• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.207-211
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• 1995

고추냉이의 미숙배를 어뢰형 배(stage I )와 자엽배의 (stage II )로 구분하여 캘러스, 배발생 및 식물체 재분화에 미치는 생장조절제의 효과와 치상적기를 조사하였다. 캘러스 및 배발생은 미숙배의 자엽부분에서 관찰되었는데 캘러스의 양상에 따라 기관분화와 배발생이 이루어졌다. 캘러스 형성률은 stage I의 경우 1.0 mg/L IAA에서, stage II의 경우 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D와 0.1 mg/L BA 혼용처리구에서 가장 양호하였다. 체세포배 발생은 stage I의 미숙배는 생장조절제 무처리구에서, stage II의 미숙배는 1.0 mg/L IAA 처리구에서 가장 높았으며 캘러스를 통하거나 자엽에서 직접 발생되었다. Stage II의 미숙배가 stage I에 비해 캘러스 및 체세포배 발생이 왕성하였다. 이들 체세포배는 동일배지에서 계대배양하여 정상적인 식물체로 재생되었다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2004

For long-term conservation of germ plasm, somatic embryos of sweet potato are important because shoot tips are not amenable to liquid nitrogen storage. Somatic embryos from different genotypes were used for induction of somatic embryogenesis in a large number of genotypes. Somatic embryogenesis was induced on 2,4-D medium in all the 11 genotypes, collected from geographically distinct locations. Genetic fidelity of the regenerated plants was confirmed by morphological and RAPD markers.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.177-186
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• 2011

This study describes for the first time in Pinus genus a plant regeneration system via a combined pathway of somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis from immature seeds of radiata pine. Somatic embryos were obtained from embryogenic line 2162 of Pinus radiata D. Don on EDM basal medium containing $60{\mu}M$ ABA and 6% sucrose. The explants used for organogenesis experiments were either freshly collected somatic embryos or somatic embryos germinated for 1 week. Germination medium was half-strength LP medium, supplemented with 0.2% activated charcoal. Different induction periods and BA concentrations were assayed for shoot induction. After induction treatments, explants were elongated on the same medium used for germination stage. Rooting medium was quarter-strength LP medium supplemented with three different auxin treatments: $1.5mg\;L^{-1}$ 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), $1.5mg\;L^{-1}$ indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and $1mg\;L^{-1}$ IBA with $0.5mg\;L^{-1}$ NAA (MIX). The effect of the photon flux ($120mmol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ and darkness) in the first week of the explants in the rooting media was also tested. This methodology could offer an alternative to overcome some problems associated with somatic embryogenesis such as the seasonality of embryogenic tissue (ET) initiation or a low embryo production from the ET, a particularly important issue in the case of genetically transformed ETs.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.55-58
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• 2013

대두 미숙배 배양으로부터 체세포배를 얻기 위해 1 mg/L 2,4-D를 첨가한 MS배지에서 6 - 8주 동안 배양한 결과 2개의 자엽을 갖는 정상체세포배가 14%, 1개의 자엽을 갖는 비정상 체세포배가 37%, 합생자엽을 갖는 비정상 체세포배가 43% 그리고 생장이 멈춘 구형기 체세포배가 6%로 얻어졌다. 체세포배의 전형층은 하배축에서 원형모양으로 분화되어 자엽 절로 이어진 후 1개의 자엽은 1개 전형성층이, 2개의 자엽은 2개의 전형성층이 각 자엽으로 발달하였고, 합생 자엽의 경우 하배축에서 형성된 원형의 전형성층이 자엽까지 연결되어 있었다. 한편 2개의 자엽을 갖는 체세포배의 경우는 tunica-corpus층을 이룬 전형적인 유경조직을 이루고 있었으나 1개 또는 합생 자엽을 갖는 체세포배는 tunica-corpus층이 없고, dome모양이 없는 흔적만 남은 유경조직을 이루고 있었다. 이러한 결과는 체세포배에서 전형성층의 분화는 자엽의 형성과 유경조직의 발달에 밀접한 관계가 있음을 시사한다.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.77-81
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• 1995

노각나무의 미숙배를 절편체로 사용하여 배양한 결과, 0.5 mg/L NAA 단독처리와 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D와 0.5 mg/L BA 혼용처리구에서 배발생캘러스 및 체세포배를 관찰할 수 있었으며 특히 0.5 mg/L NAA처리가 체세포배 발생을 더욱 촉진하였고 얻어진 배발생캘러스를 MS 기본배지에 계대배양 하여 배양 2주후 정상적인 식물체를 관찰할 수 있었다. Sucrose 농도에 따른 배발생캘러스로부터 체세포배 발생율은 5% sucrose 처리구에서 가장 높았고 9% sucrose 첨가는 체세포배 발생을 오히려 억제하였고 백색체 발생을 증가시켰다. 식물체 재분화를 위하여 MS, 1/2MS와 1/2MS에 0.1 % charcol를 첨가한 배지에서 배양하였던 바, 3, 6% sucrose 처리구 모두 MS, 1/2MS 기본배지에서는 자엽의 발달은 억제되었고 뿌리 발달만 왕성하였으나 1/2MS에 0.1% charcol 처리구에서는 정상적인 줄기와 뿌리를 가진 식물체를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.259-265
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• 2008

Picea koraiensis, called Korean spruce, is an evergreen tree and found mostly in northeast Asia. In this study, plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from open-pollinated immature zygotic embryos of nine geno-types of elite trees was established. Immature zygotic embryos were cultured onto RJW medium modified from 505 medium with $21.48{\mu}M$ NAA, $2.22{\mu}M$ BA, and $2.32{\mu}M$ KT. The average frequency for all nine genotypes was 74.2%. Embryogenic calluses of the nine genotypes of elite trees were subcultured on RJW basal medium containing $8.06{\mu}M$ NAA, $1.11{\mu}M$ BA, and $1.16{\mu}M$ kinetin. The calluses of three lines, $3^{\sharp}$, $9^{\sharp}$, and $2^{\sharp}$, were actively proliferated but others were not. Somatic embryogenesis was induced from the embryogenic callus in genotypes of $3^{\sharp}$, $9^{\sharp}$, and $2^{\sharp}$ on RJW medium with ABA and $60g\;l^{-1}$ sucrose. Cotyledonary somatic embryos were subjected to a drying process. The drying of embryos by uncapping the culture bottle for 5 days on a clean bench resulted in a high frequency of germination of somatic embryos (87% in RJW medium). However, plantlet conversion from germinated embryos was greatly reduced and the optimal medium for plant conversion was 1/2 WPM or 1/2 BMI medium. In conclusion, we have, for the first time, established a plant regeneration system via somatic embryogenesis in the Korean spruce, which can be applied for rapid micropropagation of elite trees.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.494-499
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• 2004

체세포배발생을 이용한 가시오갈피 대량증식체계 확립을 위하여 저온처리에 의한 체세포배의 장기저장 실험을 수행하였다. 현탁배양 체세포배의 $4^{\circ}C$에서의 저온저장에는 구형배 이전의 조기단계의 체세포배가 적합하였고 $2\;g/{\ell}$ 이하의 낮은 접종밀도에서는 36개월 이상 저장이 가능하였다. 장기간 저온 저장한 체세포배는 상온에 옮긴 후 2,4-D를 첨가한 배지에서만 성장을 회복하여 배발생캘러스를 형성하였으며 배발생캘러스의 증식속도는 배양온도를 $32^{\circ}C$로 높였을 때에 가장 효율적이였다.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2003년도 춘계 학술발표대회
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• pp.61-62
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• 2003

Clonal propagation of high-value forest trees through somatic embryogenesis (SE) has the potential to rapidly capture the benefits of breeding or genetic engineering programs and to improve raw material uniformity and quality. A major barrier to the commercialization of this technology is the low quality of the resulting embryos. Several factors limit commercialization of SE for Corsican pine, including low initiation rates, low culture survival, culture decline causing low or no embryo production, and inability of somatic embryos to fully mature, resulting in low germination and reduced vigour of somatic seedlings. The objective was to develop a Corsican pine maturation medium that would produce cotyledonary embryos capable of germination. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance, and significant differences between treatments determined by multiple range test at P=0.05. Corsican pine (Pinus nigra var. maritima) cultures were initiated on modified !P6 medium. Modifications of the same media were used for culture multiplication and maintenance. Embryogenic cultures were maintained on the same medium semi solidified with 2.5 g/l Gelrite. A maturation medium, capable of promoting the development of Corsican pine somatic embryos that can germinate, is a combination of iP6 modified salts, 2% maltose, 13% polyethylene glycol (PEG), 5 mg!l abscisic acid (ABA), and 2.5 g/l Gelrite. After initiation and once enough tissue developed they were grown in liquid medium. Embryogenic cell suspensions were established by adding 0.951.05 g of 10- to 14-day-old semisolid-grown embryogenic tissue to 9 ml of liquid maintenance media in a 250ml Erlenmeyer flask. Cultures were then incubated in the dark at 2022$^{\circ}$C and rotated at 120 rpm. After 2.53 months on maturation medium, somatic embryos were selected that exhibited normal embryo shape. Ten embryos were placed horizontally on 20 ml of either germination medium ($\frac{2}{1}$strength Murashige and Skoog (1962) salts with 2.5 g/l activated charcoal) or same medium with copper sulphate adjusted to 0.25 mg/1 to compensate for copper adsorption by activated carbon. 2% and 4% maltose was substituted by 7.5% and 13% PEG respectively to improve the yield of the embryos. Substitution of' maltose with PEG was clearly beneficial to embryo development. When 2% of the maltose was replaced with 7.5% PEG, many embryos developed to large bullet-shaped embryos. At latter stages of development most embryos callused and stopped development. A few short, barrel-shaped cotyledonary embryos formed that were covered by callus on the sides and base. When 4% of the maltose was removed and substituted with 13% PEG, the embryos developed further, emerging from the callus and increasing yield slightly. Microscopic examination of the cultures showed differing morphologies, varying from mostly single cells or clumps to well-formed somatic embryos that resembled early zygotic embryos only liquid cultures with organized early-stag. A procedure for converting and acclimating germinants to growth in soil and greenhouse conditions is also tested. Seedling conversion and growth were highly related to the quality of the germinant at the time of planting. Germinants with larger shoots, longer, straighter hypocotyls and longer roots performed best. When mature zygotic embryos germinate the root emerges, before or coincident with the shoot. In contrast, somatic embryos germinate in reverse sequence, with the cotyledons greening first, then shoot emergence and then, much later, if at all, the appearance of the root. Somatic seedlings, produced from the maturation medium, showed 100% survival when planted in a field setting. Somatic seedlings showed normal yearly growth relative to standard seedlings from natural seed.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.71-77
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• 1996

배발생 캘러스의 선발은 1.0mg/L 2,4-D를 첨가한 MS 기본배지에서 배양한 당근 유식물의 배축절편으로부터 유도된 캘러스에서 이뤄졌다. 체세포배 발생을 유도하기 위해서 배발생 캘러스로부터 얻어진 세포괴는 2,4-D를 제거한 MS 배지에 옮겼다. 세포괴를 1.0mg/L 2,4-D 첨가배지에서 1주간 그리고 2,4-D 제거 배지에서 2주간 배양한 후에 2자엽배의 발생은 63%에 그쳤고 나머지는 1자엽 5%, 3자엽 21%, 4자엽 6%, 5자엽 5%, 6자엽 0.2% 및 나팔형 자엽 1%의 발생빈도를 나타냈다. 체세포배의 발아율은 다자엽 체세포배에서 보다 2자엽 배에서 높았다. 나팔형 자엽의 체세포배는 경엽부 발생없이 자엽과 뿌리가 다소 신장 확대되는데 그치는 등 정상적으로 발아되지 못했다. 해부학적인 관찰에서 체세포배의 뿌리와 환상 전형성층은 배축의 중간부위에서 분지되기 시작하고 자엽절을 거쳐서 자엽으로 이어지는데 배축에서 전형성층속은 자엽수와 같은 수였다. 1자엽 체세포배는 다자엽 체세포배의 각각의 자엽보다 크고 전형성층과 함께 말굽형 자엽을 가지고 있었다. 따라서 체세포배의 자엽구조는 전형성층 배열상태와 밀접한 관련이 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2010

We investigated the microtubule dynamics, including the inheritance of donor centrosomes and the mitotic spindle assembly occurring during the first mitosis of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos in pigs. SCNT embryos were fixed 15 min and 1 h after fusion in order to assess the inheritance pattern of the donor centrosome. The distribution and dynamic of the centrosome and microtubule during the first mitotic phase of SCNT embryos were also evaluated. The frequency of embryos evidencing $\gamma$-tubulin spots (centrosome) was 93.2% in the SCNT embryos 15 min after fusion. In the majority of the SCNT embryos (61.5%), however, no centrosome was observed 1 h after fusion. The frequency of the embryos with no or abnormal mitotic spindles 20 h after fusion was 19.6%. The $\gamma$-tubulin spots were detected near the nuclei of somatic cells regardless of cell cycle phase, whereas $\gamma$-tubulin spots in the SCNT embryos were observed only during the inter-anaphase transition. These results showed that the donor centrosome is inherited into the SCNT embryos, but failed to assemble the normal mitotic spindles during first mitotic phase in some SCNT embryos.