• ALGAE
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.267-275
• /
• 2019

Three new species of the genus Micractinium were collected from five localities on the South Shetland Islands in maritime Antarctica, and their morphological and molecular characteristics were investigated. The vegetative cells are spherical to ellipsoidal and a single chloroplast is parietal with a pyrenoid. Because of their simple morphology, no conspicuous morphological characters of new species were recognized under light microscopy. However, molecular phylogenetic relationships were inferred from the concatenated small subunit rDNA, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data indicated that the Antarctic microalgal strains are strongly allied to the well-supported genus Micractinium, including M. pusillum, the type species of the genus, and three other species in the genus. The secondary structure of ITS2 and compensatory base changes were used to identify and describe six Antarctic Micractinium strains. Based on their morphological and molecular characteristics, we characterized three new species of Micractinium: M. simplicissimum sp. nov., M. singularis sp. nov., and M. variabile sp. nov.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.507-514
• /
• 2004

A sediment core drilled from Lake langer on King George Island was analyzed for a variety of textural md geochemical properties along with $^{14}C$ age dates. These data were combined with published records of other cores to provide a detailed history of Holocene variation of total organic carbon (TOC) contents with respect to terrestrial paleoclimate change. The lithologic contrast of the lower diamicton and upper fine-grained sediments shows the glacier activity and subsequent lake formation. Low TOC contents fluctuated during the diamicton deposition whereas the increase of TOC began with the lake formation during the postglacial period that started about 5,000 yr B.p More notable are the distinct TOC peaks that may imply enhanced primary productivity during the warm period. The uniform and low TOC contents may reflect the limited productivity during the evolution of the lake. However, the recent TOC readvance clearly indicates gradual warming on King George Island. However, the paleoclimatic signature in the terrestrial lake environment during the Holocene seems to be subtle and less distinct, compared to the marine environment.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제50권6호
• /
• pp.788-798
• /
• 2017

Antarctic krill Euphausia superba are important components of the Antarctic marine ecosystem both economically and ecologically; to manage this species effectively, their distribution and abundance must be understood. Using the Kwang Ja-Ho (3,012 tonnage), a commercial fishing vessel, we conducted acoustic surveys during April 13-24, 2016, to estimate the distribution and population size of krill around the South Shetland Islands of the Antarctic Continent, We used acoustic techniques based on the dB-difference, a method used mainly to classify of marine species. We found that Antarctic krill were present in numbers over 99% at six survey stations, with the exception of Station 3, where we only found Electrona carlsbergi. There was no difference in cell size due to frequency differences, but echo signals differed between species: 4.7-12.0 dB for Antarctic krill, and -4.1~0 dB for Electrona carlsbergi.

• Genomics & Informatics
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.5.1-5.9
• /
• 2019

The chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarcticus) and gentoo (P. papua) penguins are distributed throughout Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic islands. In this study, high-quality de novo assemblies of blood transcriptomes from these penguins were generated using the Illumina MiSeq platform. A total of 22.2 and 21.8 raw reads were obtained from chinstrap and gentoo penguins, respectively. These reads were assembled using the Oases assembly platform and resulted in 26,036 and 21,854 contigs with N50 values of 929 and 933 base pairs, respectively. Functional gene annotations through pathway analyses of the Gene Ontology, EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases were performed for each blood transcriptome, resulting in a similar compositional order between the two transcriptomes. Ortholog comparisons with previously published transcriptomes from the $Ad{\acute{e}}lie$ (P. adeliae) and emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri) penguins revealed that a high proportion of the four penguins' transcriptomes had significant sequence homology. Because blood and tissues of penguins have been used to monitor pollution in Antarctica, immune parameters in blood could be important indicators for understanding the health status of penguins and other Antarctic animals. In the blood transcriptomes, KEGG analyses detected many essential genes involved in the major innate immunity pathways, which are key metabolic pathways for maintaining homeostasis against exogenous infections or toxins. Blood transcriptome studies such as this may be useful for checking the immune and health status of penguins without sacrifice.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제16권E2호
• /
• pp.85-96
• /
• 2000

The concentrations of Pb, Mn, Al and Na were measured from a total of 26 snow samples collected from a 1.5-m deep snow pit in Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. Ore sampling location is great concern, because of its proximity to the southern extremity of south America, a candidate for the source regions of pollutant aerosols entering Antarctica. The mean concentrations of Pb and Mn were found to be 4.97 pg g(sup)-1 and 20.6 pgg(sup)-1, respectively. These concentrations levels are similar to those reported for recent snow at other Antarctic sites with pronounced spring maxima for both metals. Contributions form natural sources are estimated to be minor (∼16%) for Pb. For Mn, on the other hand, contribution from rock and soil dusts is found to be very important. Excess Pb over Pb from natural sources is likely to be anthropogenic, especially from South Americal. Our results show that yearly Pb fallout flux is much greater in Antarctic coastal areas than at other Antarctic locations far from the coast , indicating that the transport and deposition patterns of pollutant aerosols are not simple is Antarctica. It is also suggested that the recycling of anthropogenic Pb in seawater to the atmosphere could significantly contribute to the Pb fallout flux in the Antarctic coastal regions.

• 한국광물학회지
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.181-189
• /
• 2003

킹죠지섬에 분포하는 빙하쇄설물의 화학적 풍화작용의 유무를 탐색한 결과, 다양한 풍화조직들과 이차광물들이 관찰되었다. 지표에 노출된 안산현무암질 응회암 각력에는 방해석이 선택적으로 용해되어 형성된 풍화테들이 형성되어 있다. 풍성화산유리의 가장자리에는 Al, Fe, Ti가 상대적으로 농집된 매우 얇은 용탈층이 존재하며, 앨로패인과 철산화물 등으로 구성되어 있다. 화강섬록암 지역의 흑운모는 질석과 흑운모-질석 혼합층으로 변질되었으며 드물게 아주 미량의 캐올리나이트나 깁사이트가 생성되었다. 열수변질대 지역의 황철석은 산화철로 풍화되었으며, 주변의 녹니석은 부분적으로 팽윤성광물로 풍화되었다. 그러나 사장석과 K장석 등은 거의 변질되지 않았다. 바톤반도의 빙하쇄설물은 미약하나마 화학적 풍화작용을 받아 앨로패인과 산화철 등의 이차광물이 생성되고 있으나, 킹죠지섬 주변 해양 퇴적물에 풍부한 스멕타이트의 대량 생성은 관찰되지 않았다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.607-618
• /
• 2004

Zooplankton community was surveyed during the Seventh Korea Antarctic Research Program, from 28 December 1993 to 11 January 1994. Zooplankton samples were collected at 40 stations from the waters around the South Shetland Islands with a Bongo net and a MOCNESS. A total of 14 taxa of zooplankton were identified. Zooplankton abundances varied at each station as well as with the sampling gears. Zooplankton abundances were higher in the Western Weddell Sea than those in the Bransfield strait. Zooplankton collected with MOCNESS showed a different vertical distribution depending on its depths at selected stations. Copepods were the major components of zooplankton contributing 72.84% (mesh size $333{\mu}m$) and 68.36% (mesh size $505{\mu}m$) of total zooplankton abundance from the Bongo samples. Salps were the second most abundant group comprising 7.92% $(333{\mu}m)$ and 11.99% $(505{\mu}m)$ of total zooplankton abundance. Euphausiids, chaetognaths, polychaetes, pteropods and ostracods occurred more than 1% of total zooplankton. Copepods were not abundant at stations salps and euphausiids were dominant. Salpa thompsoni, Euphausia superba, Calanoides acutus, Metridia gerlachei and Calanus propinquus were dominant depending on the stations. The hierarchical UPGMA cluster analysis of dissimilarities between sampling stations is displayed with clusters identified similar habitats. Copepods rarely appeared in the clusters 4 and 5, and they appeared a ffw in the cluster 3 (or salps were numerous), while copepods were abundant in the clusters 1 and 2. As in the results of cluster analysis, the distributions of dominant taxa have a well identified correspondence to the geological positions included physical factors.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.653-662
• /
• 2003

Changes in the area of geo-ecosystem $(62^{\circ}09'S,\;58^{\circ}31'w)$ reflect climatic changes in the South Shetland Islands. Air temperature and deglaciation will increase. The ice-free space area at the SSSS 8- (ASPA 121) site has enlarged threefold during the last 21 years, thus creating conditions for inhabitation and succession. Wind, water and snow play important roles in transportation of geochemical components. They distribute nutrients, mineral substances, seeds, fragments of plants and animals, etc. Plant and animal colonization is patchy and it happens at random in an 'island' - like manner. The colonization pattern is dependant, to a high degree on physical factors. The newly uncovered ice-free areas are at first inhabited by a vascular plant known as the Deschampsia antarctica. The border of the land-oasis with Admiralty Bay is the place where the processes related to animal feeding at the sea and reproduction on the land take place. Bird colonies and pinniped lairs form centers of fertilization surrounded by high chemical gradients dependent on the direction of the flow of nutrients $(e.g.\;NH_4)$. During the last 25 years, the numbers of penguins in this region have decreased, and thus the amount of materials excreted on land has diminished. The numbers of fur seals change in multi-annual cycles, and their migration into this area is related to the E1 $Ni\~{n}o$ phenomenon. The numbers of elephant seals in the area did not change. Organic matter deposited by the sea onto the shore are a source of nutrients and deficient chemical elements on land. Mineral matter is washed out into the waters of Admiralty Bay. These processes change seasonally, and multi annually. Negative effects on the environment at Arctowski Station induced by man are slight, but noticeable nevertheless. Physical processes have the largest influence on the living conditions and distribution of plants and animals, and as a consequence, on the functioning of the geo-ecosystem in the coastal-shore zone of the Maritime Antarctic.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.199-208
• /
• 2012

파랑잡음과 같은 강한 진폭의 무작위 잡음은 일반적인 해양탄성파 자료처리 과정에서 쉽게 제거되지 않는다. 이 논문에서는 파랑잡음을 제거하기 위하여 F-X 필터와 중앙값 필터를 연속적으로 적용하였다. 시험자료는 2010년 12월 남극반도의 북쪽에 위치한 남셰틀랜드군도 북부해역에서 획득한 해양탄성파 자료로서 일부 측선의 자료획득 중에 발생한 악천후로 인하여 강한 파랑잡음이 기록되었다. 파랑잡음이 심한 자료를 대상으로 F-X 필터를 시험 적용한 결과, 무작위 잡음이 대부분 제거되었으나 일부 저주파 잡음은 여전히 강하게 남아있었다. 중앙값 필터를 적용한 결과, 저주파 잡음은 효과적으로 제거되었지만 다른 주파수 영역에 존재하는 무작위잡음이 남아있었다. 이에 두 가지 필터를 연속적으로 적용한 결과, 저주파의 잡음과 무작위 잡음이 모두 효과적으로 제거되었다. 잡음제거 이후, 보다 정밀한 속도분포를 얻을 수 있었으며, 겹쌓기 단면의 신호 대 잡음비는 뚜렷이 개선되었다.

• 지구물리
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.99-112
• /
• 2004

남극반도와 남셰틀랜드군도 사이에 위치한 대륙주변부 분지인 브랜스필드분지는 중앙 동부 서부 분지 등 세 개의 분지로 형성되어 있다. 1995년 12월 동부분지에서 획득한 탄성파 자료에는 확장해령 및 기반암 상승부 단층 분지형태 퇴적층 지각 및 퇴적층의 변형 양상 다이아퍼 그리고 등수심 퇴적층 등 특징적인 지각구조들이 잘 나타난다. 디셉션섬과 브리지먼섬을 연결하는 중앙분지의 확장축은 브리지먼섬을 지나 동부분지의 중앙부까지는 연장되지만 동부분지의 북동부 지역에서는 확장작용과 관련없는 두꺼운 퇴적층이 쌓인 퇴적분지가 발달되어 있다. 이는 브랜스필드분지의 확장축을 따라 수행된 배호분지 확장작용이 동부분지의 중앙부까지만 진행되었음을 지시한다. 북동부 지역의 분지면에서는 분지 확장축과 직각방향인 남동 북서 방향으로 발달한 많은 단층작용은 현재 남동 북서 방향으로 진행되고 있는 쉐클턴파쇄대 단층운동과 연관된 것으로 생각된다. 남극판과 스코시아판의 경계에 가까운 동부분지에는 두 판의 경계를 따라 진행되고 있는 좌향이동단층작용에 의한 확장력이 전달됨에 따라 북동부 지역의 깊은 분지 양쪽 대륙주변부에 나타나는 정단층들과 다이아퍼 등과 같은 확장구조들이 형성된 것으로 해석된다.