• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.11-22
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to improve the cross-sectional area and height estimation method using stream width. Stream water levels should be calculated together to simulate inundation of agricultural land. However, cross-sectional survey data of small rural rivers are insufficient. The previous study has developed regression equations between the width and the cross-sectional area and between the width and the height of stream cross-section, but can not be applied to a wide range of stream widths. In this study, cross-sectional survey data of 6 streams (Doowol, Chungmi, Jiseok, Gam, Wonpyeong, and Bokha stream) were collected and divided into upstream, midstream and downstream considering the locations of cross-sections. The regression equations were estimated using the complete data. $R^2$ between the stream width and cross-sectional area was 0.96, and $R^2$ between width and height was 0.81. The regression equations were also estimated using divided data for upstream, midstream and downstream considering the locations of cross-sections. The range of $R^2$ between the stream width and cross-sectional area was 0.86 - 0.91, and the range of $R^2$ between width and height was 0.79 ? 0.92. As a result of estimating the cross-sections of 6 rivers using the regression equations, the regression equations considering the locations of cross-sections showed better performance both in the cross-sectional area and height estimation than the regression equations estimated using the complete data. Hydrologic Engineering Center - River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) was used to simulate the flood stage analysis of the estimated and the measured cross-sections for 50-year, 100-year, and 200-year frequency floods. As a result of flood stage analysis, the regression equations considering the locations of cross-sections also showed better performance than the regression equations estimated using the complete data. Future research would be needed to consider the factors affecting the cross-sectional shape such as river slope and average flow velocity. This study can be useful for inundation simulation of agricultural land adjacent to an unmeasured stream.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.95-113
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• 2018

We studied the change of wetland vegetation structure to understand ecological restoration process of wetlands through the field survey of ecological restoration projects in Incheon, Iksan and Busan. We compared the vegetation plan at the time of planted with the results of the vegetation monitoring in 2018, and analyzed the changes in wetland vegetation structure. Based on results, we attempted to understand the restoration process of those wetlands and discuss the management measures for sustainable wetland restoration. As a result, in the Incheon Yeonhee restoration wetland, the number of plant species was increased, from 18 species in 2016 to 29 in 2018. The dominant species, Myriophyllum verticillatum, covered the wetland most and its occupied area was increased. On the other hand, the distribution area of the planted emergent hydrophytes was reduced. The area of open water decreased from 71.7% in 2016 to 48.8% in 2018. In Busan Igidae restoration wetland, the number of plant species was increased, from 6 species in 2014 to 31 in 2018. The dominant species was Myriophyllum verticillatum and its occupied area was increased. The area of floating plant communities that planned has decreased. The open water area decreased from 83.9% in 2014 to 31.8% in 2018. In Iksan Sorasan restoration wetland, the number of plant species was increased, from 13 species in 2016 to 36 in 2018. The dominant species was Phragmites communis Trin. and its occupied area was increased. The other planted species showed a tendency to be decreased by Phragmites communis Trin. and its terrestrialization. The open water area decreased from 86.6% in 2016 to 6.7% in 2018. These results suggest that wetlands should be managed by considering the change of vegetation structure and open water areas based on the following succession process, because it affects the habitat suitability of wetland organisms and biodiversity as well. Thus, the continuous monitoring for the ecological structure of restored wetland is important, and it could be possible step to develop sustainable wetland ecological restoration model.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2021

With increasing interest in the effectiveness and safety of sunscreen worldwide, research on the development of new inorganic sunscreen is also gaining momentum. In the present study, non-nano sized needle type zinc oxide, which can meet the regulation of nano-material as a recent problem, has been synthesized and surface-modified with cetyl alcohol to obtain needle type zinc oxide powder. Here, we also investigated their physical properties and evaluated their potential application as sunscreens. As a result of the experiment, the sunscreen with needle type zinc oxide powder, which was non-nano, showed similar UV-protection properties and transparency compare to that of 40nm size zinc oxide. It was further confirmed that the UV blocking effect was significantly increased when the needle type zinc oxide dispersion was applied to the sunscreen. Therefore, although the needle type zinc oxide is non-nano (200 nm) material, it has the potential to be applied to the product as an excellent transparency (improvement of whiteness), UV protection efficacy and smooth texture.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.129-144
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• 2021

Following the COVID-19 pandemic, many people are increasingly becoming interested in health and environmental issues. Therefore, the sale of vegan or vegetarian products has been increasing over the last few years, as well as interest in non-dairy plant-based milk that can replace cow's milk. Furthermore, the global food industry has developed an interest in such products, considering the recent changes in consumer trends. In Korea, various products are being launched annually due to the increasing interest in non-dairy plant-based milk. However, research with regard to the quality and type of products produced in Korea is still at the preliminary stage when compared to those in the United States and Europe. Therefore, the present review has summarized non-dairy plant-based milk analogues based on the following key aspects. First, the types of non-dairy plant-based milk analogues and their production technologies (in the order of almond milk > cocoa milk > coconut milk > hemp milk > kidney bean milk > oat milk > peanut milk > rice milk, and soy milk). Second, the current status and future prospects for non-dairy plant-based milk analogues. Third, recent trends and future challenges associated with the production and quality improvement of non-dairy plant-based milk analogues. Fourth, the current status and outlook of the non-dairy plant-based milk analogue market in Korea. In conclusion, the present review could provide the food industry with valuable information regarding non-dairy plant-based milk analogues to facilitate the development of related products. Data were obtained from previously published studies.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.9-25
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• 2023

Yogurt fermentation is known to be beneficial because it provides a low pH and harsh environment for foodborne pathogens and improves organoleptic properties. Additionally, organic acids produced through fermentation have a good effect on the viscosity and gelling properties of yogurt. Several potential health benefits of probiotic and generally recognized as safe strains have been suggested. Yogurt is the preferred vehicle for delivering probiotics to health-conscious consumers. Therefore, manufacturers of probiotic beverages must comply with the relevant regulations. The development of probiotic yogurt begins with the selection of strains with safety and functional properties of probiotics. The selected probiotic strain should be technically suitable for viability and improve organoleptic quality while maintaining the number of bacteria above the standard value during processing and storage conditions. In addition, the efficacy of probiotic strains contained in yogurt should be investigated, confirmed, and approved according to well-designed clinical trials. Although various methods are used to detect probiotic strains, the recently widely used next generation sequencing method can be actively utilized. In the future, more research should be conducted with the latest methods to identify probiotic functions and accurately detect probiotic strains.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.574-583
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• 2023

Purpose: Gastric cancer (GC) is among the most prevalent and fatal cancers worldwide. National cancer screening programs in countries with high incidences of this disease provide medical aid beneficiaries with free-of-charge screening involving upper endoscopy to detect early-stage GC. However, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused major disruptions to routine healthcare access. Thus, this study aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the diagnosis, overall incidence, and stage distribution of GC. Materials and Methods: We identified patients in our hospital cancer registry who were diagnosed with GC between January 2018 and December 2021 and compared the cancer stage at diagnosis before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to age and sex. The years 2018 and 2019 were defined as the "before COVID" period, and the years 2020 and 2021 as the "during COVID" period. Results: Overall, 10,875 patients were evaluated; 6,535 and 4,340 patients were diagnosed before and during the COVID-19 period, respectively. The number of diagnoses was lower during the COVID-19 pandemic (189 patients/month vs. 264 patients/month) than before it. Notably, the proportion of patients with stages 3 or 4 GC in 2021 was higher among men and patients aged ≥40 years. Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the overall number of GC diagnoses decreased significantly in a single institute. Moreover, GCs were in more advanced stages at the time of diagnosis. Further studies are required to elucidate the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the delay in the detection of GC worldwide.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.135-154
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• 2023

Urban wetlands provide various ecosystem services and are subject to restoration and creation projects due to their increased value in the context of climate change. However, the vegetation structure of wetlands is sensitive to environmental changes, including artificial disturbances, and requires continuous maintenance. In this study, we conducted a vegetation survey of three wetlands created as part of a project to restore urban degraded natural ecosystems and monitored the quantitative changes in wetland vegetation structure using an unmanned aerial vehicle. The vegetation survey revealed 73 species in Incheon Yeonhui wetland, and the change in vegetation composition based on wetland occurrence frequency was 11.5% on average compared to the 2018 vegetation survey results. The vegetation survey identified 44 species in Busan Igidae wetland, and the proportion of species classified as obligate upland plants was the highest at 48.8% among all plants, while the proportion of naturalized plants accounted for 15.9% of all plants. The open water surface area decreased from 10% in May 2019 to 6.7% in May 2020. Iksan Sorasan wetland was surveyed and 44 species were confirmed, and it was found that the proportion of facultative wetland plant decreased compared to the 2018 vegetation survey results, and the open water surface area increased from 0.4% in May 2019 to 4.1% in May 2020. The results of this study showed that wetlands with low artificial management intensity exhibited a tendency for stabilization of vegetation structure, with a decrease in the proportion of plants with high wetland occurrence frequency and a relatively small number of new species. Wetlands with high artificial management intensity required specific management, as they had a large change in vegetation structure and a partially high possibility of new invasion. We reaffirmed the importance of continuous monitoring of vegetation communities and infrastructure for wetlands considering the function and use of urban wetlands, and restoration stages. These research results suggest the need to establish a sustainable wetland maintenance system through the establishment of long-term maintenance goals and monitoring methods that consider the environmental conditions and vegetation composition of wetlands.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.329-337
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• 2001

배경: 승포판 전엽이나 교련 또는 여러 판엽에 걸쳐 광범위한 병변으로 인한 승모판 역류의 경우 수술수기에 대한 뚜렷한 정립이 되어 있지 않은 실정이다. 최근 이러한 병변의 승모판 역류의 경우 PTEE(Polytetrafluro-ethylene)을 이용한 신건삭 형성술의 시행이 점차 늘고 있다. 이에 저자들은 PTEE를 이용한 신건삭 형성술이 승모판 성형술에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1994년 1월부터 1999년 12월까지 승모판막 성형술을 시행 받은 322명의 환자 중에서 신건삭 형성술을 이용하여 승모판 성형술을 시행한 144례(I군)과 신건삭 형성술 이외의 방법으로 승모판 성형술을 시행한 178례(II군)를 대상으로 하였다. 두 군에서 수술 직후ㅘ 수술 후 6개월, 1년 및 1년 단위로 주기적인 심초음파를 시행하였고 이를 통계적 검정하였다. 결과: 같은 기간 승모판 성형술은 승모판막 폐쇄 부전증으로 내원한 환자의 95%(306)에서 추적 관찰이 가능하였다. 두 구난에 수술 전 혈류 역학적인 차이를 보이지 않았고, 수술 전 평균 승모판막 폐쇄 부전의 정도는 I군이 3.8$\pm$0.4, II군이 3.6$\pm$0.3였으나 수술 후 추적 관찰에서 각각 1.3$\pm$0.9와 1.1$\pm$0.7 정도의 양호한 판막 성형술의 결과를 보였고 승모판막 면적의변화나 승모판막에서의 평균 압력차이 등 혈류 역학적인 결과에도 차이를 보이고 있지 않았다. 술 후 3명(0.9%)의 조기 사망과 4명 (1.2%)의 후기 사망이 있었으나 두 군간의 차이는 보이지 않았다. 만기 생존율( 93.7$\pm$3.3 vs 88.0$\pm$1.95) 및 판막살패가 발생하기 않을 확률( 93.7$\pm$3.6 vs 93.3$\pm$3.4%) 과 재수술이 필요치 않을 활률(99.3$\pm$0.7 vs 96.0$\pm$1.9%), 색전증, 감염성 심내막염, 판막과 관련된 합병증 발생률 등에서 두 군간에 의미 있는 차이는 없었다. 전엽과 후엽에서 신건삭 형성술을 시행한 환자에서는 통계학적인 차이가 없었다(p=0.29) 결론: 신건삭 형성술을 이용한 승모판 성형술은 승모판 성형술의 증가(r=0.98, p<0.01)를 가져 왔을 뿐만 아니라 내구성과 안정성에 있어 기존의 안전화된 수술 수기와 견줄만하다. 특히 이러한 신건삭 형성술은 승모판 전엽에 병변이 있는 경우와 교련부 및 여러 엽에 광범위한 병변으로 인하여 재건술이 어려운 경우에도 승모판 재건을 가능하게 하는 우수한 수술 수리가 사료된다.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.439-444
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• 2016

In the present study, the performance of culture methods using two selective agars and real-time PCR were compared for selective isolation of Cronobacter in powdered infant formula and dried pumpkin. Two food samples were spiked with the pathogen and then preenriched in distilled water. A small portion of preenrichment (10 mL) was incubated in Enterobacteriaceae enrichment both, followed by inoculation onto Druggan-Forsythe-Iversen agar (DFI agar) and Cronobacter sakazakii chromogenic plating agar (R&F agar). The preenrichment and enrichment (1 mL each) was used in real-time PCR assay. In powdered infant formula (PIF), no statistical difference was observed between both culture methods and real-time PCR with preenrichemt (p > 0.05). However, the number of positives obtained by R&F agar and real-time PCR was much higher than that of culture method using DFI agar in dried pumpkin (p < 0.05). In particular, R&F agar yielded a significantly greater selectivity than DFI agar in dried pumpkin (p < 0.05). Real-time PCR and R&F agar, which are currently recommended by US FDA, could be used as an alternative detection tools for the isolation of Cronobacter in PIF and ingredient of child foods such as dried pumpkin that has high number of competing natural microflora.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.21-35
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• 2016

Recently, there has been a rapid increase in the sale and purchase of an array of organic products. In particular, organic milk has grown in popularity. This growth could lead to expensive, premium retail prices for various organic cow's milk products. In fact, most consumers believe that (1) dairy farming to produce organic milk is beneficial for human health and (2) organic milk products are made without the use of various antibiotics, synthetic chemicals, genetic modification, extra hormones, and so on. Several factors, including breed, diet, and stage of lactation, are known to influence the composition of milk. Therefore, this review (1) presents a research outline to compare organic and conventional milk and (2) provides a summary of individual elements that affect the composition of milk.