• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2007

목적 : 소변 가리기 훈련이 안된 영유아에서 치골상부 방광천자는 오염율이 낮은 최상의 방법(gold standard)이며 초음파 감시하에 시행하여 성공률을 높이고 합병증을 감소시킬 수 있다. 그러나 침습적인 방법으로 여겨져 기피되고 도뇨관 채뇨가 선호되는 경향이 있다. 따라서 저자들은 초음파 감시하 치골상부 방광천자와 도뇨관 채뇨의 성공률, 합병증과 정확도를 비교해 보고자 전향적인 연구를 시행하였다. 방법 : 2003년 6월부터 2004년 8월까지 원인불명의 발열로 이대 목동병원 응급실을 찾아온 영유아중에서 소변을 가리지 못하고 요로감염이 의심되어 소변검사를 시행하게 된 121명을 대상으로 하였다. 일차 조사에서는 초음파 감시하 치골상부 방광천자(32명)와 도뇨관 채뇨(32명)를 무작위로 시행하여 성공률과 합병증을 조사하였고 이차 조사에서는 상기 두 가지 채뇨법을 동시에 시행(57명)하여 도뇨관 채뇨의 정확도를 평가하였다. 성공 기준은 0.5 mL 이상의 소변을 얻은 경우로 하였고 요로감염의 진단은 단일 요로병원균이 $10^5CFU/mL$ 이상 배양된 경우로 정의하였다. 통계분석은 Chi-square test를 이용하였고 P값이 0.05 미만인 경우를 유의한 것으로 판정하였다. 결과 : 성공률은 초음파 감시하 치골상부 방광 천자군이 첫 번째 시도 시 71.9%(23/32), 두 번째 시도 시 25.0%(8/32)로 총 성공률은 96.9% (31/32)였고 도뇨관 채뇨군은 첫 번째 시도 시 90.6% (29/32), 두 번째 시도 시 6.3%(2/32)로 총 성공률 96.9%(31/32)를 보여 두 군간에 유의한 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). 천자된 소변량은 초음파 감시하 치골상부 방광천자군 $7.4{\pm}3.7mL$로 도뇨관 채뇨군의 $4.5{\pm}2.6mL$에 비하여 유의한 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). 합병증은 도뇨관 채뇨군의 53.1%(17/32)에서 배뇨통을 보여 초음파 감시하 치골상부 방광천자군의 0%에 비하여 유의하게 높았다(P<0.001). 이차 조사에서 도뇨관 채뇨의 정확도는 초음파 감시하 치골상부 방광천자에 비해 민감도 59.5%(25/42), 특이도 86.6%(13/15)였고 위양성률 13.3%(2/15), 위음성률 40.5%(17/42) 로 정확도가 낮았다. 결론 : 소변을 가리지 못하는 영유아에서 요로 감염을 진단하기 위해서는 도뇨관 채뇨에 비해 초음파 감시하 치골상부 방광천자가 정확하고 안전한 채뇨법으로 권장되어야 한다고 생각한다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.186-193
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• 2020

Objective: The effectiveness of Staphylococcus protein A (SPA) in improving the penetration ability of sperm and reducing antisperm antibody (ASA) titers in immunologically infertile males was evaluated. Methods: Seminal fluid samples were obtained from 15 infertile men, and ASA titers were assessed with the latex agglutination test. Identification of immunoglobulin (Ig) classes and characterization of the antigens involved in the immune response were performed using indirect immunofluorescence. Local ASAs typically present as a mixture of IgG and IgA classes. The capillary tube penetration method was used to assess the capability of spermatozoa to penetrate the cervical mucus (CM). Results: ASAs associated with the neck region of sperm showed a significantly lower migration distance in the CM of infertile females than ASAs associated with the head or tail segments. ASA-positive seminal fluid exhibited significant increases in the mean migration distance (2.6 ± 1.4 cm vs. 1.54 ± 1.1 cm, respectively; p< 0.001) and sperm concentration (174 ± 121.0 × 10³/mL vs. 101 ± 93.7 × 10³/mL, respectively; p= 0.033) after treatment with SPA compared to pre-treated samples. A significant reduction (p< 0.01) in the recorded ASA titer was detected. Conclusion: These results indicate that SPA can be used as a sorting regimen for insemination programs. However, further studies are warranted to assess its influence on pregnancy rate.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.23-36
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate effective treatment point selection method using oppressive pain in acupoints as elementary attempt for standard methodology of clinical acupuncture studies. Methods : Twenty seven subjects with hypertension or within prehypertension category - systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) over 120/80mmHg - were divided into two groups, oppressive pain point treatment group and oppressive painless point treatment group. In oppressive pain point treatment group, single point acupuncture (SPA) was conducted for 16 sessions during 8 weeks on most oppressive painful point among 6 selected acupuncture points used in previous trials and clinic. As a SPA intervention, 15 minutes with deqi sensation- elevating manipulation was conducted on the treatment acupoint. Same process was conducted in oppressive painless point treatment group on most oppressive painless point with subject blinding. Results : Significant reduction was observed in both systolic and diastolic BP after short time intervention (15.5/8.8 mmHg, 10.7/7.1 mmHg, P<0.05, respectively at 1 week) and maintained for 8 weeks intervention period in all groups (12.8/8.0 mmHg, 19.4/12.6 mmHg, P<0.05, respectively). No significant difference of BP change between oppressive pain point treatment group (N=10) and oppressive painless point treatment group (N=9) was observed during 8 weeks study period. Conclusions : SPA treatment as used in this pilot study was effective for lowering BP in mild hypertensive population, but oppressive pain in acupoint had no effect on treatment. This present result suggests the possibility of SPA for hypertension treatment regardless of oppressive pain.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.87-99
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• 2009

2006년 광릉 활엽수림지역에서 관측된 자료를 활용하여 수정된 토양-식생-대기 모델을 보정하고 연간 순생태 교환량의 계절변동성에 대한 모델의 모의 능력을 평가하고 탄소교환을 조절하는 주요 인자에 대하여 조사하였다. 수정된 토양-식생-대기 모델(mSPA model)을 1000 LST부터 1400 LST까지 관측된 낮 시간의 평균 순 생태 교환량(Net ecosystem exchange)을 모의하도록 보정한 후 총 일차 생산량(Gross primary productivity)을 계산하는데 사용하였고 생태 호흡량(Ecosystem respiration)은 관측지에서 개발된 경험식을 사용하여 추정하였다. 모델 결과는 여름철에 낮 시간의 평균 기공 전도도는 일사량과 매우 높은 상관성이 있음을 나타내었고 수증기 포차는 기공전도도의 변화에 큰 영향을 미치지는 않음을 보였다. 모델은 성장기간에 두 개의 극대값을 갖는 관측된 순 생태교환량의 계절 변동성을 모의하였다. 모델에서 계산된 연간 총 생산량과 생태호흡량, 그리고 순 생태 교환량은 각각 $964gC\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$, $733gC\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$ 그리고 $-231gCm\;^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$이었다. 관측값에 기반하여 산정된 연구결과와 비교할 때 모델 추정값이 약 $140gC\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$ 더 많은 탄소 흡수를 보였다. 복잡한 지형에서 연간 생태 교환량 추정의 불확실성에 대하여 논의하였다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.131-141
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• 1995

This study was designed to determine the relationship between sperm acrosome reaction following ionophore challenge(ARIC) and hamster ovum sperm penetration assay(SPA) as assessment of fertilizing capacity of male. ARIC test and SPA were performed in 23 fertile and 19 subfertile men. The results were as follows; Sperm concentration was significantly higher in fertile group compared with subfertile group: $114.6{\pm}64.40$ vs $61.3{\pm}46.50{\times}10^6/ml$. However, there were no significantly differences in seminal volume, motility and motility index, respectively. There was a significantly correlation between spontaneous and induced AR in fertile and subfertile group, respectively. ARIC value was significantly higher in fertile group, compared with subfertile group: $12.0{\pm}5.57%$ vs $2.6{\pm}4.96%$. Both Penetration rate(PR) and Penetration index(PI) were significantly higher in fertile group, compared with subfertile group: $97.4{\pm}7.40%$ vs $64.9{\pm}36$. 20% and $5.4{\pm}2.88$ vs $1.5{\pm}1.47$, respectively. The Positive predictive value(PPV), Negative predictive value(NPV), sensitivity and specificity of ARIC test (cut-off: 8.5) and SPA(PI cut-off : 3.0) in predicting fertility were 95.0%, 81.8%, 82.6%, 94.7% and 95.2%, 85.7%, 87.0% and 94.7%, respectively. There was no significantly difference in predicting fertility between ARIC test and SPA. In conclusion, ARIC test was shown to have a predictive value for fertilizing capacity comparable to that of the hamster ovum sperm penetration assay. Therefore, ARIC test may be a simple and cost-effective addition to existing semenology instead of SPA.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.237-242
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• 2019

Spark variance technique is melded the jagged spill-over-sonance status of the glitter-differentiation knowledge level (GDKL) on the spark knowledge gestalt. The knowledge level condition by the spark knowledge gestalt system is comprised with the spill-over-sonance system. As to search a spot of the glitter situation, we are obtained of the spark value with black-red dot by the spill-over upper structure. The concept of knowledge level is comprised the reference of glitter-differentiation level for variance signal by the spark sonance gestalt. Further presenting a jagged variance of the GDKL of the maximum in terms of the spill-over-sonance gestalt, and spark spot sonance that was the a spark value of the far variance of the Spa-kg-FA-${\rho}_{MAXN}$ with $17.68{\pm}2.22units$, that was the a spark value of the convenient variance of the Spa-kg-CO-${\rho}_{MAXN}$ with $7.55{\pm}0.59units$, that was the a spark value of the flank variance of the Spa-kg-FL-${\rho}_{MAX}$ with $2.70{\pm}0.48units$, that was the a spark value of the vicinage variance of the Spa-kg-VI-${\rho}_{MAX}$ with $0.48{\pm}0.05units$. The spill-over sonance will be to appraisal at the jagged ability of the spill-over-sonance gestalt with black-red dot by the spark knowledge level on the GDKL that is presented the glitter-differentiation gestalt by the knowledge level system. Spill-over knowledge system will be possible to restrain of a gestalt by the special signal and to employ a spark data of spill-over sonance level.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.17-28
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• 2024

As listed as one of the most important requirements for Post-Quantum Cryptography standardization process by National Institute of Standards and Technology, the resistance to various side-channel attacks is considered very critical in deploying cryptosystems in practice. In fact, cryptosystems can easily be broken by side-channel attacks, even though they are considered to be secure in the mathematical point of view. The timing attack(TA) and the simple power analysis attack(SPA) are such side-channel attack methods which can reveal sensitive information by analyzing the timing behavior or the power consumption pattern of cryptographic operations. Thus, appropriate measures against such attacks must carefully be considered in the early stage of cryptosystem's implementation process. The Montgomery multiplier is a commonly used and classical gadget in implementing big-number-based cryptosystems including RSA and ECC. And, as recently proposed as an alternative of building blocks for implementing post quantum cryptography such as lattice-based cryptography, the big-number multiplier including the Montgomery multiplier still plays a role in modern cryptography. However, in spite of its effectiveness and wide-adoption, the multiplier is known to be vulnerable to TA and SPA. And this paper proposes a new countermeasure for the Montgomery multiplier against TA and SPA. Briefly speaking, the new measure first represents a multiplication operand without 0 digits, so the resulting multiplication operation behaves in a very regular manner. Also, the new algorithm removes the extra final reduction (which is intrinsic to the modular multiplication) to make the resulting multiplier more timing-independent. Consequently, the resulting multiplier operates in constant time so that it totally removes any TA and SPA vulnerabilities. Since the proposed method can process multi bits at a time, implementers can also trade-off the performance with the resource usage to get desirable implementation characteristics.

• 자동차안전학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.45-54
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• 2022

Recently, the introduction of Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) has been attempted to solve the limitation of only the sensor of the vehicle itself. For example, vehicles traveling at intersections can drive more safely through C-ITS. By using V2X communication of WAVE and LTE, the driver can receive the status and time of traffic lights. However, LTE has a larger transmission delay time than WAVE, so timimg data may not match in real time. In this paper, using the SPaT message, it was confirmed that LTE has a larger C-ITS service transmission delay time than WAVE. Finally, it was confirmed that the timing data of SPaT provided by LTE corrected by the algorithm is similar to SPaT provided by WAVE. It was confirmed that safer intersection driving is possible based on real-time.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2002

Objective : This study was designed to investigate the interrelationship and clinical usefulness of sperm morphology by strict criteria (SM), acrosome reaction following ionophore challenge test (ARIC) and sperm penetration assay (SPA) using zona-free hamster ova as prognostic factors in in vitro fertilization. Materials and Methods: Semen samples were provided by 83 patients undergoing IVF. We first evaluated the differences between normal fertilization group and poor fertilization group on three andrologic tests. Secondly, we analyzed the relationship between the three andrologic tests and in vitro fertilization on IVF settings. Finally, we evaluated the effectiveness of the three andrologic tests as the prognostic indicators for fertilizing ability. Results: The fertilization rate of all men in the poor fertilization group was less than 30%; but there was no evidence that this poor fertilization was due to oocyte defects. The results of three andrologic tests were significatly higher in normal fertilization group. Fertilization rate (%) in vitro was highly correlated (p<0.001) with % normal sperm by SM, ARIC value (%), and SPA result. By using Receiver-Operator-Characteristic curve (ROC), we evaluated the effectiveness of these three tests. The sensitivity and specificity of SM, ARIC test and SPA in predicting fertilization potential in IVF setting were 76% and 75%, 84% and 90%, and 76% and 95%, respectively. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the three andrologic tests can be reliable tools as prognostic factors of sperm fertilizing ability. Among these test, ARIC test and SPA gave more accurate information on fertilizing capacity. ARIC test was shown to have a predictive value for fertilizing ability comparable to that of SPA that appears to be a simple and cost-effective addition to current andrology laboratory. Combined application of these three tests may give more information on predicting sperm fertilizing capacity.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.403-408
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• 1996

토양에서 세균군집의 DNA를 추출하여 이사디 분해세균의 밀도와 군집변화를 tdfA 유전자와 Spa Probe를 이용하여 조사하였다. 이사디 분해균주인 Pseudomonas cepacia/pJP4을 토양에 여러 가지 밀도로 접종한 후 추출된 토양세균군집의 DNA를 Southern blot에서 분석한 결과, 본 실험에 사용된 DNA probe method에 의해 이 세균을 $10^5\;cells/g$ soil 수준까지 검출할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이사디를 가해준 microcosm 토양에서 추출된 세균군집의 DNA를 분석한 실험에서는 Pseudemonas pickettii와 Sphingomonas Paucimobilis가 우점종으로 검출되었고, 사용된 두 가지의 DNA probes는 토양의 이사디 분해미생물에 대해 매우 높은 특이성을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 밭에 이사디를 장기 적으로 가해준 후 추출된 토양세균군집의 DNA를 분석 한 실험에서는 이사디를 최소한 10 ppm 이상 가해주어야 토양의 이사디 분해세균을 DNA probe method에 의해 검출할 수 있었고, tfdA 유전자는 실제의 밭토양에서도 높은 특이성을 나타냈으나 Spa probe는 일부의 토착세균에 비특이적으로 반응하는 것으로 나타났다. 토양에서 추출된 세균군집의 DNA를 분석하는 DNA probe method는 Southern blot과 함께 사용되었을 때 토양에 존재하는 이사디 분해미생물을 실험실 배지에 배양하지 않고 검출할 수 있었고,이 미생물들의 밀도, 군집변화, 유전적 변화 등을 효과적으로 분석할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.