• Molecules and Cells
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.847-854
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• 2017

Recent studies on molecular carcinogenesis suggest that the chemo-resistance of some cancers is largely due to presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which affect the chemotherapy outcome for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, currently no consensus on a CSC phenotype in HCC has been obtained. Here, we examined Sox12 as a novel CSC marker in HCC. Sox12+ versus Sox12- cells were purified from HCC cell lines. The Sox12+ cells were compared with Sox12- HCC cells for tumor sphere formation, chemo-resistance, tumor formation after serial adoptive transplantations in nude mice, and the frequency of developing distal metastasis. We found that compared to Sox12- HCC cells, Sox12+ HCC cells generated significantly more tumor spheres in culture, were more chemo-resistant to cisplatin, were detected in circulation more frequently, and formed distal tumor more frequently. Moreover, Sox12 appeared to functionally contribute to the stemness of HCC cells. Thus, we conclude that Sox12 may be a novel marker for enriching CSCs in HCC.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.256-262
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• 2002

After porous filters were manufactured using cordierite powder whose mean paricle size was 200${\mu}m$, they were loaded with catalysts such as $V_2O_5$, CuO and $LaCoO_3$ by vacuum impregnation method. And the NOx/SOx simultaneous removal efficiency was measured by passing NO and $SO_2$ through catalyst-loaded ceramic filters. The cordierite porous filters had the apparent porosity of 61.6%, the compressive strength of 12.3 MPa and the pressure drop of 147 pa at the face velocity of 5 cm/sec. According to the analysis of NO/$SO_2$ simultaneous removal efficiency, perovskite $LaCoO_3$ catalyst was the most efficient for the simultaneous NO and $SO_2$ removal. The $LaCoO_3$ catalyst-loaded filter could remove more than 90% for NO and more than 80% for $SO_2$.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.149-154
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• 2008

Objective: The aim of this study is to elucidate the effects of transforming growth factor-${\beta}$ (TGF-${\beta}$)1 and L-ascorbic acid on proteoglycan synthesis, and the relationship between Sox9, proteoglycan, and TGF-${\beta}1$ in intervertebral disc cells. Methods: Human intervertebral disc tissue was sequentially digested to 0.2% pronase and 0.025% collagenase in DMEM/F-12 media and extracted cells were cultured in $37^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ incubator. When intervertebral disc cells were cultured with TGF-${\beta}1$ or L-ascorbic acid, the production level of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) was estimated by dimethyl methyleneblue (DMMB) assay. The changes of Sox9 mRNA and protein levels via TGF-${\beta}1$ were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis in each. Results: The amount of sGAG was increased with the lapse of time during incubation, and sGAG content of pellet cultured cells was much larger than monolayer culture. When primary cultured intervertebral disc cells in monolayer and pellet cultures were treated by TGF-${\beta}1$ 20 ng, sGAG content of experimental group was increased significantly compared to control group in both cultures. L-Ascorbic acid of serial concentrations (50-300 ug/ml) increased sGAG content of mono layer cultured intervertebral disc cells significantly in statistics. The co-treatment of TGF-${\beta}1$ and L-ascorbic acid increased more sGAG production than respective treatment. After treating with TGF-${\beta}1$, Sox9 mRNA and protein expression rates were significantly increased in disc cells compared with the control group. Conclusion: This study suggests that TGF-${\beta}1$ would increase sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) and other proteoglycans such as versican by elevating Sox9 mRNA and protein expressions in order.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.1905-1917
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• 2023

Objective: Nanog homeobox (NANOG) is a core transcription factor that contributes to pluripotency along with octamer binding transcription factor-4 (OCT4) and sex determining region-Y box-2 (SOX2). It is an epiblast lineage marker in mammalian pre-implantation embryos and exhibits a species-specific expression pattern. Therefore, it is important to understand the lineage of NANOG, the trophectoderm, and the primitive endoderm in the pig embryo. Methods: A loss- and gain-of-function analysis was done to determine the role of NANOG in lineage specification in parthenogenetic porcine blastocysts. We analyzed the relationship between NANOG and pluripotent core transcription factors and other lineage makers. Results: In NANOG-null late blastocysts, OCT4-, SOX2-, and SOX17-positive cells were decreased, whereas GATA binding protein 6 (GATA6)-positive cells were increased. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that the expression of SOX2 was decreased in NANOG-null blastocysts, whereas that of primitive endoderm makers, except SOX17, was increased. In NANOG-overexpressing blastocysts, caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2-), SOX17-, and GATA6-positive cells were decreased. The results indicated that the expression of primitive endoderm markers and trophectoderm-related genes was decreased. Conclusion: Taken together, the results demonstrate that NANOG is involved in the epiblast and primitive endoderm differentiation and is essential for maintaining pluripotency within the epiblast.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 2010

Objective: The purpose of this study is to explain the effect and reciprocal action among tumor necrosis factor (TNF) like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14), and transforming growth factor-$\beta1$ (TGF-$\beta1$) on degeneration of human intervertebral disc (IVD). Methods: Human intervertebral disc tissues and cells were cultured with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium/Nutrient F-12 Ham (DMEM/F-12) media in $37^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ incubator. When IVD tissues were cultured with TWEAK, Fn14 that is an antagonistic receptor for TWEAK and TGF-$\beta1$, the level of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) was estimated by dimethyl methyleneblue (DMMB) assay and sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 9 (Sox9) and versican messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels were estimated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: When human IVD tissue was cultured for nine days, the sGAG content was elevated in proportion to culture duration. The sGAG was decreased significantly by TWEAK 100 ng/mL, however, Fn14 500 ng/mL did not change the sGAG production of IVD tissue. The Fn14 increased versican and Sox9 mRNA levels decreased with TWEAK in IVD tissue TGF-$\beta1$ 20 ng/mL elevated the sGAG concentration 40% more than control. The sGAG amount decreased with TWEAK was increased with Fn14 or TGF-$\beta1$ but the result was insignificant statistically. TGF-$\beta1$ increased the Sox9 mRNA expression to 180% compared to control group in IVD tissue. Sox9 and versican mRNA levels decreased by TWEAK were increased with TGF-$\beta1$ in primary cultured IVD cells, however, Fn14 did not show increasing effect on Sox9 and versican. Conclusion: This study suggests that TWEAK would act a role in intervertebral disc degeneration through decreasing sGAG and the mRNA level of versican and Sox9.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.135-143
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 대기오염물질인 유해 황산화물 가스를 이산화티탄 촉매 반응기와 연면 방전 반응기를 조합한 반응기에서 플라즈마 방전반응에 의하여 주파수 변화, 체류시간, 전극의 굵기, 첨가 모의가스 등의 공정 변수를 변화 시켜 분해제거 실험을 하였다. 실험 결과 황산화물의 분해제거 실험에서 주파수 10kHz에서 소비전력 19W에서 분해제거율은 99%이었으며 이산화티탄 촉매반응기를 부착한 경우가 없는 경우보다 5%이상 증가효과가 이었다. 첨가가스로 메탄을 첨가한 경우 분해제거율이 증가하였고, 산소농도가 높아질수록 증가하였다 또한 이산화 탄소를 첨가한 경우 분해율은 감소하였다.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.643-650
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• 2003

We analyzed the amount of environmental loads, and the amount of energy consumption through life cycle assessment from a discharge stage to the ultimate disposal to municipal solid waste in Seoul. We carried out inventory analysis of the amount of environmental loads that made the object range collection, intermediate treatment, and the final treatment, and took into consideration each stage exceptions CO$_2$ and NOx , the amount of SOx discharge, and energy consumption. We applied the data of an object model, and acquisition processed the scale of an object model suitably and applied to it to difficult data using the data of the Yokohama City incineration plant in Japan. The amount of environmental loads per Iton of municipal waste were analyzed CO$_2$ 0.4C-ton, SOx 0.4kg and NOx 0.8kg. Moreover, the amount of energy consumption which is 2.4Gcal was computed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.572-580
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• 2019

In view of the numerous discussions on global environmental issues, policies have been implemented to limit emissions in the field of marine transport, which accounts for a major part of international trade. In this study, a ship's emissions were calculated by applying the engine load factor to determine the total quantity of emissions based on the ship's speed reduction. For ships entering and leaving the Busan North Port from 1 January to 31 December 2017, emissions were calculated and analyzed based on the ship's type and its speed in the reduced speed zone (RSZ), which was set to 20 nautical miles. The comparison of the total amount of emissions under all situations, such as cruising, maneuvering, and hotelling modes revealed that the vessels that generated the most emissions were container ships at 76.1 %, general cargo ships at 7.2 %, and passenger ships at 6.8 %. In the cruising and maneuvering modes, general cargo ships discharged a lesser amount of emission in comparison with passenger ships; however, in the hotelling mode, the general cargo ships discharged a larger amount of emission than passenger ships. The total emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx), particulate matter (PM), and volatile organic compounds (VOC), were 49.4 %, 45 %, 4 %, and 1.6 %, respectively. Furthermore, the amounts of emission were compared when ships navigated at their average service speed, 12, 10, and 8 knots in the RSZ, respectively. At 12 knots, the reduction in emissions was more than that of the ships navigating at their average service speed by 39 % in NOx, 40 % in VOC, 42 % in PM, and 38 % in Sox. At 10 knots, the emission reductions were 52 %, 54 %, 56 %, and 50 % in NOx, VOC, PM, and Sox, respectively. At 8 knots, the emission reductions were 62 %, 64 %, 67 %, and 59 % in NOx, VOC, PM, and Sox, respectively. As a result, the emissions were ef ectively reduced when there was a reduction in the ship's speed. Therefore, it is necessary to consider limiting the speed of ships entering and leaving the port to decrease the total quantity of emissions.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.1261-1267
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• 2003

On the basis of the distribution of particle size measured by laser diffraction spectrometers, this research was carried out to investigate the characteristics of mist removal with the change of operating condition in the plasma reactor of impulse streamer corona. The operating parameters in this experiment were power of impulse streamer corona, gas velocity, impulse generation time, gas temperature, and SOx/NOx concentration. The collection efficiency T(d) was estimated by the distribution of particle size in the collection zone through the advanced model.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.609-612
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• 2007

The co-combustion of coal and RPF(Refuse Plastic Fuel) mixture has been experimented in a commercially operating CFB coal boiler and the emissions such as SOx, NOx, TSP and dioxine were measured at the stack. The experimented RPF was supplied by domestic RPF company that is commercially producing RPF pellet from the wasted plastics. Up to 15% of total coal was substituted to RPF and no trouble was happened during normal boiler operation. SOx and NOx concentration was reduced about $15{\sim}20$% and TSP(Total Suspended Particle) was drastically reduced about 30% during co-combustion. Dioxine concentration at mixing ratio of 7.5% was $0.0487ng{\sim}TEQ/Sm^3$ ($O_2$, 12%) that satisfied governmental emission regulation.