• Current Industrial and Technological Trends in Aerospace
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 2009

In this paper the current statuses of world governments' funding for space program and space market were presented. Since 2001, governments' expenditures for space program have experienced strong growth, and are at a historical high, estimated $62.1 billion in 2008, as compared to $30-35 billion in 1990s. Following a peak growth of 9% in 2008, government budgets for space program are expected to continue their growing trend but at a slower pace during next five years, with 4.5%. Also world space market revenue reached a historical high $123 billion in 2007 with 11.5% annual growth rate during 2002-2007. In this paper the Korean government's budget and Korean space market revenue were presented too, and compared to those worldwide.

• Current Industrial and Technological Trends in Aerospace
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 2010

Despite the global economic recession, the space market has reached a historical peak of $160.9 billion in 2009, a 11 % growth compared to the previous year. The world governments' investments on space programs totaled $68 billion in 2009, 11% growth compared to 2008. However, Korea invested $217 million in 2009, 24% decrease compared to 2008. The completion of the 'Naro' rocket project has an impact regard to the budget cut. The Korean space market decreased 3% to $789 million due to the decrease of the export of satellite phone by economic recession. In this paper the current statuses of world governments' funding for space program and space market were presented and the current issues on the Korean space budget policy were reviewed.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.29-43
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• 2008

The virtual world is a cyber gaming space where a player interacts with others through their avatars. It is now mainly developed in foreign countries including USA, Canada, and Europe and many experts say that the market capacity of virtual world will be continually expanded in worldwide. The virtual world will mostly be made such that a user accesses the world for free and pays for in-game activities. But it is hardly that we find the effective methodology of payment system for such virtual world due to its' short development history. In the case of Korea, various payment methods of selling in-game assets have been tested in online games. The paper propose an effective revenue model for social virtual world focused on selling in-game assets. The guideline of the proposed revenue model will be expected to contribute creating revenue focused on selling in-game assets, effectively for social virtual world.

• Current Industrial and Technological Trends in Aerospace
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.3-14
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• 2011

The current space activities are soaring ever since the first human flight to outer space 50 years ago and the first satellite launch 54 years ago. 74 space launch vehicles were launched in 2010, up from average 66 yearly in 2000s, and 900 operational satellites are currently in orbit around Earth. Space has become a worthwhile investment for governments as space assets become vital to national social, economic, and technological development as well as contributing their national defense and security program. The world governments' investments on space programs have reached a historical peak of $71.5 billion in 2010. However, the growth of government funding for space has slowed down posting only a 2% growth rate since 2009 while 9 % compound annual growth rate experienced by world's space expenditures between 2004 and 2009. Korea invested $158 million in 2011, experienced strong decrease with a 16% compound annual growth rate since 2008. In this paper the current statuses of world governments' funding for space program and space market were presented and the current issues on the Korean space budget policy were reviewed.

• Current Industrial and Technological Trends in Aerospace
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.3-13
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• 2008

The year 2007 marked two important anniversaries for space. The Soviet Union launched Sputnik 50 years ago on October 4. 1957. The 40th anniversary of the United Nations treaty on outer space was also marked in 2007. 2008 and 2007 were full of dramatic events of space activity as well : Success of Japan's first large lunar explorer 'KAGUYA'(SELENE) and China's 'Chang'e 1', launch of ISS laboratory module, 'Colombus' and 'Kibo', test of China's ASAT, and success of Korea's first astronaut program and so on. International government space budgets reached $78.3 billion in 2007, a strong growth rate of 36% over 2006, and the recently released Global Exploration Strategy, The Framework for Coordination is a set of guidelines for international cooperation among 14 of the world's space agencies. Worldwide space industry revenue grew by 20% over 2005, $106.1 billion in 2006 and $173.9 billion expected in 2007. This paper discusses the issues related to the Earth observation R&D trend and market in detail. Korea's 2008 government space spending is \316.4 billion, 2007 space industry revenue was $106 million. Several research projects are now underway and STSAT 2 will be launched by KSLV-1 at the Naro Space Center within this year.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.791-797
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• 2022

Through recent metaverse marketing case studies, success factors and activation methods were analyzed from the perspective of content, platform, network, and device of the metaverse ecosystem in each industry. The importance of contents and platform of metaverse could be found in entertainment, fashion, office space and real estate, education, advertisement and commerce industries. In order to vitalize the metaverse, firstly, it is necessary to strengthen active participation and retention by providing a stable revenue model for market participants. Secondly, the importance of attractive content to expand subscribers is a key trigger for metaverse activation. Thirdly, it is necessary to increase the convenience of using metaverse service by using a light and simple device for the user. Fourthly, a win-win cooperation strategy should be supported in the value chain of the industry through ecosystem scalability. In addition, business opportunities for market participants and additional revenue models should be continuously provided.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.345-352
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• 2021

Guided by a resource-based theory, this study is the first one that takes a quantitative approach to identify determinants of competitiveness of women-owned small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam. The study employs time series data of Vietnamese SMEs extracted from the Vietnam Small and Medium Enterprises Survey conducted biennially from 2005 to 2015 in ten Vietnamese provinces. Firm competitiveness hereby is indicated by revenue, market share, profitability, and export volume. The research reveals a number of determining factors, of all, research and development, labor skills, business environment, technology investment are the most important factors, followed by capital and headcount. It is indicated that the determining factors have different influences on competitiveness obtained by different measurements. Therefore, it is based on specific targets and situations to make wise business decisions. The authors also make comparisons among groups of women-owned enterprises divided by their firm age, location, ownership, export, age, and educational background of business owners. The findings serve as critical empirical evidence and provide policy recommendations for improving the competitiveness of women-owned SMEs in Vietnam. The recommendations range from technology support, education and professional support for female entrepreneurs, access to capital and human resources to business environment improvement.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.37-60
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• 2010

Department Stores have been in place as typical large-scale retailer in Korean retail market. After Asian financial crisis in 1997, the market share of major three department stores has been increased and they have had a dominant position in relationship with vendors or manufacturers. Thus, they are able to control sales commission. Sales commission is defined as things that department stores which contribute to products sales instead of manufacturers take some portion of price as their revenue. In other words, vendors or manufacturers pay some amount of money from their sales by contracted ratio to department stores. The problem is that vendors or manufacturers think that sales commission is high. However, department stores have a different opinion that sales commission is not high because they generate new value from gathering customers and doing marketing activity on behalf of vendors or manufacturers. Because department stores have operated with business model of renting sales space to vendors or manufacturers instead of buying goods directly from them, this situation has been taken place. The revenue of department stores depend on sales commission. Thus, they want to get a dominant power to control sales commission in relationship with vendors or manufacturers. So, they have tried to increase their size and brand power. The considered policies related in sales commission of department stores are as following: preventing monopoly or oligopoly of department store, being strength of monitoring for department stores' unfair trade, strict enforcement of law for large-scale retailer's unfair trade, and inducing win-win strategy doing voluntarily by department stores.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.115-132
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• 2012

This study empirically examines the impact of SSM market entry on changes in market shares among retailing types. The data is monthly time-series data spanning over the period from January 2000 to December 2010, and the effect of SSM market entry on market shares of retailing types is analyzed by utilizing several key factors such as the number of new SSM monthly entrants, total number of SSMs, the proportion of new SSM entrant that is smaller than $165m^2$ to total new SSM entrants. According to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification codes, the retailing type is classified into 5 groups: department stores, retail sale in other non-specialized large stores(big marts), supermarkets, convenience stores, and retail sale in other non-specialized stores with food or beverages predominating (others). The market shares of retailing types are calculated by the ratio of each retailing type monthly sales to total monthly retailing sales in which total retailing sales is the sum of each retailing type sales. The empirical model controls for the size effects with the number of monthly employees for each retailing type and the macroeconomic effects with M2. The empirical model employed in this study is as follows; $$MS_i=f(NewSSM,\;CumSSM,\;employ_i,\;under165,\;M2)$$ where $MS_i$ is the market share of each retailing type (department stores, big marts), supermarkets, convenience stores, and others), NewSSM is the number of new SSM monthly entrants, CumSSM is total number of SSMs, $employ_i$ is the number of monthly employees for each retailing type, and under165 is the proportion of new SSM entrant that is smaller than $165m^2$ to total new SSM entrants. The correlation among these variables are reported in