• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.55-59
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• 2011

Purpose: The aims of this study were to assess the degrees of foot abnormalities by comparing foot abnormalities after stroke using the FPI, and to investigate the relationship between the FPI and spasticity. Methods: 33 hemiplegic patients (patient group) and 39 healthy subjects (control group) were evaluated foot posture by the FPI. Spasticity in patient group was measured by the MAS. And the relationship between Foot posture and spasticity in patients group were investigated. Results: Hemiplegic feet in patients were supinated feet compare with non-hemiplegic feet in hemiplegic patients and the foot in control group. The degree of spasticity affected foot posture. Conclusion: Foot posture is related to stroke impairments, stroke patients with more severe spasticity have more severe foot abnormalities as supinated foot.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.209-220
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• 2000

Spasticity, an abnormal increase in resting muscle tone, is one of the most common symptoms of stroke, and its management is becoming a major issue in rehabilitation. The aims of this study are to determine the effects of electroacupuncture(EA), TENS and neuromuscular electric stimulation(NMES) on spasticity, as well as the possibility of tissue comliance method as a spasticity scale. 45 stroke patients participated in a study of the effects on hemiplegic spasticity of EA, TENS and NMES. Spasticity was measured by modified Ashworth scale on the upper extremity and tissue compliance measurement, penetration mm/kg, on Susamni(LI10) area at just before and after stimulation, and 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours and 24 hours after stimulation. The acupuncture points were applied to Kokchi(LI11), Susamni(LI10), Hapkok(LI4) and Oegwan(TE5) of the affected limb. The electrodes were placed unilaterally on LI11 to LI10 and TE5 to LI4. EA with biphasic wave, 60Hz, 0.4 msec pulse duration and low intensity was applied continuously for 20 minutes. TENS with high frequency, low intensity was applied. NMES was applied with spasticity program for 20 minutes. Each electric stimulation was done on extensor muscles group of forearm for 20 minutes. EA and NMES groups were found to produce a statistically significant decrease(p〈0.05) of spasticity and these effects lasted up to 30 minutes after stimulation. There was no definite correlation between the modified Ashworth scale and tissue compliance measurement. But tissure compliance method was found to be possible as a quantitative measurement on spasticity. There was no significant correlation between the effects of EA and NMES and the characteristics of patient, but significant correlation between the effects of EA and NMES and the modified Ashworth scale.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.167-175
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to determine the efforts of cold applied for reducing spasticity in patients with traumatic brain injury and cerebrovascular accident who did not take neurosurgical treatment and medication except patients with spinal cord injury. The participants consisted of 17 men and 28 female was ramdomly assigned to three groups with each 15. The results were as followings after making on observation about the change of skin temperature and spasticity throughout cryotherapy which was performed with cooling air in Group I (1 min), Group II (5 min) and Group III (10 min). 1. It was found that the Group III, Group II, Group I, in the order named, had the statistically significant reduction of skin temperature, the reduction of spasticity showed statistically significance in Group III, Group II, in order named, but did net show it even though there was a little increase in Group I. 2. The reduction of skin temperature and spasticity did not continue over 24 hours at the same time every day for 5 days. 3. The longer cryotherapy was applied the more skin temperature and spasticity reduced, the more skin temperature was reduced the more spasticity reduced.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.268-273
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• 2000

Velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes is one of the prominent characteristics of spasticity. It is very important to evaluate spasticity objectively and quantitatively before and after treatment for physicians. An accurate quantitative biomechanical evaluation for the spasticity which is caused by the disorder of central nervous system is made in this study. A sudden leg dropper which is designed to generate objective testing environment at every trial gives very effective environment for the test. Kinematic data are archived by the 3-dimensional motion analysis system($Elite^{(R)}$, B.T.S., Italy). Kinematic data are angle and angular velocity of lower limb joints, and length and lengthening velocity of lower limb muscle. A program is also developed to analyze the kinematic data of lower limb, contraction and relaxation length of muscles, and dynamic EMG data at the same tim. To evaluate spasticity quantitatively, total 31 parameters extracted from goniogram, EMG and muscle model are analyzed. Statistical analysis are made for bilateral correlations for all parameters. The described instrumentation and parameters to make quantitative and objective evaluation of spasticity shows good results.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cold application for reducing spasticity in patients with traumatic brain min injury cerebrovascular accident who did not take neurosurgical treatment and medication except patients with spinal cord injury. The participants consisted of 24 men and 21 female were ramdomly assigned to three groups with each 15. The result were as followings after making an observation about the change of skin temperature and spasticity throughout cryotherapy which was performed with ice stick in Group I (1 min), Group II (5 min) and Group III(10 min). 1. It was found that the Group III, Croup II, Group I, in order named, had the statistically significant reduction of skin temperature, the reduction of spasticity showed statistically significance in Group III, Group II, in order named, but did not show it even though there was a little increase in Group I. 2. The reduction of skin temperature and spasticity did not continue over 24 hours at the same time every day for 5 days. 3. The longer cryotherapy was applied the mere skin temperature and spasticity reduced, the more skin temperature was reduced the more spasticity reduced.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1994

This study was performed to determine the inter-rater reliability of manual tests of elbow, knee flexor, and ankle dorsiflexor muscle spasticity graded on the Modified Ashworth Scale. Two raters each independently graded the spasticity of 32 patients with intracranial lesions after moving the paretic limb passively through the available range of motion. The patients were asked to simultaneously squeeze therapeutic putty with their non-paretic hand for reinforcement. The ratings were compared by the Wilcoxon matched pairs signed-rank test and by the Kendall's coefficient of rank(tau) correlation. There was singificant correlation between two raters for spasticity at the elbow, knee flexor, and ankle dorsiflexor. The correlations of the two raters ranged from .6746 to .9308. The highest correlation was for the elbow with reinforcement and the lowest was for the knee without reinforcement. Poorer correlation was evident in the knee joint. The positive results of this study encourage the continued use of manual tests of muscle spasticity, using the Modified Ashworth Scale.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.388-411
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• 2003

The purpose of this study has been conducted to reduce the lower limbs' spasticity of the patients with hemiplegia caused by cerebral stroke of apoplexy and find differences about spasticity effects among each group. The objects of this study covered 24 patients with hemiplgia who are either in the oo hospital in Daegu or under treatment from home to hospital. The objects fall into three groups which are a group of neurological development treatment, a group of functional stimulus treatment and a group of neurological development treatment and functional stimulus treatment. The result of this study were as follows : 1) The neurological development treatment has been found to reduce the lower limbs' spasticity of patients with hemiplegia caused by cerebral stroke of apoplexy and compared to before-treatment, the MAS value of spasticity has been shown to be statistically meaningful ,and gradually over the period of between 4 weeks and 8 weeks(P <.05). 2) The functional electric stimulus treatment has been shown to reduce the lower limb's spasticity of patients with hemiplegia caused by cerebral stroke of apoplexy and compared to before-treatment, the MAS value of spasticity was statistically meaningful and compared to 4 weeks, even at the time of 8 weeks, the MAS value of spasticity have shown statistical meaningness. (P <.05) 3) When neurological development treatment and functional electric stimulus treatment was applied at the same time, the lower limbs' spasticity of patients with hemiplegia was reduced meaningfully(P <.05). Compared to before-treatment at the time of 4 weeks, the MAS value of spasticity was statistically meaningful and compared to 4 weeks at the time of 8 weeks the MAS value of spasticity was also statistically meaningful(P <.05) 4) In the case of time-based MAS value of each group, functional electric stimulus treatment reduced the spasticity more meaningfully than neurological development treatment, and the group of same application of functional electric stimulus treatment and neurological development treatment showed better statistical meaningness than functional electric stimulus treatment alone(P <.05) and finally the group of same application of neurological development treatment and functional electric stimulus treatment showed more meaningful difference than neurological development treatment alone(P <.05)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.447-454
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• 2014

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of inclination treadmill training with dynamic stretching on the spasticity and gait of chronic stroke patients. METHODS: Twenty two subjects were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (EG, n=11) or a control group (CG, n=11). Both groups participated in a standard rehabilitation program; in addition, the EG participated in inclination treadmill training for 20 min per day, five times per week, for 4 weeks, and the CG participated in treadmill walking training for 20 min per day, five times per week, for 4 weeks. Outcome measurements, recorded before and post intervention. Walking ability was measured using the 10m walking test (10MWT) and Timed up and go (TUG) test. Spasticity of the medialis gastrocnemius was measured using a myotonometer. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed the both groups for walking ability and spasticity after the training program. The results of the study were follows: 10MWT and TUG was significantly increased in both groups (p<0.05) and it was also found to be significant between groups after intervention (p<0.05). Spasticity was significantly increased in both groups (p<0.05) and it was also found to be significant between the groups after intervention (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that inclination treadmill training improves gait ability and reduces spasticity of the medialis gastrocnemius. Inclination treadmill training may be used as an easy, effective and accessible way to improve the walking ability and decrease spasticity in stroke patients. Further studies are necessary to generalize the findings of this study.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 2017

This paper presents the inter-rater reliability of finger spasticity assessment tested realized by using finger simulator that mimics finger spasticity of patients after a stroke. For controlling the simulator torque, finger spasticity was modeled, and the model parameters were obtained by measuring quantitative data while grading based on Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). A robotic finger simulator was designed for mimicking finger spasticity. Evaluation of this simulator with the help of seven rehabilitation doctors showed that the simulator had a Cohen's kappa value of 0.619 for Metacarpophalangeal Joint and 0.514 for Proximal Interphalangeal Joint. Fleiss' kappa between raters is 0.513 for Metacarpophalangeal Joint and 0.486 for Proximal Interphalangeal Joint. Therefore, the spasticity assessment made by MAS grade system is not reliable owing to the subjectivity of the assessment. The proposed robotic simulator can be used as a training tool for improving the reliability of the spasticity assessment.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.165-177
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• 2004

Objective : The purpose of this study is to report a pediatric patient combined some peculiar diseases of nervous system in childhood. Methods : The patient with preceding five kinds of retardation developed five kinds of flaccidity and five kinds of spasticity after chronic infantile convulsion. We treated the progress of her condition, measured spasticity of both leg by MAS(Modified Ashworth Scale). Results and Conclusion: The general condition of patient, symptoms of five kinds of flaccidity and MAS grade of both leg spasticity had been improved. And so this study requires further studies about peculiar diseases of nervous system in childhood.