• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.109-112
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• 2006

The chloroform-soluble fraction of the vinegar treated small black soybean [Glycine max (Leguminosae)] showed antiproliferative activity against human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells, in terms of inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Bioassay-guided chromatography of the chloroform-soluble fraction resulted in the isolation of two isoflavonoid compounds, genistein and daidzein, as active principles. Genistein showed more potent antiproliferative effects against HL-60 cells. Treatment of HL-60 cells with genistein induced apoptosis in a dose dependent manner. Apoptosis was judged by the detection of DNA fragmentation by a flow cytometry and the degree of apoptosis was assayed by RT-PCR.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.21-28
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• 1971

Dry matter production, leaf area growth and total nitrogen changes were studied in Glycine max. soybean communities, which were grown in sandy loam soils controlled to provide various moisture levels, i.e., 5-7%(level 1), 8-10%(level 2), 11-13%(level 3), 14-15%(lev디 4), 17-20%(level 5) and 22-24%(level 6). A summary of the results is shown. The maximum dry matter production of leaves, stems and nodules and the maximum leaf area per unit area were at level 5, but the maximum of root dry matter production was at level 4. Total nitrogen content of the soybean plant decreased with growth, but each level of soil moisture content also showed a little difference. Water content of the plant decreased with plant age and soil water deficiency, especially in roots and nodules. Nodule formation increased in proportion to soil moisture content. total nitrogen content of the soil on which the soybeans grew, increased from 0.23% before sowing to 0.30% at 100 days after sowing. It seems that soil water content acts as a linear factor in the elongation or dry weight increase of shoots and roots until increasing to level 5. Considering the pattern of plant growth through analysis of the shoot and root dry weight ratio, or the photosynthetic organ and non-photosynthetic organ dry weight ratio, the asymptote of plant growth at a high soil water content exceeded that at a low soil water content.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.337-341
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• 2007

In this report, we investigated the effect of aqueous extract of vinegar treated small black soybean (Glycine max Merr.) (Leguminosae) (VSBS) on mast cell-mediated allergic reaction and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. VSBS inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic reactions. VSBS attenuated immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. In addition, VSBS decreased the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-6 and interleukin (IL)-8 in human mast cells. Our findings provide evidence that VSBS inhibits mast cell-derived allergic reactions.

• Plant Resources
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2002

Genetic improvement of the cultivated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] may be possible through hybridization with its wild progenitor, G. soja Sieb. & Zucc. Interspecific cross between G. max (Hwangkeumkong) and G. soja (IT.182932) was made in the summer of 1997. In F$_2$ the percentage of plant height, nodes per plant, and pods per plant were high but gradually reduced from F$_2$ to F$_4$. In contrast pod length, seeds per pod, and 100-seeds weight were increased gradually through generations advanced. Wild variation as evident in F$_2$ in plant height, number of branches, pods per plant, and 100-seeds weight. Twenty six percent of the F$_2$, 44 % of the F$_3$ and 60% of the F$_4$ segregants showed more G. max traits. The combination of useful traits from both species is possible through interspecific hybridization. The characters that could be transferred from wild species to cultivated species are more pod number, better capacity, and resistance to disease and insects. The interspecific derivatives offer scope for selection for high grain yield. Therefore, introducing genes from G. soja to G. max could be contribute to greater genetic diversity of future cultivars. And semicultivated soybean had some desired characteristics including tolerance to adverse environments and multi-seed characters. It means the infusing of semicultivated germplasm to the cultivated soybean could increase number of seeds and pods per plant significantly, and consequently could enhance selecting potential on yield.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.88-92
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• 2000

Excessive soil water in paddy field induces growth losses during the vegetative stages of soybean plants. Our objectives were to know growth responses of soybean as affected by the level of ridge heights. A field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of Korea University near Seoul in 1996. Ten cultivars of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) were planted at the ridge heights of 10, 30, and 50cm in paddy soil on 27 June. Total dry matter accumulation at the 10cm ridge height was severely decreased until the growth stage of R5 as compared to the ridge heights of 30 and 50cm, and this decrement was mainly due to both reduced leaf and stem dry weights. However, seed dry weight was not significantly decreased at the lower ridge height with the increment of harvest index. Cultivar differences were found on seed dry weight, crop growth rate from R1 to R5, and leaf/stem ratio of R5. From the above results, soybean growth responses to excessive soil water in paddy field were different between seed filling stage and late vegetative to early reproductive growth stages.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.106-111
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• 2001

The applicability of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy(NIRS) was tested to determine the protein and oil contents in ground soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds. A total of 189 soybean calibration samples and 103 validation samples were used for NIRS equation development and validation, respectively. In the NIRS equation of protein, the most accurate equation was obtained at 2, 8, 6, 1(2nd derivative, 8 nm gap, 6 points smoothing and 1 point second smoothing) math treatment condition with SNV-D (Standard Normal Variate and Detrend) scatter correction method and entire spectrum by using MPLS (Modified Partial Least Squares) regression. In the case of oil, the best equation was obtained at 1, 4, 4, 1 condition with SNV-D scatter correction method and near infrared (1100-2500nm) region by using MPLS regression. Validation of these NIRS equations showed very low bias (protein:-0.016%, oil : -0.011 %) and standard error of prediction (SEP, protein: 0.437%, oil: 0.377%) and very high coefficient of determination ($R^2$, protein: 0.985, oil : 0.965). Therefore, these NIRS equation seems reliable for determining the protein and oil content, and NIRS method could be used as a mass screening method of soybean seed.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.324-328
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• 2013

Soy (Glycine max, family Leguminosae) contains isoflavones and saponins as main constituents. In our preliminary study, soybean ethanol extract (SE) ameliorated scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice in the passive avoidance task. Therefore, to confirm its ameliorating effect for memory impairments, we measured its effect in scopolamine-induced memory-impaired mice in Morris water maze task. SE significantly prevented scopolamine-induced memory impairment in the Morris water maze task. SE also increased the swimming time within quadrant section of the platform on the day after the final training session test. SE protected the reduction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation in the hippocampi of scopolamine-treated mice. However, SE did not inhibit acetylcholinesterase. To understand the possible role of soysaponins in memory impairments, we prepared soyasaponins-rich (butanol) fraction of soybean (SRF) and investigated its protective effect against in the passive avoidance and Morris water maze tasks. SRF ameliorated scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. The memory impairment-ameliorating effect of SRF was more effective than that of SE. Based on these findings, soybean may improve memory impairment by regulating CREB phosphorylation and BDNF expression.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.282-287
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• 2000

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] crops, grown in a rice soybean rotation, can suffer when grown in soil with excessive moisture. The objective of this work were to determine the reduction in growth and yield, responses of vegetative and reproductive growth of soybean to excessive soil moisture achieved by prolonged irrigation. Responses of different cultivars were determined at growth stages from V6 to R8 to clarify the sensitive growth stages or characteristics to excessive soil moisture. Cultivar differences in response to excessive soil moisture condition were conspicuous in seed dry weight and harvest index (HI) but not in the response of seed number or pod number per plant. The timing of irrigation causing the condition of excessive soil moisture influenced the vegetative or reproductive traits. Soybean plants were more affected by irrigation commencing at the pre-flowering than at the post-flowering stage. Post-flowering irrigation did not reduce growth of vegetative organs significantly; in fact the growth of stems and leaves was facilitated by the prolonged irrigation commencing at flowering. Differences between cultivar response to prolonged irrigation were assumed to relate to the reduced amount of assimilates translocated to the reproductive organ.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.171-176
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• 2008

The agronomic traits, such as days to flowering and maturity, plant height, 100-seed weight and seed filling period, are quantitatively inherited and important characters in soybean(Glycine max L. Merr.). A total of 126 $F_5$ recombinant inbred lines(RILs) developed from the cross of PI 171451$\times$Hwaeomputkong were used to identify quantitative trait loci(QTLs) for days to flowering(FD), days to maturity(MD), plant height(PH), 100-seed weight(SW), number of branches(NB) and seed filling period(FP). A total of 136 simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers segregated in a RIL population were distributed over 20 linkage groups(LGs), covering 1073.9 cM of the soybean genome with the average distance between adjacent markers of 7.9 cM. Five independent QTLs were identified for FD, three for MD, two for PH, three for SW, one for NB and one for FP. Of these, three QTLs were related to more than two traits of FD, MD, PH, NB and FP and mapped near the same positions on LGs H and O. Thus, these traits could be correlated with biologically controlled major QTLs in this soybean RIL population.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.177-180
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• 2008

Worldwide, cyst nematode(Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is the most destructive pathogen of cultivated soybean. In the USA, current annual yield losses are estimated to be nearly a billion dollars. Crop losses are primarily reduced by the use of resistant cultivars. Nematode populations are variable and have adapted to reproduce on resistant cultivars over time because resistance primarily traces to two soybean accessions. It is important to use diverse resistance sources to develop new nematode resistant cultivars. Soybean PI 494182 is a recent introduction from Japan and found to be resistant to multiple nematode populations. It is yellow seeded and maturity group 0. We have determined inheritance of resistance in PI 494182 using $F_{2:3}$ families derived from cross PI 494182 X cv. Skylla. Skylla is a susceptible parent. Three nematode populations, races 1, 3, and 5, corresponding to HG types 2.5.7, 0, and 2.5.7 were used to bioassay 162 $F_{2:3}$ families in greenhouse experiments. Based on Chi-square tests, a two-gene model is proposed for resistance to race 1 and a three-gene model is proposed for conditioning resistance to both races 3 and 5. Correlation coefficient analysis indicated that some genes conditioning resistance to races 1, 3, and 5 are shared or closely linked with each other. These results will be useful to soybean breeders for developing soybean cultivars for broad resistance to nematodes.