• 중국학논총
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• 제70호
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• pp.221-238
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• 2021

在19世紀英國植民地政府無法管束華人公司的時代, 華人公司包括着會黨色彩的公司與同鄕會公司。而前者主要活動, 是以仲介華人勞動力與承包稅務爲大宗; 而後者的活動, 則以照顧華人移民的需求爲訴求, 特別是養生送死等人道關懷。在1890年之後, 秘密會黨型的華人公司, 因爲英國植民地政府制訂「社團法令」之後卽被禁止。這使得同鄕會館型華人公司, 在新馬社會更加重要, 因爲華人唯有依憑這些組織, 來産生認同與歸屬感。這兩類同鄕公司, 一是非血緣的連結, 例如語言或是中國原鄕所形成的公司; 第二類是以宗親血緣爲主的公司。這兩種公司都得到英國人的許可而存在, 直到今日仍繼續發揮他們回饋鄕親的功能。

• 대순사상과 동아시아종교
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.159-160
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• 2023

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.11-22
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• 2013

EAREF(East-Asia Reference Frame)는 지각판이 비교적 안정된 유라시아 플레이트를 기초로 동북아시아와 동남아시아를 포괄하는 동아시아 지역의 GNSS CORS 지구관측 네트워크를 구축하고 특정한 기준시점에서 좌표기준계를 관리하여 공간정보의 통합을 지원하는 것을 목표로 하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 동일본 대지진 이후인 2012년 1월 1일(2012.0) 기준시점에 대한 동아시아 지역의 EAREF의 정밀좌표 산정을 목적으로 하고 있으며, 데이터셋 구축에 대한 1차 연구에 이어 데이터 처리의 정확도 향상을 위한 다양한 실험을 거쳐 데이터 처리 방식을 도출하였다 그리고 이를 적용하여 동아시아 지역에 위치한 GNSS 상시관측망 EAREF의 2012.0 기준시점에 대한 정밀좌표의 초기결과를 산출하였다. 산출된 EAREF의 2012.0 시점의 정밀좌표는 IGS해석센터의 주간해와 X, Y, Z방향에서 평균적으로 각각 0.004 m, 0.007 m, 0.009 m의 차이가 나타났다. 또한, 향후 진행해야 할 EAREF 네트워크의 구현방향에 대하여 고찰하였다.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.35-39
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• 2021

This article discusses the importance of investigating risk and crisis communication in the context of Asian digital societies. It introduces the remaining articles in this special issue.

• 대기
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.241-253
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• 2007

This paper investigates summer precipitation change in East Asia according to switching surface boundary condition over South Korea and Shantung. Simulations are carried out by ECHO-G/S for 20 years (1980-1999). Surface condition over both areas in ECHO-G/S is represented by ocean (OCN experiment). In OCN experiment, the summer precipitation is considerably underestimated around the Korean peninsula (the dry region) and overestimated over the eastern Tibetan Plateau (the wet region). It may be related that the lack of the heat sources from the unrealistically prescribed land-sea mask weakens northward expansion of rainband and the development of convective precipitation. Moreover the simulated rainband retreats before June in connection with the early genesis of summer monsoon circulation. The systematic bias of the summer precipitation over the dry and wet regions are reduced comparing with the OCN experiment when the land-sea masks over South Korea and Shantung are realistically considered as land (LND experiment). These improvements can be explained by the thermodynamical dissimilarity between land and ocean. Enhanced warming by switching the areas from sea to land has led to develop the thermal low over Yellow Sea with the cyclonic circulation. Thus, this cyclonic circulation supports moistures from the south to the dry region and blocks to the wet region. The heat transport from the land surface to atmosphere plays a key role in the developing convective precipitation in local scale and maintaining the precipitation and the rainband. Therefore, this results indicate that the design of the realistic land-sea distribution is required for the accurate simulation of the regional precipitation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권13호
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• pp.5579-5582
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• 2015

Background: Sale of single cigarettes is an important factor for early experimentation, initiation and persistence of tobacco use and a vital factor in the smoking epidemic in India as it is globally. Single cigarettes also promote the sale of illicit cigarettes and neutralises the effect of pack warnings and effective taxation, making tobacco more accessible and affordable to minors. This is the first study to our knowledge which estimates the size of the single stick market in India. Materials and Methods: In February 2014, a 10 jurisdiction survey was conducted across India to estimate the sale of cigarettes in packs and sticks, by brands and price over a full business day. Results: We estimate that nearly 75% of all cigarettes are sold as single sticks annually, which translates to nearly half a billion US dollars or 30 percent of the India's excise revenues from all cigarettes. This is the price which the consumers pay but is not captured through tax and therefore pervades into an informal economy. Conclusions: Tracking the retail price of single cigarettes is an efficient way to determine the willingness to pay by cigarette smokers and is a possible method to determine the tax rates in the absence of any other rationale.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권24호
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• pp.10637-10642
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• 2015

Background: Section 5 of India's tobacco control legislation "Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003"comprehensively prohibits all kinds of tobacco advertisement, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS), but permits advertisments at the point-of-sale (POS) under certain conditions. This provision has been exploited by the tobacco companies to promote their products. Objective: To measure compliance with the provisions of Section 5 of Indian tobacco control legislation (COTPA, 2003) at point of sale. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey using an observation checklist was conducted in 1860 POS across three jurisdictions (Chennai city, District Vadodara and District Mohali) in India. Results: The most common mode of advertisement of tobacco products was product showcasing (51.1%), followed by dangles (49.6%), stickers (33.8%) and boards (27.1%). More than one fourth of POS were found violating legal provisions for displaying advertisement boards in one or other forms (oversized, extended to full body lenth of POS, displayed brandname/packshot and promotional messages). Advertisement boards (16.3%) without health warnings were also found and wherever found, more than 90% health warning were not as per the specification in respect to size, font and background color. Conclusions: Point of sale advertising is aggressively used by the tobacco industry to promote their products. There is an urgent need of effective implementation of a comprehensive ban on tobacco product advertisement, promotion and sponsorship at point of sale.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.768-775
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• 2023

Objective: Oilseeds and nut co-products can be used as alternative feed ingredients in animal diets because they may have a lower cost than traditional ingredients. A study was, therefore, conducted to determine the chemical composition of copra, palm kernel, and nut co-products from South-East Asia or Australia. The hypothesis that country of production influences nutritional composition was tested. Methods: Oilseed meals included 2 copra expellers, 3 copra meals, and 12 palm kernel expellers. One source of almond hulls and cashew nut meal were also used. Samples were obtained from suppliers located in South-East Asia or Australia. All samples were analyzed for dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen, amino acids (AA), acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), ash, minerals, insoluble dietary fiber, and soluble dietary fiber. Copra and nut co-products were also analyzed for total starch and sugars. Results: Copra expellers had greater (p<0.05) concentrations of dry matter and AEE compared with copra meal. However, copra meal had greater (p<0.05) concentrations of total dietary fiber (soluble and insoluble) and copper than copra expellers. Palm kernel expellers from Indonesia had greater (p<0.05) concentration of histidine and tyrosine compared with palm kernel expellers from Vietnam. Almond hulls was high in dietary fiber, but also contained free glucose and fructose, whereas cashew nut meal was high in AEE, but low in all free sugars. Conclusion: Copra expellers have greater concentration of AEE, but less concentration of total dietary fiber when compared with copra meal, and except for a few AA, no differences in nutrient composition of palm kernel expellers produced in Indonesia or Vietnam were detected. According to the chemical composition of nut co-products, cashew nut meal may be more suitable for non-ruminant diets than almond hulls.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.129-168
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• 2016

The Asia-Pacific region is not typically seen as one geographic or socio-economic space. Yet, 58 regional economies occupying the space of 28 million square kilometers from Turkey in the West, Russian Federation in the North, French Polynesia in the East and New Zealand in the South belong to the Economic and Social Commission of Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). This commission provides a forum for member states that "promotes regional cooperation and collective action, assisting countries in building and sustaining shared economic growth and social equity". In 2013, ESCAP's members adopted the Bangkok Declaration to enhance efforts towards deeper regional economic integration. Yet this document neither proposes a concrete modality or modalities of achieving deeper integration, nor provides a sense of distance of individual countries to a "perceived" integrated Asia-Pacific.This paper aims to comprehensively quantify recent integration efforts of economies in the Asia-Pacific region. We provide an "index of integration effort" based on twelve metrics that measure the relative distance of a given economy to the region as an economic entity. Generally, we find that while the region has trended towards becoming integrated in general, both the level of integration and integration effort are inconsistent among Asia-Pacific economies. We discuss potential applications and extensions of the index in developing our perspective of the region's economic and social dynamics.

• 수완나부미
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.51-89
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• 2017

Strategically situated between the East-West maritime crossroads, the peoples of Southeast Asia over the centuries witnessed the comings and goings of traders from territories from East Asia, South Asia, West Asia and Europe. There were also those from North America that crossed the Pacific for commercial profits in this region. Foreign traders undoubtedly in the course of their visits and sojourns had liaisons with local women, some engaged in marriages. Offspring of these interracial miscegenation possessed rather unique characteristics. As a community, they were identified with the Malay term, peranakan, from the root word, "anak" meaning "child," hence "offspring" or "descendent". Specific terms - Baba Nyonya, Tionghoa-Selat, Chitty, Jawi Pekan, Pashu, Kristang - referred to particular groups. Although socially they appeared 'neither here nor there', members of mixed parentage were able to carve an especial niche in the local environment throughout Southeast Asia, conspicuously in urban, port-cities where trade and commerce predominated. Following in the footsteps of their progenitor, the Peranakan acted as intermediaries, comprador between foreign and indigenous enterprises, profiting financially and socially from trade and commerce. Tapping on the author's personal experiences and first-hand observations, complementing with oral sources, and support from secondary materials, this present essay explores, discusses, and analyzes the eclectic sociocultural practices and traditions of the Baba Nyonya of George Town, Penang. Purposeful intention is to further enlighten our understanding, and in turn, our appreciation, of these ever increasingly diminishing communities and their cultures across Southeast Asia.