• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.50-57
• /
• 1999

This study aim to clarify the way of spatial composition of Tongdo Temple by diachronic analysis. The way of spatial composition was clarified through the analysis of built in architectural system in three periods. The result are as follows; 1. Spatial composition of Tongdo temple was changed in three period that it were establishment period, 1300s, and 1700s by the transition of meaning structure occurring the transition of spatial composition. 2. It was found out that the wat of spatial composition was three through the diachronic analysis the transition of spatial composition in Tongdo temple. 3. Juxtaposition as a way of spatial composition found out through the diachronic analysis is equivalent articulation of three sections; an upper, a middle, and a lower section and polyaxis or polycore in the each sections. Fusion is heterogenetic minglement mingling different kind of buildings and conjugation conjugating different kind of decorations. And accumulation of layer is mutilayer laying different time of layer and multi aspect aligning different kind of aspects since the temple's establishment.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.241-253
• /
• 2000

The degree to which microenvironmental factors are linked to spatial patterns of vegetational factors within ecosystems has important consequences for our understanding of how ecosytems are structured and for conservation of rare species in ecosystems. We studied this relationships between the spatial patterns of microenvironmental factors and vegetational factors in temperate hardwood forest in Mt. Jumbong Biological Reserve Area, Korea. To do this, environmental and vegetational factors from 196 micropoints in a 0.49 ha plot were investigated. Most of all environmental factors and vegetational factors showed the variations among micropoints. Microtopographic factors, litter depth, soil moisture content and relative light intensity at this site were spatially dependent at a scale of 14∼62 m. Coverage of tree and shrub layer and species diversity of herb layer in autumn were spatially dependent at a scale of < 15 m. Species richness and species diversity of herb layer in spring and species richness of herb layer in autumn were spatially dependent at a scale of 28∼48 m. Multiple regression analysis showed that spatial patterns of species richness and species diversity of herb layer in spring and autumn were affected by litter depth, slope, subtree layer, shrub, Sasa borealis etc. The best predictor for the spatial patterns of species richness and species diversity of herb layer at this site was the spatial pattern of litter depth. Species richness and species diversity of herb layer showed strongly negative correlation with litter depth. We estimate that the spatial pattern of litter depth at this site were affected by direction of wind, microtopography and spatial pattern of shrub layer.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
• /
• 2003.11a
• /
• pp.199-202
• /
• 2003

In this paper, we propose a new 3D coding method for heterogeneous systems over enhanced Access Grid (e-AG) with 3D display using spatio-temporal scalability. The proposed encoder produces four bit-streams: one base layer and enhancement layer l, 2 and 3. The base layer represents a video sequence for left eye with lower spatial resolution. An enhancement layer l provides additional bit-stream needed for reproduction of frames produced in base layer with full resolution. Similarly, the enhancement layer 2 represents a video sequence for right eye with lower spatial resolution and an enhancement layer 3 provides additional bit-stream needed for reproduction of its reference pictures with full resolution. In this system, temporal resolution reduction is obtained by dropping B-frames in the receiver according to network condition. The receiver system can select the spatial and temporal resolution of video sequence with its display condition by properly combining bit-streams.

• ETRI Journal
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.577-587
• /
• 2010

The layered coding structure of scalable video coding (SVC) with adaptive inter-layer prediction causes noticeable computational complexity increments when compared to existing video coding standards. To lighten the computational complexity of SVC, we present a fast algorithm to speed up the inter-mode decision process. The proposed algorithm terminates inter-mode decision early in the enhancement layers by estimating the rate-distortion (RD) cost from the macroblocks of the base layer and the enhancement layer in temporal, spatial, and inter-layer directions. Moreover, a search range decision algorithm is also proposed in this paper to further increase the motion estimation speed by using the motion vector information from temporal, spatial, or inter-layer domains. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can determine the best mode and provide more efficient total coding time saving with very slight RD performance degradation for spatial and quality scalabilities.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
• /
• 1998.04a
• /
• pp.272-279
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this study is to show how to gain the morphology of the Hybrid Spatial Structures and to get the geometrical data such as node coordinates, member relationships and graphic images. To form spatial structures, we have developed morphological aspects of general spatial structures, programming process and techniques. Structural design has many processes. Especially, it is very important to consider the determination of structural configuration. Regular Hybrid Spatial Structures have complex configuration, so we need to make use of automated computer process to determine structural shape in Hybrid Spatial Structures. We have applied morphological aspects to double layer plate, single layer dome, double layer dome and tensegrity structure.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.139-145
• /
• 2018

In this paper, we propose the methodology and system to show weather information to spatial system. When using the spatial information system, it is easy and convenient to show information such as target location, mission contents, enemy threats and so on. However, drawing 1-dimensional weather information on 3-dimensional space in spatial information system is hard task. To fuse data, we need to add a spatial layer including weather information to spatial layers and perform space modeling for showing weather information as spatial data in a virtual space. The virtual space is shown by receiving meteorological data and then changing in real time through weather database linkage.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.54 no.4
• /
• pp.480-488
• /
• 2021

The term residence time is defined as the time taken for substances in a system to leave the system and is a useful concept to explain the physical environment characteristics of a coastal area. It is important to know the spatial characteristics of the residence time to understand the behavioral properties of pollutants generated in a marine system. In this study, the spatial distribution of average residence time was calculated for Gangjin Bay, Korea, using a hydrodynamic model including a particle tracking module. The results showed that the average residence time was about 10 days at the surface layer and about 20 days at the bottom layer. Spatially, this was the longest residence time in the southwestern sea. There was no significant difference in average residence time at the surface layer due to freshwater discharge, but spatial variation at the bottom layer was larger. The average residence time at the bottom layer decreased in the southwestern area due to freshwater discharge and increased in the northern area. This result suggests that the residence time of anthropogenic pollutants may have a large spatial difference depending on the freshwater discharge, and thus the time taken to influence cultured organisms may also vary.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.127-140
• /
• 2002

In a spatial database system, the semantic integrity should be supported for maintaining the data consistency. In the real world, spatial objects In boundary layer should always meet neighbor objects, and they cannot hold the same name. This characteristic is an implied concept in real world. So, when this characteristic is disobeyed due to the update operations of spatial objects, it is necessary to maintain the integrity of a layer. In this thesis, we propose a spatial-operation-trigger for supporting the integrity of spatial objects. The proposed method is defined a spatial-operation-trigger based on SQL-3 and executed when the constraint condition is violated. A spatial-operation-trigger have the strategy of execution. Firstly, for one layer, the spatial and aspatial data triggers are executed respectively. Secondly, the aspatial data trigger for the other layers is executed. Spatial-operation-trigger for one layer checks whether the executed operation updates only spatial data, aspatial data, or both of them, and determines the execution strategy of a spatial-operation-trigger. Finally, the aspatial data trigger for the other layers is executed. A spatial-operation-trigger is executed in three steps for the semantic integrity of the meet-property of spatial objects. And, it provides the semantic integrity of spatial objects and the convenience for users using automatic correcting operation.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
• /
• v.12 no.6
• /
• pp.596-610
• /
• 2007

In order to reduce the complexity of SVC encoding, we introduce a fast mode decision method in the enhancement layers of spatial scalability by selectively performing the inter-layer residual prediction of SVC. The Inter-layer residual prediction coding in Scalable Video Coding has a large advantage of enhancing the coding efficiency since it utilizes the correlation between two residuals from a lower spatial layer and its next higher spatial layer. However, this entails the dramatical increase in the complexity of SVC encoders. The proposed method is to analyze the characteristics of integer transform coefficients for the subtracted signal for two residuals from lower and upper spatial layers. Then it selectively performs the inter-layer residual prediction coding and rate-distortion optimizations in the upper spatial enhancement layer if the SAD values of residuals exceed adaptive threshold values. Therefore, by classifying the residuals according to the properties of integer-transform coefficients only with SAD of residuals between two layers, the SVC encoder can perform the inter-layer residual coding selectively, thus significantly reducing the total required encoding time. The proposed method results in reduction of the total encoding time with 51.5% in average while maintaining the RD performance with negligible amounts of quality degradation.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.45-52
• /
• 2016

The single layer latticed domes have attracted many designers and researchers's attention all of the world, because these structures as spatial structure are of great advantage in not only mechanical rationality but also function, fabrication, construction and economic aspect. But single layer latticed domes are apt to occur the unstable phenomena that are called "buckling" because of the lack of strength of members, instability of structural shape, etc. In the case of latticed dome, there are several types of buckling mode such as overall buckling, local buckling, and member buckling according to the shape of dome, section type of member, the size of member, junction's condition of member and so on. There are many methods to increase the buckling strength of the single layer latticed dome, that is, with the change of geometrical shape of dome, the reinforcement of buckled member, etc. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to verify the reinforcement effect of buckled member when designers reinforce the buckled member to increase the buckling strength of single layer latticed dome with 3-way grid.