a stereotypical expression. It was this aspect of sign acting that caused a fierce negative reaction of the realists who sought the natural expression based upon psychological truth. Of course the sign acting has a serious problem when it stays banal and artificial. But we need to see this issue from a different perspective. What is the natural expression of emotion? How is it free from the learned way of expression? In some respect, we use, in reality, a learned expression of emotion that could be accepted socially. For instance, when we attend a funeral, we use the outer sign of mourning gestures learned socially. If a semiotic expression pervades various aspects of our life, the acting, being the representation of life, seems not to be free from codified expression. The sign acting could be used consciously and unconsciously in all kinds of acting.