• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 1996

Embryogenic callus was selected from callus induced from hypocotyl segment cultures of Daucus carota seedlings on MS basal medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D. Cell clumps prepared from the embryogenic callus were transferred to MS medium without 2,4-D for somatic embryo development. Cotyledonary abnormalities were frequently observed on somatic embryos developed after the incubation of cell clumps in MS basal medium with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D for one week and then subculture in the same medium but without 2.4-D for two weeks. The percentage of abnormalities was as follows: 5% one cotyledon, 21% three cotyledons, 6% four cotyledons, 5% five cotyledons, 0.2% six cotyledons and 1% trumpet-like cotyledons. On the other hand, the normal somatic embryo with two cotyledons appeared at 63%. The germination rate of somatic embryos was higher in two cotyledon somatic embryos than in multicotyledonary embryos. Trumpet-like somatic embryos did not germinate normally showing limited elongation and enlargement of roots and cotyledons without shoot development. From anatomical examination circular procambium in the root of somatic embryo began to branch around the middle regions of the hypocotyl which extended into the cotyledons through the cotyledonary nodes and the number of branched procambial strands in hypocotyl was equal to the number of cotyledons. Monocotyledonous somatic embryo always had larger cotyledon than that of somatic embryos with multicotyledons and had horseshoe-like cotyledons where the procambium was of the same structure.ucture.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.297-302
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• 1999

Cotyledonary abnormalities were observed in secondary somatic embryos which were developed from calli cultured on MS medium with various concentrations of 2,4-D. In MS medium containing hormone-free or $0.1mg/{\ell}$ 2,4-D, the frequency of normal embryo formation with two cotyledons were above 57%. According to concentration of 2,4-D increment the frequency of normal embryos were decreased. In MS medium containing $4mg/{\ell}$ 2,4-D, the frequency of normal embryo formation was just 10%. The rate of germination was as follows; 37.7% of somatic embryos had one cotyledon, 85% two cotyledons, 38% three cotyledons, 35% four cotyledons, 25% five cotyledons and 29% trumpet-like cotyledons. About 80% of the embryos with two cotyledons were converted into normal plants, but one, three or four cotyledons were only 6.8~10%. The five or trumpet-like embryos were not developed into normal plants.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.181-187
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• 2007

Orostachys japonicus A. Berger is a Perennial herbaceous plant which has been traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory agent to treat hepatitis and as an anticancer agent. The objective of this study was 1) to establish and proliferate in vitro plant of O. japonicus 2) to induce indirect somatic embryogenesis from O. japonicus. General calli and embryogenic calli in all ranges of 2,4-D and BA combination, were induced and were best at 22% (embryogenic cell) in 5.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BA combination. Embryogenic cell line was maintained by subculture at 2 week intervals and transferred to solid and liquid medium for embryo formation. In solid medium culture, globular and heart shaped embryos were observed in MS medium containing 5.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BA combination. The number of embryos was 6.5 per 0.5 g cell, and then the immature embryos transferred to MS basal medium for embryo development. In a suspension culture of embryogenic cells, globular and heart shaped embryos were emerged in MS medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.3 mg/L BA combination after 10 days of incubation. The embryo formation rate was about 33% by suspension culture. The ratio of embryo germination was 60.9%, on the other side, the root formation rate was 74.3% in 1/2 MS continuously.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.123-130
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• 2005

High salt concentrations in the ginseng nursery soil environment of Korea is one of important reducing factors for the stable production of quality ginseng. These studies were accomplished for check the response on germination of ginseng seed, somatic embryogenesis of zygotic embryo, and biosynthesis of ginsenoside from ginseng hairy root against NaCl. Ratio of germination was at the $3\%\;and\;84.5\%$ on the basic media with 0.1M and free of NaCl repectedly, but $0\%$ at the upper of 0.2M NaCl. Somatic embryogenesis from zygotic embryo were the highest when immatured embryo was cultured on free of NaCl concentration, and which was intend to decrease at treatment of NaCl. However, in case of using the matured embryo, treatment of 0.05M NaCl resulted in better embryogenesis than NaCl free media. Red pigment was synthesized from ginseng hairy root cultured on the medium with various NaCl concentration(from 0.04 to 0.08M) and its pigment was analyzed as spectrum of anthocyane by spectrophoto- meter scanning. This cell line biosynthesized lots of crude saponin and total ginsenoside than other cell lines, also had 2 times of panaxadiol than panaxatriol.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.4
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• pp.693-697
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• 2011

This study was conducted to examine effects of concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) or /kinds of osmotica on induction of somatic embryos (SEs), germination and plantlet regeneration in Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi). In comparison of duration of culture, concentrations of ABA and osmoticum, the highest induction number (191/g tissue) of the SE was showed in $60{\mu}M$ ABA+0.2 M sucrose for 4 weeks culture. However, the lowest number (3.5~23.5) of SEs was induced from $4{\mu}M$ ABA+0.1 M sucrose, regardless of culture duration for SEs induction. In comparison of germination efficiency of SEs, the highest induction frequencies of cotyledon (90.9%), hypocotyl (95.8%) and root (96.5%), respectively, were obtained from the SEs that cultured from the treatment of $60{\mu}M$ ABA+0.2 M sucrose with 5 weeks culture. In contrast, the lowest germination response was showed in SEs that induced from the treatment of $4{\mu}M$ ABA+0.1 M sucrose. In comparison of effect of different kinds/concentrations of osmotica for germination and plantlet regeneration, the best response was obtained from the treatment of 0.2 M sucrose with induction of cotyledon (98.3%), hypocotyl (78.4%), root (57.5%) and plantlet regeneration (54.8%), respectively.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.44-53
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• 2021

The present work aims to study the induction of somatic embryogenesis in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) from immature zygotic embryos and young apical leaves obtained from 2-month-old seedlings through acorn germination on sterilized peat. The immature zygotic embryos were grown for 1 month on the mineral solution of MS in the presence of 4.52 µM 2,4-D and 30 g/L sucrose. They were then transferred to the same mineral solution with no added growth regulators. In the third subculture, yellow somatic embryos, characterized by two voluminous cotyledons, were differentiated from the radicle of the immature zygotic embryos. The induction of somatic embryogenesis in young leaves required a series of transfers on different culture media containing 30 g/L sucrose and 100 mg/L myo-inositol. Secondary or recurrent somatic embryogenesis occurred within the immature somatic embryo radicles after 1 month of culture on growth regulator-free medium containing WPM macronutrients, MS micronutrients, and vitamins.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.23 no.3 s.55
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• pp.130-134
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• 1999

Somatic embryos were induced directly from cotyledon explants of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 2,4-D, BAP, kinetin or lacking growth regulators. When somatic embryos formed on all media grew to cotyledonary stage, the further development of embryos was ceased and remained in white color. By gibberellic acid (over 1.0 mg/1 $GA_3$) treatment, all the somatic embryos turned rapidly to green and germinated within 3 weeks. Chilling treatment also induced the germination of somatic embryos. The effective temperature regime was $-2^{\circ}C$ for over 8 weeks but more higher temperature than $0^{\circ}C$ did not effective for germination of somatic embryos. Ultrastructural observation revealed that the cotyledon cells of somatic embryos without chilling or $GA_3$ treatment contained numerous lipid reserves, dense cytoplasm, proplastids and non-activated mitochondria with poorly differentiated internal structure, but the cotyledon cells of germinating somatic embryos after chilling or $GA_3$ treatment highly vacuolated and contained well-developed chloroplasts and active state of mitochondria enclosing numerous cristae. The above results indicate that in vitro developed somatic embryos of Panax ginseng may be dormant after mature similar to zygotic embryos.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2004

Bleeding heart (Dicentra spectabilis L. Lemaire) is one of the most valuable wild flower in Korea. This work was conducted for the mass production of somatic embryos through suspension culture and more effective plant regeneration system in Dicentra spectabilis. High-frequency embryogenic callus proliferation was achieved in SH liquid medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-D. Half-strength SH medium was suitable concentration for somatic embryo induction and germination. About 5,000 embryos were produced per 250$m\ell$ flask after 4 weeks of culture. Germination rate of somatic embryos was decreased when GA$_3$ was added in medium. The plantlets showed a 58％ survival rate when transferred to pots after 1 month of culture. The results indicate that micropropagation procedure via somatic embryogenesis can be applied for an efficient mass propagation of Dicentra spectabilis.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.114-115
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• 2000

Aralia elata is found in mountain areas all over Korean peninsula. Aralia elata is the scientific name for Japanese angelica tree. The tree belongs to the family Araliaceae, commonly known as ginseng family. Bud sprouts from apical shoot tip of the plants are rich in flavor and thus mainly used for both folk medicine and vegetable. The stalks with apical buds are gathered in the early spring and planted in sandy soil or water in the greenhouse. The sprouting buds are then collected and sold as fresh vegetable. Although the plants have been used for food, they have been cultivated in a very small scale. In spring, local farmers just go around mountain areas to search the trees and gather the stalks as much as they get and sell them to the market. No conservation efforts have been made to stop the exploitation or to save the dwindling population. We tried to provide local farmers with the plants that may be used as an alternative to stalks from wild populations. This will bel! p conserve the wild populations. However, it is hard to propagate them either by conventional cuttings or by seed germination in a short period of time. Mass propagation using tissue culture systems have shown a great promise with several woody plants. Recently we developed a mass propagation technique via somatic embryogenesis system using mature and/or juvenile explants for Aralia elata. Several factors affecting somatic embryogenesis system including SE(somatic embryo) induction, embryogenic callus proliferation, SE germination, plant regeneration and transplanting to field frill be presented. And some problems arising for the somatic embryogenesis system will be also discussed.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2000.10b
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• pp.16-17
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• 2000

Aralia elata is found in mountain areas all over Korean peninsula. Aralia elata is the scientific name for Japanese angelica tree. The tree belongs to the family Araliaceae, commonly known as ginseng family. Bud sprouts from apical shoot tip of the plants are rich in flavor and thus mainly used for both folk medicine and vegetable. The stalks with apical buds are gathered in the early spring and planted in sandy soil or water in the greenhouse. The sprouting buds are then collected and sold as fresh vegetable. Although the plants have been used for food, they have been cultivated in a very small scale. In spring, local farmers just go around mountain areas to search the trees and gather the stalks as much as they get and sell them to the market. No conservation efforts have been made to stop the exploitation or to save the dwindling population. We tried to provide local farmers with the plants that may be used as an alternative to stalks from wild populations. This will hel! p conserve the wild populations. However, it is hard to propagate them either by conventional cuttings or by seed germination in a short period of time. Mass propagation using tissue culture systems have shown a great promise with several woody plants. Recently we developed a mass propagation technique via somatic embryogenesis system using mature and/ or juvenile explants for Aralia elata. Several factors affecting somatic embryogenesis system including SE(somatic embryo) induction, embryogenic callus proliferation, SE germination, plant regeneration and transplanting to field will be presented. And some problems arising for the somatic embryogenesis system will be also discussed.lso discussed.