• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.658-662
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• 2011

In this study, 543 samples of press hams, sausages, processed ground meat and processed cheese acquired from retail markets in Seoul and Gyeonggi province in Korea from 2005 to 2010 were monitored using a one-step multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method that involves the amplification of specific soya or maize endogenous genes and the amplification of 35S promoter (p35S) and nopaline synthase terminator (tNOS) for GMO detection. Among the 543 samples, 477 samples were amplified for maize and/or soybean endogenous genes. Although one sausage sample collected in 2008 showed amplification of tNOS, the result was assumed to be false positive based on the results from further tests of other sausage samples of the same brand. Our results demonstrate the absence of GM soya and/or maze of livestock products in the Korean market during 2005-2010. In addition, the one-step multiplex PCR using previously constructed primer sets appears to be useful as a screening method for the detection of GMOs in processed livestock products. However, more specific methods should be established and employed to detect the event-specific GM gene for positive reaction samples by screening tests in processed livestock products.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

Crop damages due to agricultural drought has been increased in recent years. In Korea, water resources are limited indicating that proper management plans against agricultural drought are required for better water-use efficiency in agriculture. In this study, irrigation intervals and amounts for various crops and soil physical properties (sandy and silt loams) were estimated using the IWMM model. Five different crops (soybean, radish, potato, barley and maize) at the Bangdong-ri site in Chuncheon were selected to test the IWMM model. IWMM assessed agricultural drought conditions using the soil moisture deficit index (SMDI), and irrigation intervals and amounts were determined based on the degree of agricultural drought (SMDI). Additionally, we tested the effects of surface irrigation and sprinkler irrigation methods and various irrigation intervals of 2, 3, 5 and 7 days. In our findings, the irrigation intervals of 5 and 7 days showed the minimum rrigation amounts than others. When we considered that the intervals of 3 or 5 days are usually preferred to fields, the interval of 5 days was determined in our study. The estimated irrigation amounts for different crops were shown as maize > radish > barley > soybean > potato, respectively. The irrigation amounts for maize and barley were highly affected by soil properties, but other crops have less differences. Also, small differences in irrigation amounts were shown between the surface and sprinkler irrigation methods. These might be due to the lack of consideration of water loss (e.g., evapotranspiration, infiltration, etc.) in IWMM indicating model structural uncertainties. Thus, possible water loss (e.g., evapotranspiration, infiltration) need to be considered in application to fields. Overall, IWMM performed well in determining the irrigation intervals and amounts based on the degree of agricultural drought conditions (SMDI). Thus, the IWMM model can be useful for efficient agricultural water resources management in regions at where available water resources are limited.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 1990

In order to study on the riboflavin content of common foods for Korean and the rates of destruction of riboflavin during cooking 26 kinds of the foods were selected and 3 kinds of menu were cooked by standardized method. For each food item and menu riboflavin content was measured by AOAC method. The experimental values of 13 kinds of food such as rice oak mushroom carrot squarsh tangle dried large anchovy apple(Fuji) dried laver ramyun pork soybean curd fried soybean curd and danmugi were almost consistent with food compo-sition values. Whereas those of 12 kinds of foods such as cabbage onion potato kimchi beef sausage dried medium anchovy hair tail soybean paste and egg were considerably different from food composition table values, up to now Alaskan pollack maize loaf bread hamburger bread etc have not been analyzed in food composition table, The rates of retention of riboflavin in menu 1, 2, and 3 cooked by standardized method were 24% 69% 46% respectively. The overally retention rate was in inverse proportion to the time of sunlight exposure during cooking.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.365-372
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various kinds of composts on the change of soil physical properties and microorganism in upland soils. Field experiments were conducted in the loam and sandy loam soils, while the clay loam and sandy loam soils were used for laboratory experiments. Various kinds of composts such as poultry manure compost(PMC). cow manure compost(CMC). human excrement sludge(HES), and food industrial sludge compost(FISE) were applied annually at rates of 0, 40, and $80Mg\;ha^{-1}$ to soils grown with soybean and maize plants for 4 years during 1994 to 1997. The results of this study were as follows : Bulk density of loam soil decreased with compost application to $1.07{\sim}1.32Mg\;m^{-3}$ compared with $1.49Mg\;m^{-3}$ of control plot, while in sandy loam soil it decreased to $1.00{\sim}1.20Mg\;m^{-3}$ compared with $1.25Mg\;m^{-3}$ of control plot. Bulk density of soil was decreased according to maize cultivation compared with bare control, but soybean cultivation was similar. Population of organic material decomposing microorganisms was increased rapidly at the initial incubation stage at $25^{\circ}C$, and increased more sensitively at the loam soil than sandy loam soil. In the case of the change of microorganisms associated with nitrogen circulation, ammonia oxidizing bacteria was more at the initial incubation stage, and denitrifying bacteria was more at the initial incubation stage, and denitrifying bacteria increased until 1~4 weeks after incubation and increased more at the loam soil than sandy loam soil.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.917-923
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• 2009

The maize lipoxgyenase-1 is a non-traditional dual positional specific enzyme and the reaction proceeds via enzyme-initiated catalysis. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that the maize lipoxygenase-1 is structurally more similar to soybean LOX1 than pea LOXN2 in that it has an additional external loop (residues 318-351) in the carboxy-terminal catalytic domain. We analyzed the dependence of product distribution on concentration of linoleic acid and monitored the formation of hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid as a function of enzyme concentration. Product distribution was strongly influenced by substrate concentration, such that kinetically-controlled regioisomers were enriched and thermodynamically-controlled regioisomers were depleted at high substrate concentration. Kinetic studies indicated that the formation of hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid saturated rapidly in an enzyme concentration-dependent manner, which implied that reactivation by reoxidation of inactive Fe(II) failed to occur. Our results support the previously proposed enzyme-initiated catalytic mechanism of the maize lipoxgyenase-1 and reveals that a substrate molecule serves as a hydrogen atom donor in its enzyme-initiated catalysis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2005

A long-term study initiated in 1989 at San-born Field, Columbia, Missouri, was designed to evaluate the affect of environmental factors, nitrogen application, and crop rotation on soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) seed composition. Soybeans were grown as part of a four- year rotation which included corn (Zea maize L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Results from soil tests made prior to initiation of the study and subsequently every five years, were used to calculate application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium necessary for target yield of pursuant crops. In the experimental design, nitrogen was applied to one-half of the plot on which the non-leguminous crop, either corn or wheat was grown. Analysis of soybean seed by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy collected over an 11-year period revealed a linear increase in protein and decrease in oil content. Application of nitrogen fertilizer to non-leguminous crops did not have an apparent effect on total protein or oil content of subsequent soybean crop. Analysis of soybean seed proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in conjunction with computer­assisted densitometry revealed subtle changes in the accumulation of seed proteins. Immunoblot analysis using antibodies raised against the $\beta-subunit$ of $\beta-conglycinin$ showed a gradual increase in the accumulation of the 7S components during successive years of the experiment. A linear increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall was observed from the onset of data· collection. Higher temperatures during the growing season have been linked to increased protein and diminished oil content of soybean, thus changes observed in this study are possibly related to climatic conditions. However, crop rotation and subsequent changes in soil ecology may contribute to these observed changes in the seed composition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.564-573
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• 2019

Objective: Evaluate the effects of i) dehulling of lupine seed on chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and ii) soybean meal substitution by dehulled lupine seed in broiler diets with enzymes on productive performance, size of digestive organs and welfare-related variables. Methods: Experiment 1, chemical composition and AME were determined in whole and dehulled lupine seed. Experiment 2, two hundred eighty-eight one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were used. The experimental diets were maize-soybean meal (MS), MS with enzymes (MSE) and maize-dehulled lupine seed with enzymes (MLE). Diets were assigned to the experimental units under a completely randomized design (eight replicates per diet). The body weight (BW) gain, feed intake, feed conversion, digestive organ weights, gait score, latency to lie down and valgus/varus angulation were evaluated. Results: The dehulling process increased protein (25.0% to 31.1%), AME (5.9 to 8.8 MJ/kg) and amino acid contents. The BW gain of broilers fed the MLE diet was similar (p>0.05) to that of those fed the MS diet, but lower than that of those fed the MSE diet. Feed intake of broilers fed the MLE diet was higher (p<0.05) than that of those fed the MS diet and similar (p>0.05) to those fed the MSE diet. Feed conversion of broilers fed the MLE diet was 8.0% and 8.7% higher (p<0.05) than that of those fed the MS and MSE diets, respectively. Broilers fed the MLE diet had the highest (p<0.05) relative proventriculus and gizzard weights, but had poor welfare-related variables. Conclusion: It is possible to substitute soybean meal by dehulled lupine seed with enzymes in broiler diets, obtaining similar BW gains in broilers fed the MLE and MS diets; however, a higher feed intake is required. Additionally, the MLE diet reduced welfare-related variables.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.437-447
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• 2012

Natural and beneficial associations between plants and bacteria have demonstrated potential commercial application for several agricultural crops. The sunflower has acquired increasing importance in Brazilian agribusiness owing to its agronomic characteristics such as the tolerance to edaphoclimatic variations, resistance to pests and diseases, and adaptation to the implements commonly used for maize and soybean, as well as the versatility of the products and by-products obtained from its cultivation. A study of the cultivable bacteria associated with two sunflower cultivars, using classical microbiological methods, successfully obtained isolates from different plant tissues (roots, stems, florets, and rhizosphere). Out of 57 plant-growth-promoting isolates obtained, 45 were identified at the genus level and phylogenetically positioned based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing: 42 Bacillus (B. subtilis, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. pumilus, B. megaterium, and Bacillus sp.) and 3 Methylobacterium komagatae. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis showed a broad diversity among the Bacillus isolates, which clustered into 2 groups with 75% similarity and 13 subgroups with 85% similarity, suggesting that the genetic distance correlated with the source of isolation. The isolates were also analyzed for certain growth-promoting activities. Auxin synthesis was widely distributed among the isolates, with values ranging from 93.34 to 1653.37 ${\mu}M$ auxin per ${\mu}g$ of protein. The phosphate solubilization index ranged from 1.25 to 3.89, and siderophore index varied from 1.15 to 5.25. From a total of 57 isolates, 3 showed an ability to biologically fix atmospheric nitrogen, and 7 showed antagonism against the pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The results of biochemical characterization allowed identification of potential candidates for the development of biofertilizers targeted to the sunflower crop.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.380-391
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• 2014

Plants as well as crops are damaged by a combination of the hot and dry winds that has been a major factor in the reduction of crop production. A means to protect them from damaging conditions is to consider a coating material. In this study, we established laboratory screening methods to find a coating material to protect a crop from rapid transpiration caused by various factors. In a test measuring the weight loss of kidney bean seedlings for 6 days, Avion treatments decreased its weight loss (P=0.05). Owing to long-time spend in completing this assay, we performed a more simple method using a cobalt chloride paper strip, which changes from blue to red colors under water condition. Beewax, guagum, paraffin liquid, soybean oil, and PE-635 gave a waterproofing effect above 37 and 43% at 0.5 and 1 h after treatment, respectively. However, these tested materials did not show significant waterproofing results at 2 h. Although the methods produced reasonable results, a screening method to obtain more objective data is needed. An alternative is to use an instrument that can detect the transpiration of crop leaves. In a preliminary test using barley leaves, a portable photosynthesis system showed transpiration inhibition of 2% soybean oil and 10 times-diluted Avion under field conditions. In another test using the leaves of maize seedlings and apricot tree, 2% liquid paraffin and plant oils such as apricot oil, linseed oil, olive oil, and soybean oil showed significant transpiration inhibition (P=0.05). Especially, paraffin liquid and soybean oil selected from above tests gave good transpiration inhibitory effects against rice at 2%. In addition, the mixture of 2% soybean oil and a spreader showed more elevated inhibition results comparing with soybean oil or the spreader alone indicating that the spreader may be attributed to more uniform diffusion of the hydrophobic material onto the leaf surface of maize seedlings. The hydrophobic material coated physically the stomata and cuticle layers on leaf surfaces of rice. These hydrophobic materials screened in this study are expected to be used as plant coating materials.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.1276-1281
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• 2001

The feeding values of four indigenous Kenyan sorghum cultivars and the effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the utilization of high tannin sorghum by broiler chicks were studied in two 3-week feeding trials. In Experiment 1, one hundred and five broiler chicks (initial average weight 97 g) were randomly assigned to each one of the seven grain-soybean meal diets. The diets consisted of maize [diet 1; no assayable tannin], white sorghum [diet 2; 0.59% catechin equivalents (CE)], cream sorghum [diet 3; 0.94% CE], light brown sorghum [diet 4; 2.71% CE] and dark brown sorghum [diet 5; 3.54% CE]. Diets 6 and 7 were included to test the possibility of overcoming the detrimental effects of sorghum tannins by adding PVP at 0.25% and 0.5% to dark brown sorghum, which resulted in dietary tannin levels of 3.46% and 3.38% CE respectively. In Experiment 2, the effects of tannin on dry matter digestibility (DMD) and nitrogen (N) retention were studied in a 3-week substitution assay in which high tannin sorghum (5% CE) was substituted for white maize at different inclusion levels. Ninety broiler chicks aged 7 days (initial average weight 102 g) were randomly assigned to each one of the six diets. The diets consisted of corn gluten meal and fishmeal as protein sources plus maize [diet 1] and high tannin sorghum at different inclusion levels [diets 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6], resulting in dietary tannin levels of 0, 1.25%, 1.66%, 2.08%, 2.5% and 3.2% CE respectively. Feed intake, feed efficiency and body weight gain were measured weekly. In Experiment 2, tannin absorption, DMD and N retention were measured on days 19, 20 and 21. The results of Experiment 1 showed that feed intake, feed efficiency and body weight gain were all affected by treatment (p<0.05). Diets 1, 2 and 3 gave similar body weight gains and all were better than diets 4 and 5 (i.e. 504, 517, 473 g, vs. 256, 267 g). Similarly, feed efficiencies were higher (p<0.05) for diets 1, 2 and 3 compared to diets 4 and 5 (0.4, 0.42, 0.39 vs. 0.21, 0.23). When 0.25% PVP was added to the dark brown sorghum (diet 6) there was no significant improvement in chick performance (p>0.05). However, addition of 0.5% PVP (diet 7) resulted in significant improvement (p<0.05) in body weight gain compared to the untreated dark brown sorghum. Overall, PVP did not completely overcome the deleterious effects of tannins. The results of Experiment 2 indicate that sorghum inclusion level and subsequent tannin level had no effect on feed intake, feed efficiency, weight gain, DMD and N retention. The above results suggest that tannin level should be limited to below 2.71% CE in broiler chick diets containing 20% CP and 0.4% methionine. However, in diets with 23% CP and 0.8% methionine tannin level of up to 3.2% will not affect performance. Consequently high tannin sorghum (5% CE) can be used to substitute for white maize by up to 100% in broiler chick diets.