• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.521-534
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• 2016

Ancient tombs are typically comprised of confined rooms, which have different spatial characteristics than the external environment because they are covered by heavy layers of soil. In this study, we examined the thermal energy flow from the outside to inside of Songsan-ri tomb No. 6. External heat flows slowly to the inside because of heavy soil layer, and the presence of several rooms and entrances. For this reason, it takes about two months for the air temperature to travel from the outside to the inside of the tomb. Interestingly, the gradational inflow of thermal energy from outside the tomb leads to delicate horizontal and vertical variations in the wall temperature. These micro-environmental differences occur in the inner tomb every year, so we can expect them to cause condensation with regularity. In addition, we show that the previously installed forced circulation air conditioning system risks fatal damage to the mural wall painting. The results of this research suggest an optimal air conditioning system and optimized space planning to conserve Songsan-ri tomb No. 6 and its mural painting.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.63-70
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• 2020

Tomb of King Muryeong, located in Sonsan-ri, was found vulnerable due to leakages during since the summer of 2016. This research aims to evaluate structural safety of the Tomb under the tumulus. Site surveys were conducted to find vulnerable inner parts. Structural safety assessment is presented based on both site survey results and analytical results obtained through FEM analysis using the ANSYS program. The underground structure was explicitly modeled to focus on two types of loadings: design loads and actual gravity loads. In general, the tomb does not show any critical deflection increase or damage through the analytical investigation. However, maintenance through continuous monitoring is necessary to prevent severe deflections and stress concentrations since the rigidity of the tomb materials are very vulnerable and likely to be reduced due to prolonged weathering and continuous rain leakage.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.148-165
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• 2017

Mural paintings drawn inside ancient tombs are very sensitive to changes in the environment such as temperature and humidity, especially the finish layer of the tomb murals differ in preservability depending on the material properties and humidity conditions. In this study, I examined the mural painting of Songsan-ri Tomb No.6, where the finish layer was made of earth, and identified the physical changes that can occur due to drying, depending on the material properties of the finish layer. I found out through particle size analysis that the finish layer of the mural painting in Songsan-ri Tomb No.6 is about 85.0wt% below silt, about 14.0wt% clay therein, mostly composed of silt and below clay. I also found out through physical property evaluation that surface change rate of samples showed the largest change at 15.5% in reproduced finish layer sample made up of bentonite, followed by 7.8% of reproduced finish layer sample made up of celadon soil, 6.3% of reproduced finish layer sample made up of loess, 6.2% of reproduced finish layer sample composed of white clay and the same order of change in appearance was confirmed in each sample consisted of soil. In addition, it showed the same trend of surface change rate, and the bentonite condition showed the largest change, in the measurement of shrinkage rate and expansion rate. The experiment shows that the finish layer composed of soil is affected by cohesion among particles according to the content of fine parts and the relationship between the agglomeration due to the content of the differentiated part and the stress due to the expansibility depending on the kind of the clay mineral etc. Therefore, it can be concluded that the physical damage occurred in the mural painting finish layer of the Songsan-ri Tomb No.6 is related to the factors such as the material characteristics of the soil and the highly humid environmental change inside the tomb.

• Bangmulgwan gwa yeongu (The National Museum of Korea Journal)
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• v.1
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• pp.120-147
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• 2024

The inscribed bricks from the Tomb of Jang Mui are unique in many ways. First, there are nearly a hundred of them. Second, there are multiples bearing the same inscriptions. Third, their production methods, including type of firing, are diverse. Fourth, the forms of the bricks are inconsistent. Fifth, the positioning of the sides with inscriptions or stamped designs and those with no designs (as well as the vertical orientation of the inscriptions) are inconsistent. Sixth, most bricks bear inscriptions written reverseds. Seventh, white lime has been painted on the surfaces of the inscribed bricks. Despite these aspects, however, a comparison with Chinese inscribed bricks from the Weijin Dynasties reveals that the inscribed bricks from the Tomb of Jang Mui are indeed connected to their counterparts and provide important materials for forging a more holistic understanding of East Asian culture. Moreover, the understanding of the inscriptions as not just a series of Chinese characters, but as textual objects with characters stamped on them, a focus on how the inscribed bricks were placed inside the tomb, and the observation of them from viewers' perspectives can help clarify the significance of the inscribed bricks from the Tomb of Jang Mui.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.169-179
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• 2014

After occurrence of Cyanobacteria in 1997, Songsan-ri tombs located in Gonju have been investigated to monitor for biological damage. The room temperature of Tomb No.6 was $18.6{\sim}19.8^{\circ}C$ and the relative humidity was 94.3~99.9%. The temperature of Royal Tomb of King Muryeong was $17.3{\sim}18.53^{\circ}C$ and the relative humidity was 73.2~96.45%. The variation of relative humidity increased after setting up air vents. If the outside temperature increases, dew condensation occurs on the floor and the north side. When conditioning equipment operates, the maximum temperature differences between walls is $2.8^{\circ}C$. Bacteria from the air of the tomb and on the surface of the walls outnumbered fungi. 20 species of fungi including Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and 19 species of bacteria including Pseudomonas sp., Arthrobacter sp., are identified. Microbes in the tombs may damage cultural heritage. The growth possibility of microbes should be estimated because the microbes in the tombs may damage mural painting. The interrelation between microenvironmental condition and biological damage of mural painting should be researched to come up with an long-term conservation method.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.260-285
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• 2021

This article deals with the current status of investigation of the royal tombs of Baekje (Gongju Songsan-ri Tomb, Buyeo Neungsan-ri Tomb, Iksan Ssangneung) from the Japanese colonial period to the present. A review of the maintenance status is also conducted to see if the survey content was actually reflected in the restoration maintenance of the ruins. First, the structure scale and characteristics of the royal tombs of Baekje during the Woongjin and Sabi periods were identified by examining the survey content organized by period and feature. Through the recent re-excavation survey, it was confirmed that the results of the research during the Japanese colonial period were being verified. Next, before examining the maintenance status of the Baekje royal tombs, related content about maintenance of laws and regulations were extracted to establish the maintenance standards. It was confirmed that the most importance part of maintenance is 'maintenance of the original form' without compromising the authenticity of cultural properties. Based on these criteria, the maintenance status was reviewed. The main part of the burial tomb is located underground, so maintenance is mainly made around the tomb, which is the upper structure. However, most of the original burial mounds have been lost or damaged, so it is difficult to determine their original form. In fact, constant changes in the size and location of tombs from the Japanese colonial period to the present were confirmed in the Songsan-ri and Neungsan-ri tombs, meaning that the current maintenance status is problematic. On the other hand, in the case of Ssangneung, not only are the tombs relatively intact, but there are also few changes in the records, so it seems that maintenance was carried out that preserved the original form of the tombs. Therefore, the maintenance of tombs in the future should be based on 'maintaining the original form', but it is recommended that the 'education and utilization' plan be prepared after determining whether or not to restore the tomb and the degree of restoration.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.227-241
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• 2015

Fungi were isolated from mural painting in tomb no.6 at songsan-ri, Gong-ju. Antifungal susceptibility of essential oils extracted from natural medicine was tested and it confirmed applicability for mural painting in tombs. 26 species of fungi collected from air-borne and wall surfaces were identified to 15 species of Ascomycetes, 2 species of Zygomycetes, 1 of Basidiomycetes. Wheat starch and gelatin degradability were evaluated as isolated fungi. SY-18, SY-23, SY-25 showed high degradability of wheat starch. SY-18, SY-21, SY-23 were decomposed into gelatin. Biochemical characteristics of decomposing fungi to wheat starch glue and cowhide glue were analyzed by using ${\alpha}-amylase$ and gelatinase activity. An Antifungal test was conducted in Anethole and Eugenol. Anethole and Eugenol mixture(1:2) showed high antifungal susceptibility. Natural adhesives help microbial growth and can cause structural damage in mural painting. The expectation of this study is the possibility to control microbial growth in wall painting using natural essential oils. It can be used as a data for conservation method to control microbial damages.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.254-269
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to propose guidance for wall renewal that is appropriate for an ancient city wall through application of advanced research and theories in wall design. It is a streetscape improvement project which forms part of the "Ancient City Image Finding Project". Study methods consist of advanced research classification, wall design theory contemplation, and analysis of the significance of designated ancient city areas and the "Ancient City Image Finding Project" status. Based on these methods, case study candidates were selected, case status and problems were identified, and improvement proposals were analyzed by comparing various features. Advanced wall research was classified into six categories including analysis of wall characteristics; wall design principle applications; wall structure, color, shape, and application; modern reinterpretation; palace walls; and house, temple, and village walls. The wall is an element of the streetscape improvement component of the "Ancient City Image Finding Project", with the characteristic of providing preceding experience in visual and cognitive awareness than interior structure. Case candidates for ancient city wall improvement are based on the composition distribution of the special conservation district in each ancient city as well as the conservation promotion district. Ultimately, the surrounding village of Gongju-si Geumseong-Dong Songsanri-gil, adjacent to the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong, was selected as the candidate. The "Ancient City Image Finding Project" of the surrounding village of Gongju-si Geumseong-Dong Songsanri-gil began with new Hanok construction. However, wall maintenance did not begin concurrently with that new Hanok construction. Support and maintenance took place afterwards as an exterior maintenance project for roadside structures. If the Hanok and wall were evaluated and constructed at the same time, the wall would have been built in unison with the size and design of the Hanok. The layout of the main building and wall of the Hanok is deemed to be a structure that is closed tightly because of its spatial proximity and tall height. Songsan-ri-gil's wall design should create a calm, subtle, and peaceful atmosphere with shapes, colors, and materials that express ancient city characteristics, but it is in an awkward position due to its sharpness and narrowness. The cause of the problem at Gongju-si Geumseong-dong Songsanri-gil, the case candidate, is that it is lacking significantly in terms of the aesthetic factors that traditional walls should possess. First, aesthetic consciousness seems to have disappeared during the selection and application process of the wall's natural materials. Second, the level of completion in design and harmony is absent. Maintenance guidance after analyzing the cause of problems in ancient city wall maintenance at Gongju-si Geumseong-dong Songsanri-gil, the subject area of research, is as follows: First, the Hanok design and layout of the wall and main gate should be reviewed simultaneously. Second, the one-sided use of natural stone wall in the Hanok wall design should be reexamined. Third, a permanent system to coordinate the opinions of citizens and experts during the planning and design phases should be employed. Fourth and finally, the Hanok's individuality shall be collectivized and its value as a cultural asset representing the identity of the community shall be increased.