• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.72-95
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• 2015

In order to illustrate the flora of vascular plants distributed in the area of Mt. Hambaek-san and its neighboring mountains, the authors collected vascular plants intensively on Mt. Hambaek-san (1,573 m), Mt. Geumdae-bong (1,418 m) and Mt. Daedeok-san (1,307 m) from April of 2012 to August of 2014. All of them consisted of 90 families, 310 genera, 532 species, 4 subspecies, 73 varieties and 13 forms, with a total of 622 taxa. The total number of vascular plants in the investigated area was 808 taxa (17.55% of all vascular plants in Korea) with the addition of voucher specimens from previous investigations. Among the collected plants, endemic ones were 21 taxa, rare and endangered ones 26 taxa, naturalized ones 30 taxa, useful ones 464 taxa, and floristically specific ones of Korean floristic zones 62 taxa except for species of the first and second grade. Among the floristic zones of the Korean Peninsula, this investigated area showed the typical vegetation of a temperate middle province into which more northern elements than southern elements flowed.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-22
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to provide the baseline data for conservation and management of Korean forest ecosystem by surveying and analyzing the vascular plants distributed from Gitdaebaegibong to Cheonghwasan in Baekdudaegan Mountains. The results are as follows. The numbers of vascular plants in the whole survey section were summarized as 771 taxa including 103 families, 379 genera, 623 species, 4 subspecies, 121 varieties and 23 forms. There were 377 taxa in A-section, 395 taxa in B-section, 278 taxa in C-section, 325 taxa in D-section, 534 taxa in E-section, and 406 taxa in F-section. The rare plants were 32 taxa including Megaleranthis saniculifolia, Rodgersia podophylla, Iris ensata var. spontanea, and Gastrodia elata. In IUCN Red List categories, there were 1 taxon of CR, EN, and DD each, 11 taxa of the VU, and 18 taxa of the LC. The Korean endemic plants were 26 taxa including Asarum versicolor, Clematis fusca var. coreana, Vicia chosenensis, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Carex okamotoi, and Luzula sudetica var. nipponica. The specific plants by floristic region were 143 taxa including 3 taxa of grade V, 12 taxa of grade IV, 41 taxa of grade III, 42 taxa of grade II, and 45 taxa of grade I. The naturalized plants were 41 taxa including Rumex crispus, Ailanthus altissima, Erechtites hieracifolia, Erigeron annuus, and Poa pratensis. The invasive alien plants were 4 taxa including Rumex acetocella, Sicyos angulatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, and Aster pilosus. The plants adaptable to climate change were 43 taxa including 14 taxa of endemic plants, 2 taxa of southern plants, and 27 taxa of northern plants.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.347-372
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data for management of the ecosystem of Baekdudaegan Mountains by surveying and analysing the vascular plants distributed from Hyangrobong area to Guryongryeong area. The numbers of vascular plants in the whole survey areas were summarized as 633 taxa including 95 families, 321 genera, 549 species, 4 subspecies, 70 varieties, and 10 forms. There were 285 taxa in Hyangrobong area, 256 taxa in Masanbong area, 318 taxa in Mt. Seoraksan area, 281 taxa in Mt. Jeombongsan area, 173 taxa in Bukamryeong and Ohsaekcheon valley area, 197 taxa in Soenadeuri area, 203 taxa in Yeongarigol area, and 168 taxa in Guryongryeong area. The endangered species were 2 taxa including Leontice microrrhyncha and Smilacina bicolor. The rare plants were 39 taxa including Pinus pumila, Halenia corniculata, Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii, and so forth. In IUCN Red List categories, there were 2 taxa of CR, 7 taxa of EN, 10 taxa of VU, 18 taxa of LC, and 2 taxa of DD. The Korean endemic plants were 23 taxa including Salix koriyanagi, Anemone koraiensis, Lespedeza maritima, Cirsium setidens, Saussurea seoulensis, Carex okamotoi, and so forth. The plants adaptable to climate change were 48 taxa including 17 taxa of endemic plants, 1 taxon of southern plant, and 30 taxa of northern plants. The naturalized plants were 32 taxa including Fallopia dumetorum, Cerastium glomeratum, Papaverrhoeas, Bidensfrondosa, Lolium perenne, and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 3 taxa including Rumex acetocella, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, and Ambrosia trifida.

• Atmosphere
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.209-219
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• 2012

Extreme heavy snowfall episodes have been investigated in case of accumulated snowfall amount larger than 50 cm during the past ten years, in order to understand the association of low-level stability with heavy snowfall in the Yeongdong region. In general, the selected 4 events have similar synoptic setting such as the Siberian High extended to East Sea along with the Low passing by the southern Korean Peninsula, eventually inducing easterly in the Yeongdong region. Specifically moist-adiabatically neutral layer has been observed during the heavy snowfall period, which was easily identified using vertical profiles of equivalent potential temperature observed at Sokcho, whereas convective unstable layer has been formed over the East sea due to relatively warm sea surface temperature (SST) about $8{\sim}10^{\circ}C$ and lower temperature around 1~2 km above the surface, obtained from RDAPS. Difference of equivalent potential temperature between 850 hPa and surface as well as difference between air and sea temperatures altogether gradually increased before the snowfall period. Instability-induced moisture supply to the atmosphere from the East sea, being cooled and saturated by the upper cold surge, would make low-level ice cloud, and eventually move inland by the easterly flow. Heavy snowfall will be enhanced in association with low-level convergence by surface friction and upslope wind against Taebaek mountains. This study emphasizes the importance of low level stability in the Yeongdong region using the radiosonde sounding and RDAPS data, which should quantitatively be examined through numerical model as well as heat and moisture supply from the ocean.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1375-1387
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• 2017

In order to investigate the $PM_{10}$ concentration trend and its characteristics over five different sub area in Busan from 2013 to 2015, data analysis with considering air flow distribution according to its topography was carried out using statistical methodology. The annual mean concentrations of $PM_{10}$ in Busan tend to decrease from $49.6{\mu}g/m^3$ in 2013 to $46.9{\mu}g/m^3$ in 2015. The monthly mean concentrations value of $PM_{10}$ were high during spring season, from March to May, and low during summer and fall due to frequent rain events. The concentration of $PM_{10}$ was the highest in five different sub-area in Busan. High concentration episodes over 90 percentile of daily $PM_{10}$ concentration were strongly associated with mean daily wind speed, and often occurred when the westerly wind or southwesterly wind were dominant. Regardless of wind direction, the highest correlation of $PM_{10}$ concentrations was observed between eastern and southern regions, which were geographically close to each other, and the lowest in the western and eastern regions blocked by mountains. Wind flow along the complex terrain in Busan is also one of the predominant factors to understand the temporal variation of $PM_{10}$ concentrations.

• Atmosphere
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.257-271
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• 2011

The aim of this study is to examine weather modification by urbanization and human activities. The characteristics of the urban heat island (UHI) and precipitation in Seoul metropolitan area of Korea are investigated to demonstrate that cities can change or modify local and nearby weather and climate, and to confirm that cities can initiate convection, change the behavior of convective precipitation, and enhance downstream precipitation. The data used in this study are surface meteorological station data observed in Seoul and its nearby 5 cities for the period of 1960 to 2009, and 162 Automatic Weather System stations data observed in the Seoul metropolitan area from 1998 to 2009. Air temperature and precipitation amount tend to increase with time, and relative humidity decreases because of urbanization. Similar to previous studies for other cities, the average maximum UHI is weakest in summer and is strong in autumn and winter, and the maximum UHI intensity is more frequently observed in the nighttime than in the daytime, decreases with increasing wind speed, and is enhanced for clear skies. Relatively warm regions extend in the east-west direction and relatively cold regions are located near the northern and southern mountains inside Seoul. The satellite cities in the outskirts of Seoul have been rapidly built up in recent years, thus exhibiting increases in near-surface air temperature. The yearly precipitation amount during the last 50 years is increased with time but rainy days are decreased. The heavy rainfall events of more than $20mm\;hr^{-1}$ increases with time. The substantial changes observed in precipitation in Seoul seem to be linked with the accelerated increase in the urban sprawl in recent decades which in turn has induced an intensification of the UHI effect and enhanced downstream precipitation. We also found that the frequency of intense rain showers has increased in Seoul metropolitan area.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.3 s.108
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• pp.335-352
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• 2005

The question of whether fan type surface developed at the foot of mountains is pediment or alluvial fan has been discussed consistently through the Korean geomorphic history. Unfortunately the term, 'alluvial fan' was scarcely used, also even the existence of alluvial fan has been denied throughly for a long time in Korea. The negation of alluvial fan brought some difficulties in the development of the related Geomorphology. In order to resolve such a problem, more logical and exquisite theory by examination of geomorphic process must be systematically presented on the basis of overall problem recognition. The objective of this study is to represent the theoretical indicator based on the investigation of the points at issue that the existence of alluvial fan in Korea was denied. Moreover, we selected 13 alluvial fans in southern part of Korean Peninsula to compare with the worldwide alluvial fans according to theoretical indicator, and analysed their geomorphic distributional characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.133-140
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• 2002

Site-specific minimum temperature forecasts are critical in a short-term decision making procedure for preventive measures as well as a long-term strategy such as site selection in fruits industry. Nocturnal cold air pools frequently termed in mountainous areas under anticyclonic systems are very dangerous to the flowering buds in spring over Korea, but the spatial resolution to detect them exceeds the current weather forecast scale. To supplement the insufficient spatial resolution of official forecasts, we developed a GIS - assisted frost risk assesment scheme for using in mountainous areas. Daily minimum temperature data were obtained from 6 sites located in a 2.1 by 2.1 km area with complex topography near the southern edge of Sobaek mountains during radiative cooling nights in spring 2001. A digital elevation model with a 10 m spatial resolution was prepared for the entire study area and the cold air inflow was simulated for each grid cell by counting the number of surrounding cells coming into the processing cell. Primitive temperature surfaces were prepared for the corresponding dates by interpolating the Korea Meteorological Administration's automated observational data with the lapse rate correction. The cell temperature values corresponding to the 6 observation sites were extracted from the primitive temperature surface, and subtracted from the observed values to obtain the estimation error. The errors were regressed to the flow accumulation at the corresponding cells, delineating a statistically significant relationship. When we applied this relationship to the primitive temperature surfaces of frost nights during April 2002, there was a good agreement with the observations, showing a feasibility of site-specific frost warning system development in mountainous areas.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.20-25
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• 2012

New Zealand suffers from regular floods, these being the most common source of insurance claims for damage from natural hazard events in the country. This paper describes the origin and distribution of the largest floods in New Zealand, and describes the systems used to monitor and predict floods. In New Zealand, broad-scale heavy rainfall (and flooding), is the result of warm moist air flowing out from the tropics into the mid-latitudes. There is no monsoon in New Zealand. The terrain has a substantial influence on the distribution of rainfall, with the largest annual totals occurring near the South Island's Southern Alps, the highest mountains in the country. The orographic effect here is extreme, with 3km of elevation gained over a 20km distance from the coast. Across New Zealand, short duration high intensity rainfall from thunderstorms also causes flooding in urban areas and small catchments. Forecasts of severe weather are provided by the New Zealand MetService, a Government owned company. MetService uses global weather models and a number of limited-area weather models to provide warnings and data streams of predicted rainfall to local Councils. Flood monitoring, prediction and warning are carried out by 16 local Councils. All Councils collect their own rainfall and river flow data, and a variety of prediction methods are utilized. These range from experienced staff making intuitive decisions based on previous effects of heavy rain, to hydrological models linked to outputs from MetService weather prediction models. No operational hydrological models are linked to weather radar in New Zealand. Councils provide warnings to Civil Defence Emergency Management, and also directly to farmers and other occupiers of flood prone areas. Warnings are distributed by email, text message and automated voice systems. A nation-wide hydrological model is also operated by NIWA, a Government-owned research institute. It is linked to a single high resolution weather model which runs on a super computer. The NIWA model does not provide public forecasts. The rivers with the greatest flood flows are shown, and these are ranked in terms of peak specific discharge. It can be seen that of the largest floods occur on the West Coast of the South Island, and the greatest flows per unit area are also found in this location.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.54-61
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• 2022

Background: In South Korea, African swine fever virus (ASFV) has spread among wild boars through Gangwon-do to Dangyang-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do on the southern border of Gangwon-do. To prevent the spread of ASFV to African swine fever (ASF)-free areas, it is necessary to identify areas with a high probability of finding ASFV-infected carcasses and to reduce the density of wild boars in those areas. In this study, we described the propagation trend of ASFV among wild boars, constructed the habitat suitability maps for ASFV-infected carcasses, and suggested areas with a high probability of finding ASFV-infected carcasses and an important route of ASFV transmission. Results: Despite the active quarantine policies in Korea to prevent the spread of ASFV through wild boars, there was no significant difference in the monthly average of number of ASFV-infected carcasses observed between 2020 and 2021. The ASFV-infected carcasses were found more in winter and spring (January to April). Since the first ASF outbreak in wild boars on October 2, 2019, the maximum width of ASFV-infected carcass distribution area was 222.7 km for about 26 months till November 20, 2021. The habitat suitability map, based on GPS coordinates of ASFV-infected wild boar carcasses, shows that highly detectable areas of ASFV-infected carcasses were sporadically dispersed in western and southwestern parts of Gangwon-do, and ranged from north to south of the province along the Baekdudaegan Mountains, whereas poorly detectable areas ranged along the north to the south in the middle parts of the province. Conclusions: Our suitability model, based on the GPS coordinates of ASFV-infected carcasses, identifies potential habitats where ASFV-infected carcasses are likely to be found and ponential routes where ASFV is likely to spread. Among ASF-free areas, the areas with high suitability predicted in this study should be given priority as survey areas to find ASFV-infected carcasses and hunting areas to reduce wild boar populations.