• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.427-432
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to estimate muscle defect by ultrasonography in the patients with secondary deformities of the lip. We investigated the association between the muscle defect in the repaired cleft lip and the philtral appearance not only at resting state but also maximal puckering. Methods: From December 2006 to November 2007, 52 children were evaluated after primary or secondary cheiloplasty. Digital photographs were taken both from the front and both three quarter views in repose and at maximal pucker. Video clips were also taken in repose and at maximal pucker. A panel of four, scored the philtral ridge and dimple seen on these photographs and videos by using two visual analog scales. Eminence of the philtral ridge was scored by a 5 point grading scale, from "conspicuous groove" to "normal philtral ridge" and the philtral dimple was scored by 3 point grading scale, from "no dimple" to "prominent dimple". Ultrasound images of the upper lip were made using a linear array transducer at the resting position of the lip and evaluated by a single radiologist. Results: The philtral ridge eminence scored $2.79{\pm}0.54$ and $1.40{\pm}0.53$ at resting and maximal pucker, correlating with "flat" and "conspicous groove". The philtral dimpling scored $1.44{\pm}0.53$ and $2.27{\pm}0.66$ at resting and maximal pucker, correlating with "no dimple" and "slight dimple". Ultrasound imaging showed the average muscle dehiscence to be $3.78{\pm}2.14$ mm at resting position. Correlation between the muscle defect in ultrasound imaging and philtral ridge eminence at rest was statistically significant (p<0.050), but was not significant (p=0.756) at maximal pucker using Spearman's rank correlation. Correlation between the muscle defect in ultrasound imaging and philtral dimpling was not statistically significant both at rest (p=0.920) and at maximal pucker (p=0.815) using Spearman's rank correlation. Conclusion: Quantitative assessment of the muscle defect using ultrasonography correlates with the static philtral appearance, but does not correlate with the dynamic appearance. Also, the size of the muscle defect does not show any correlation with the philtral dimpling. Our findings reveal that ultrasound imaging partially reflect static appearance of philtrum but cannot reflect dynamic appearance and suggest the need for further research to evaluate dynamic appearance.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.433-443
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• 2017

식생자료의 종조성적 온전성(전형성과 대표성) 확보는 Z.-M. 학파의 정제된 식생자료(phytosociological $relev\acute{e}$)와 식물군락(plant community)을 이용하는 국가식생자원에 대한 통합적 관리의 주요 선행 과정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 특정 단위식생으로 모둠화된 식생자료의 종조성 균질성에 대한 질적 양적 평가 도구를 개발하는 것이다. 식생자료의 이질적 요소가 적용된 새로운 균질도, 현존균질도(actual homotoneity: $H_{act}$)와 최적균질도(optimal homotoneity: $H_{opt}$)를 제안하였다. 사례 식생형에서 식물상 변수들, 새로 개발한 균질도, 선행연구의 유사 균질도(Pfeiffer's homogeneity, basic homotoneity-coefficient, corrected homotoneity-coefficient, mean floristic similarity)와의 상관관계는 Spearman 순위 상관계수(Spearman's rank correlation coefficient)로 분석되었다. 현존균질도와 최적균질도는 각각 식생자료 간과 단위식생 간의 식물상 균질성 차이를 더욱 분명하게 드러내었다. 식생자료수로부터 가장 독립적인 균질도는 현존균질도였다. 오랜 교란 역사를 지닌 한반도의 현존식생 조건에서 최적균질도는 현존균질도에 대한 더욱 정교한 해석이 가능한 보완적 수단이 되었다. 현존균질도와 최적균질도는 국가 식생자원에 대한 일관성과 객관성을 포함하는 식생자료의 DB 구축을 위한 균질한 식생자료 선별에 기여할 것으로 기대되었다.

• 환경생물
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.380-388
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• 2019

본 연구는 전국 임의의 산양삼 재배지를 선정하여 재배지 내의 토양 특성 및 토양세균군집을 분석하고, 토양 이화학적 특성, 토양세균군집 및 산양삼 생육특성 간의 상관관계를 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 토양세균군집 분석은 pyrosequencing analysis (Illumina platform)를 이용하였고, 토양세균군집과 생육특성 간의 상관관계는 Spearman's rank correlation을 이용하여 분석하였다. 8개 산양삼 재배지로부터 분리한 토양세균군집은 2개의 군집으로 군집화를 이루는 것을 확인하였다. 모든 토양샘플에서 Proteobacteria와 Alphaproteobacteria가 각각 35.4%, 24.4%로 가장 높은 상대적 빈도수를 보였다. 산양삼의 생육은 토양 pH가 낮고 Acidobacteria의 상대적 빈도수가 높은 토양에서 증가하였으며, Acidobacteriia (class)와 Koribacteraceae (family)의 상대적 빈도수는 산양삼의 생육과 유의적인 정의 상관관계를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 토양세균군집과 산양삼 생육 간의 상관관계를 구명하는 중요한 자료가 될 것으로 생각되고, 나아가 산양삼 재배 이전에 산양삼의 생육에 유용한 토양세균군집을 확인할 수 있다면 산양삼 재배적지를 선정하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다. 또한 토양이화학성과 더불어 임상 및 주변식생에 따른 토양세균군집과 산양삼 생육특성에 대한 상관관계 연구를 추가로 수행한다면 보다 명확한 정보를 대한 제공할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.217-224
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aimed to generate 3-D occlusal curvatures and evaluate the relationship between the occlusal curvatures and mandibular occlusal morphology factors. Methods: Mandibular dental casts from 25 young adult Korean were scanned as a virtual dental models with a 3-D scanner(Scanner S600, Zirkonzahn, Italy). The curve of Spee, curve of Wilson, and Monson's sphere were generated by fitting a circle/sphere to the cusp tips using a least-squares method. The mandibular mesiodistal cusp inclination, buccolingual cusp inclination, and tooth wear parameters were measured on the prepared virtual models using RapidForm2004(INUS technology INC, Seoul, Korea). Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to test side difference, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were investigated to verify the correlation between occlusal curvatures and correlated factors (a=0.05). Results: The mean radii of curve of Spee were $83.09{\pm}33.94$ in the left side and $79.00{\pm}28.12mm$ in the right side. The mean radii of curve of Wilson were $66.82{\pm}15.87mm$ in the mesial side and $47.87{\pm}9.40mm$ in the distal side with significantly difference between mesiodistal sides(p<0.001). The mean radius of Monson's sphere was $121.85{\pm}47.11mm$. Most of the cusp inclination parameters showed negative correlation for the radius of Monson' sphere(p<0.05). Especially, the buccolingual cusp inclinations in mesial side of molar showed high correlation coefficients among the factors(p<0.05). Conclusion: The radius of Monson's sphere was greater than the classical 4-inch values, and the buccolingual cusp inclinations in mesial side of molar can be considered as one of the main factors correlating with the radius of Monson's sphere.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.355-361
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• 2015

Background: Deletion types of genetic variants of glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 and T1, the GSTM1 null and GSTT1 null which are risk factors for certain cancers, have been ubiquitously found in human populations but their worldwide distribution pattern is unclear. Materials and Methods: To perform a meta-analysis, a systematic search for the literature on GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes was done to identify 63 reports for 81 human populations. Relationships between the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype frequencies and the absolute latitude of 81 populations were tested by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Results: A significant positive correlation was detected between the GSTM1 null genotype frequency and the absolute latitude (r=0.28, p-value <0.05), whereas the GSTT1 null genotype frequency and absolute latitude showed a significant negative correlation (r= -0.41 p-value <0.01). There was no correlation between the frequencies of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype in each population (r= -0.029, p-value=0.80). Conclusions: Latitudinal clines of the distribution of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes may be attributed to the result of gene-environmental adaptation. No functional compensation between GSTM1 and GSTT1 was suggested by the lack of correlation between the null frequencies for GSTM1 and GSTT1.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.45-60
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• 1997

This study was performed to determine the inter-rater reliability of the Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment translated in Korean. This measures the physical impairments and disabilities that impact on the lives of individuals with stroke. The purposes of this measure were 1) to stage motor recovery to classify individuals in terms of clinical characteristics, 2) to predict rehabilitation outcomes, and 3) to measure clinically important change in physical function. Twenty-two subjects from physical therapy unit were assessed by two physical therapists. The ratings were compared by Spearman's rank correlation The correlation between two raters ranged from 0.85 to 0.98. Inter-rater reliability coefficient for total scores ranged from 0.95 to 0.97. This study confirms that the Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment yields reliable results.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.46-52
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• 2006

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the relationship between regional material deprivation and the standardized mortality ratios(SMRs) of community residents aged 15-64 in Korea. Methods: SMRs were investigated using the registered death data from 1995 to 2000 that was obtained from the Korean National Statistics Office with the denominators being drawn from the 1995 to 2000 census. Material deprivation was measured using the Townsend score that was calculated from the 1995 to 2000 census. The relationship between the regional material deprivation and the SMRs of the community residents aged 15-64 was investigated by using ANOVA, Spearman's rank correlation analysis and Pearson's correlation analysis. The trends in mortality inequality were investigated using the concentration index. Results: On the ANOVA, the SMRs of the men and women residents in the least deprived areas were the smallest and those in the most deprived areas were the largest. Spearman's rank correlation analysis, Pearson's correlation analysis and the concentration index revealed that significant positive relationships exist between the regional material deprivation and the SMRs of the community residents aged 15-64. Conclusions: This study suggests that there are mortality inequalities among the communities in Korea and part of this difference is due to the material deprivation of the community. Strategies aimed at reducing mortality inequalities among the communities will be needed to address economic inequalities. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanisms of how the regional deprivation influences on health and how the other factors of the community influence on the health of the community residents.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.154-163
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• 1999

GRBAS scale, the tool fir the perceptual evaluation of voice, demands the experience of judges, and MDVP parameters of CSL, the tool for the objective measurements of voice quality demands the exact interpretation of the analyzed results. The two tools should be used as compensatory evaluation methods, so the experimental study was performed to investigate the correlation between GRBAS scales and MDVP parameters by using the pathologic voice of the 30 patients with vocal polyps, and to know the significant MDVP parameters which the inexperienced GRBAS scale judges should attend to. The 30 subjects voices, saved in MDVP of CSL were analyzed by its own analysis program, and three experienced voice therapists judged the same voices by using GRBAS scales. The correlations between them were analyzed by Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient. As results, among the 29 MDVP parameters, 22 parameters showed statistically significant correlation with Grade(G) scale(p＜0.05). And it was found that Roughness(R) scale showed significant correlation with 18 parameters, Breathiness(B) scale with 17 parameters, Strain(S) scale with 12 parameters. In Asthenicity(A) scale, no parameter showed significant correlation. On the whole, significantly high correlation were found in the parameters related with pitch ind amplitude perturbation, especially, the amplitude perturbation.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제90권3호
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• pp.380-387
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• 2001

점봉산 일대 천연활엽수림의 17개 주요 구성 수종을 대상으로 수직적 구조에서의 광선의 강도를 주요 환경경사로 할 경우와 수평적 분포에서의 다차원의 자원을 환경경사로 할 경우의 생태지위의 특성을 평가한 결과는 다음과 같다. 수직적 생태지위폭은 물푸레나무가 가장 크고, 다릅나무가 가장 작으며, 수평적 생태지위폭은 당단풍이 가장 크고, 거제수나무가 가장 작은 것으로 나타났는데, 수종별 두 가지 생태지위폭 간의 상관관계는 없었다. 수종의 내음성 지수가 높을수록 수직적 생태지위폭과 수평적 생태지위폭은 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 수종의 내음성 지수 순위에 따른 수직적 및 수평적 생태지위폭 순위에 대하여 Spearman의 순위상관을 분석한 결과, 수직적 생태지위폭에 대한 순위상관계수는 $r_s=0.432$($P{\leq}0.1$)로 산출되어, 95% 확률수준에서 유의성이 없었는데, 아교목성 생육형을 지닌 까치박달을 제외하면, Spearman의 순위상관계수는 $r_s=0.650$($P{\leq}0.01$)로 산출되어 고도의 상관관계가 인정되었다. 수평적 생태지위폭에 대한 Spearman의 순위상관계수는 $r_s=0.797$($P{\leq}0.01$)로 산출되어 고도의 유의성이 있는 관계가 성립되었다. 수평적 분포에서의 수종간 생태지위중복도를 바탕으로 cluster분석을 하여 분류된 4가지 수종군은 입지 요구도가 비슷한 수종들로 이루어졌으며, 수종간 정의 상관관계를 갖는 수종들의 연결 양상과 상당히 부합되었다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.169-176
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was conducted to elicit quality weights for 42 EQ-5D health states with the time trade-off (TTO) method from the general population of South Korea. Methods : We selected the same EQ-5D health states as those in the UK MVH study. The Korean version of EQ-5D questionnaire and TTO method were used for the valuation process. We interviewed 500 people as a representative sample of the general population in Seoul and Gyeonggido. The result was compared with those from UK, Japan, and USA by Spearman's rank correlation and t-test. Results : TTO values for 42 EQ-5D health states and 'unconscious' state were obtained from the general South Korean population. The best one was '11112' state and the worst one was 'unconscious' state. The states worse than death were '33323', '33333', and 'unconscious' states, which had negative TTO values. There was a strong correlation between TTO values of the EQ-5D health states and those of their corresponding states from UK, Japan, and USA (Spearman's correlation coefficient: 0.885, 0.882, and 0.944, respectively, p <0.001). However, absolute TTO values of most EQ-5D health states were significantly different from those of their corresponding states in other foreign studies (UK : 41/42, USA : 32/42, Japan : 15/17). Conclusions : We found that the Korean general population TTO values for EQ-5D health states were different from those of other foreign studies, suggesting that a specific Korean valuation set should be developed and used for economic evaluation studies in South Korea.