• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.68 no.4
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• pp.413-421
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• 2023

Data on salt tolerance, optimal sowing depth, soil bulk density (pb) and cardinal temperatures required for the germination and emergence of perilla (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt) are scarce for reclaimed land soil. An experiment was conducted across six temperature treatments (10, 15, 20 , 25, 30, and 35℃) to determine the cardinal temperature for perilla seed germination and four salinity levels (0, 20, 40, and 60 mM) to determine the salt tolerance. Another experiment was performed for quantifying the emergence response of perilla to pb (1.1, 1.3, and 1.5 g cm^-3), sowing depth (1, 2, 3, and 4 cm) and soil salinity. The results revealed that increased sodium chloride levels caused a significant reduction in the seed germination at Deulhyang and Sodam. The optimum upper limit temperature was less than 35℃. The optimal sowing depth and soil bulk density were 1 cm and 1.1 g cm^-3 respectively. Perilla seedling growth was inhibited at 1.9 dS m^-1 although varying responses were observed. These results aid our understanding of the germination and emergence rate of these crops and provide data for field cultivation to optimize crop sowing in reclaimed land.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.362-368
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• 2006

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of soil burial depth on seedling emergences of rice (Oryza sativa) and Echinochloa spp. and to model such effects for mathematical prediction of seedling emergences. When the Gompertz curve was fitted at each soil depth, the parameter C decreased in a logistic form with increasing soil depth, while the parameter M increased in an exponential form and the parameter B appeared to be constant. The Gompertz curve was combined by incorporating the logistic model for the parameter C, the exponential model for the parameter M, and the constant for the parameter B. This combined model well described seedling emergence of rice and Echinochloa species as influenced by soil burial depth and predicted seedling emergence at a given time after sowing and a soil burial depth. Thus, the combined model can be used to simulate seedling emergence of crop sown in different soil depths and weeds present in various soil depths.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.254-260
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• 2013

Greenhouse and field experiments with American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) stratified seed sown at depths of 10 to 100 mm were carried out to determine effects of seeding depth on seedling emergence, growth and development and to calculate optimum seeding depth. The time to 50% seedling emergence ($E_{50}$) in the field increased linearly from 17 d at 20 mm seeding depth to 42.5 d at 80 mm. Seedling emergence and root weight (economic yield) at the end of the first year each increased quadratically with the increase of seeding depth. Maximum emergence and root yields were produced at sowing depths of 26.9 and 30.6 mm respectively. In a greenhouse pot experiment, increasing seeding depth from 10 to 100 mm increased partitioning of dry matter to leaves from 23.6% to 26.1%, to stems from 6.9% to 14.2%, and decreased dry matter to roots from 69.5% to 59.7%. Optimum seeding depth was 31.1 mm for a corresponding maximum root weight of 119.9 mg. A predictor equation [X (seeding depth, mm)=Y (seed weight, mg)/9.1+20.96] for seeding depth for ginseng, based on data for ten vegetable crops, their seed weights and suggested seeding depths, predicted a seeding depth of 28.3 mm for ginseng similar to that reported above for most pot and field experiments.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.233-240
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• 2017

This experiment was conducted to establish a cultivation system for sorghum in reclaimed soils. Pot experiments were used to test the effects on seedling establishment of sowing depth, soil water content, and soil salinity using seeds of Nampungchal-susu and Hwanggeumchal-susu in reclaimed soil. Field experiments were also conducted to examine differences in growth characteristics and yield production, by sowing time, and planting distance. The result of the pot experiment, examining seedling establishment at various sowing depths revealed that, it was the highest 76.7% when the seeds were sown at a depth of 3 cm. Seedling establishment did not differ with soil water content between 10~30 kpa and at 51~70 kpa. No effects of seed moisture absorption before sowing were observed. Seedling establishment showed no differences with soil salinity below $3.2\;dS\;m^{-1}$, but decreased with Salinity above $4.8\;dS\;m^{-1}$. In field experiments to assess the effects on seedling establishment ratio of sowing time, Nampungchal-susu was revealed to have a high seedling establishment ratio following sowing on June 15. Hwanggeumchal-susu did not exhibits effects of sowing time, on seedling establishment ratio but exhibited higher seedling establishment when in low soil salinity conditions than when sown in high soil salinity conditions. With respect to yield, the yield of the seeds sown on June 15 was higher by 13% for Nampungchal-susu and by 29% for the Hwanggeumchal-susu than that those sown on June 25. With respect to soil salinity, the yield at a soil salinity of $3.2dS\;m^{-1}$ was lower by 23% than that at $1.6dS\;m^{-1}$ or lower for Nampungchal-susu, and was lower by 30% Hwanggeumchal-susu. With respect to planting density, both breeds showed the highest yield at $60{\times}10cm$. These results suggest that a sowing time of June 15 and a seeding distance of $60{\times}10cm$ are appropriate for sorghum in reclaimed land.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.81-85
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• 1989

One of the most important cultural techniques of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) is to encourage rapid and uniform emergence of seedlings to establish good stand and to let them grow well. Thus the objectives of the study were to investigate the effects of pre-sowing seed soaking and planting depth on dormancy breaking, germination and emergence of the seedlings, and to estimate the optimum planting season of pearl millet in Suwon, Korea. The seeds with dormancy germinated 99 to 100 percent when soaked in the H$_2$O$_2$ 1％ solution for 24 hours and rinsed with pure water, but germinated only 38％ and 83％ when soaked in pure water for 24 hours just after harvest and drying, and one month later from the harvest time, respectively. The seeds of Australia inbred line did not germinate at the constant 10$^{\circ}C$, but germinated at the constant 11$^{\circ}C$. It also was possible to estimate the optimum planting season by applying minimum temperature 11$^{\circ}C$ for germination. The minimum air temperature reached from late April in Suwon, Korea in regular years but fluctuated from late April to early May in 1986 and 1987. Thus, the safe planting season was mid-May for rapid and uniform germination of pearl millet seed. The optimum depth of planting was 2∼4cm under the optimum soil moisture condition, and 4 to 6 cm under the drier soil moisture condition. Subcoleoptile internode(mesocotyle) length increased according to increased depth of planting. Seedling crown placement also became deeper due to deeper planting of the seeds. The subcoleoptile internode length and seedling crown depth were positively correlated with actual planting depth, indicating that deeper planting would be not good for appropriate adventitious root and tiller development.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1996.05a
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• pp.20-21
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• 1996

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1992.05a
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• pp.84-85
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• 1992

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.402-409
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• 2017

We performed seed germination tests to investigate the effects of seed sowing orientation on germination viability on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) sprouts. Specifically, we assessed the influence of seed sowing orientation on germination rate, seedling weight, and seedling length, as well as the seedling vigor index. The seeds were sown in oak tree sawdust at 3.0 cm depth. Four seed orientations were tested: vertical with the hypocotyl end down, vertical with the hypocotyl end up, horizontal with the hypocotyl end down, and horizontal with the hypocotyl end up. The mean seed germination percentages of the four seed orientations were significantly different (p < 0.01) and ranged from 25 to 91.7%. The vertical orientation with hypocotyl-end-down and hypocotyl-end-up orientations showed the highest (91.7%) and lowest (25%) germination rates, respectively. The vertical orientation with the hypocotyl end down produced the heaviest (4.9 g) seedlings and the longest hypocotyls (4.65 cm). This orientation also produced the longest true leaf + epycotyl (2.15 cm) and had the highest seedling vigor index (197.1). The seedlings had a straight growth pattern, whereas seedlings from seeds sown with the hypocotyl up had an awkward plumular hook shape. Taken together, to produce peanut sprouts, we recommend placing the seeds vertically with the hypocotyl end down because this orientation leads to a high germination rate, high biomass production, and high overall seedling quality.

• Water for future
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.81-90
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• 1977

The research is conducted to study the effect of the soil physical properties in the direct sowing culture on the water requirement, growth, and yield of rice with Early-Tongil at the experimental paddy field of the Sangju agri. and seri. junior college in Keyngbuk province from 6th May to 15th September in 1977. The experimental plots are designed with the four plots which are non-irrigated standard (plowing to 15cm), non-irrigated deep lowed (plowing to 25cm), irrigated standard (plowing to 15cm), and irrigated deep plowing plot (plowing to 25cm) and also each plot is repreated four times by the split plot design. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) The soil sample was ML to 10cm depth from ground surface and those from 10cm to 20cm depth and from 20cm to 30cm were CL. Each specific gravity was 2. 6, 2. 6 and 2. 7. 2) The weather during culturing period was the sane as the normal year of mean temperature. The precipitation was little and the distribution of it was disordered comparing to normal year but the heavy sunshine gave good effect on ripening. 3) Percolation loss was increased more at the non-irrigated plot than at the irrigated plot, and that of deep-plowed plot was increased more. 4) Grain yield per 10a. of non-irrigated deep plowed plot was 898kg, it was greated than others but there wa no significance. 5) A significant difference in the number of spikelets per panicle was found between nonirrigated plot and irrigated plot, and the number of spiklelets per panicle at the nonirrigated plot was more than that of the irrigated plot. But there was no significance in the other yield components-number of panicle, fertility abd ripening ratio-at the irrigated plot, ut weight of 100 grains was higher at non-irrigated plot. 6) Yield and growth at the deep plowed plot were higher than those of standard plowed plot.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the phytotoxicity of imazosulfuron+fentrazamide mixture in rice field. It is recommended that safe herbicide application was obtained at 3 cm of transplanting depth and in sandy loam or loam soil type. In the direct water seeding of rice, imazosulfuron+fentrazamide SC should be applied at least 10 days before sowing land ower than 25+100 g ai/ha. In case of imazosulfuron+fentrazamide SC application after sowing, If we use the herbicide 15 days after sowing, no herbicide symptoms will be detected even though the amounts of the herbicide increase. In the rice transplanting, it is recommended that imazosulfuron+fentrazamide GR is applied 5 days after transplanting. In case of sequential herbicide application, the imazosulfuron+fentrazamide SC application at 75+300 g ai/ha 15 or 20 days after transplanting after the application at 25+100 g ai/ha or 50+200 g ai/ha 3 days before sowing increases weed control efficacy and gives no phytotoxicity in the rice growth.