• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 2003

Various forms of dialytic techniques are available for detoxification. Hemodialysis, hemoperfusion and hemofiltration (hemodialfiltration) are the main treatment modalities. Because these modalities are rather invasive and expensive, it must be decided in balance of the risk and benefit to the patient. The prime consideration in the decision is based on the clinical features of poisoning; hemodialysis or hemoperfusion should be considered in general if the patient's condition progressively deteriorates despite intensive supportive therapy. The hemodialysis technique relies on passage of the toxic agent through a semipermeable membrane so that it can equilibrate with the dialysate and subsequently removed. It needs a blood pump to pass blood next to a dialysis membrane, which allows agents permeable to the membrane to pass through and reach equilibrium. Solute (or drug) removal by dialysis has numerous determinants such as solute size, its lipid solubility, the degree to which it is protein bound, its volume of distribution etc. The technique of hemoperfusion is similar to hemodialysis except there is no dialysis membrane or dialysate involved in the procedure. The patient's blood is pumped through a perfusion cartridge, where it is in direct contact with adsorptive material (usually activated charcoal) that has a coating material such as cellulose. This method can be used successfully with lipid-soluble compounds and with higher-molecular-weight compounds than for hemodialysis. Protein binding does not significantly interfere with removal by hemoperfusion. In conclusion, hemodialysis, hemoperfusion and hemofiltration can be used effectively as adjuncts to the management of severely intoxicated patients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the concentrations and infants intake of sodium and potassium from human milk during the first 5 months of lactation. The sodium concentrations of the milk during the lactation appeared 21.1, 18.1, 15.9, 12.4, 10.6 and 11.4 mg/100g at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 months of lactation respectively. The potassium concentrations of the milk 48.5, 43.3, 40.8, 39.9, 40.5 and 38.5 respectively, Na/K ratio of the milk were 0.76, 0.75, 0.70, 0.56, 0.46 and 0.53(mEqu\\mEq). Sodium intakes of breast-fed infants were 106.9, 108.4, 90.6, 82.5 and 95.6mg/day during the lactation. Potassium intakes of the infants were 255.7, 276.0, 289.7, 294.6, 320.3 and 318.3mg/day. Sodium and potassium concentrations in infant formula averaged 23.62 and 67.61 mg/100g which was 1.90 and 1.69 times as those of breast milk at 3 month of lactation. Commercial whole milks had 39.53 and 135.22mg/100g of sodium and potassium respectively which was 3.19 and 3.39 times as those of the milk. From this study, reevaluation of sodium and potassium intakes if breast-fel infants was merited and the regulation of that minerals in infant formula is need to lower the renal solute load of formula-fed infants.(Korean J Nutrition 34(1):23-29, 2001)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1059-1071
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary protein level on renal senescence. Male rats of 337.8$\pm$5.7g body weight were underlateral nephrectomy or shamoperation. The rats were divided into high protein(40% casein), normal protein(15% casein) and low protein(8% casein)diets and fed experimental diets ad libitum for 24 weeks. The results are summarized as follows. There was a hypertophy of the remnant kidney of uninephrectomized rats of 40% or 15% protein group, coming up to the comparable weights of both kidneys of sham-operated rats. However, the hypertrophic effect was not seen in uninephrectomized rats of 8% protein group. Serum albumin was lower in uninephrectomized rats. With increasing dietary protein level blood urea nitrogen was increased, whereas, urinary urea nitrogen excretion was decreased. Urinary solute excretion was higher in uninephrectomized group than in sham-operated group. However, effect of dietary protein level on urinary solute excretion varied dpending on th solutes tested. GFR and urinary protein excretion, throughout experiment, increased with feeding period and with dietary protein level. Proteinuria was most severe in uninephrectomized rats fed 40% casein diet. Maximum urine concentration ability measured after dehydration was not different among the experimental groups. Light microscopic examination showed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and mild increas of glomerular mesangial matrix in uninephrectomized rats fed 40% and 15% protein diet, however, which was not observed in uninephrectomized rats fed 8% protein diet and in sham-operated rats fed 40% diet. Immunofluorescence studies revealed segmental deposits of albumin in the mesangium and capillary loops in high protein and uninephrectomized groups. Minimal granular deposition of IgG was noted in the mesangium of all experimental groups. In conclusion, high protein intake accelerated deterioration of renal function and it was correlated with morphological change. Low protein intake was effective in preventing these changes.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.224-234
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• 1997

In order to make high purity materials including low contents of interstitial impurities, 70 ㎾ electron beam melter was manufactured. The sponge Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy were required and melted by electron beam melter. Based on the experimental results of sponge Ti refining by electron beam melting, the purity of Ti was increased for 180 seconds but thereafter did not significantly vary. In addition, it was found that with number of melting, the purity of Ti did and vary but the yield of Ti was decreased. As a results of Ti refining, high purity Ti of 3N (99.9 wt%) could be obtained including interstitial impurities with total contents of which were maximum 900 ppm. From the experimental results of Ti-6Al-4V alloy electron beam melting, the amounts of Al loss could be estimated through thermodynamic data calculated from the regular solution model and the model of solute removal kinetics and the alloy composition calculated from the models was in accord with the experimental composition of the alloy, It took 10 minutes to make Ti-29Al-4V alloy calculated from the model into Ti-6Al-4V alloy and the composition of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was very homogeneous.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.289-298
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• 2010

A number of characteristics of the Lake H$\ddot{o}$vsg$\ddot{o}$l watershed, such as the lake's location at the edge of the Central Asian continuous permafrost zone, provide a unique opportunity to evaluate possible anthropogenic impacts in this remote area in northern Mongolia. In this study, we compared stream solute concentrations in six sub-watersheds in the Lake H$\ddot{o}$vsg$\ddot{o}$l watershed. Water samples were collected during the summer months between 2003 and 2005. Concentrations of $Cl^-$ ranged from 9.8 to $51.3\;{\mu}mol/L$; average nitrate concentrations were very low and ranged from undetectable to $1.1\;{\mu}mol/L$ and average ${SO_4}^{2-}$ concentration at sampling stations with minimal animal grazing ranged from 66 to $294\;{\mu}mol/L$. Average dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations ranged from 642 to $1,180\;{\mu}mol$ C/L. We did not find statistically significant differences in DOC concentrations among the six streams, although DOC concentrations tended to be higher in the two northernmost streams, possibly related to differences in the active layer above the permafrost. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations were correlated with DOC concentration, and followed the same spatial pattern as those for DOC. In streams in this remote watershed, total dissolved nitrogen was made up of mostly organic N, as has been found for other regions distant from anthropogenic N sources. Overall, these results suggest that future research on the dynamics of DOC and DON in this watershed will be especially insightful in helping to understand how changes in climate and land use patterns will affect transformations, retention, and export of dissolved organic matter within these sub-watersheds in the Lake H$\ddot{o}$vsg$\ddot{o}$l region.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.469-474
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• 2015

In ultrasonic spray pyrolysis deposition, a precursor solution is evaporated by an ultrasonic atomizer, then gas-carried into a furnace where the solute is separated from the water vapor. After condensation, polymerization, and nucleation, the solute oxide forms a thin film. To improve the deposition efficiency, the ultrasonic atomizer was studied to optimize the evaporated gas flow. The vat cover was redesigned, using three versions with different inlet factors being tested through a computational fluid dynamic analysis as well as a water evaporation experiment. The atomization rate with a hemispherical cover with a $30^{\circ}$ inlet was found to be 2.4 times higher than that with the original. This improvement was verified with fluorine-doped tin oxide spray pyrolysis deposition. The film obtained with the modified vat cover was 2.4 times thicker than that obtained with the original vat cover.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.45-59
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• 2007

We describe the gene expression profile of third leaves of rice (cv. Nipponbare) seedlings subjected to salt stress (130 mM NaCl). Transcripts of Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, cytosolic and stromal APX, GR and CatB were up-regulated, whereas expression of thylakoid-bound APX and CatA were down-regulated. The levels of the compatible solute proline and of transcripts of its biosynthetic gene, ${\Delta}^1$-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), were strongly increased by salt stress. Interestingly, a potential compatible solute, ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was also found to be strongly induced by salt stress along with marked up-regulation of transcripts of GABA-transaminase. A dye-swap rice DNA microarray analysis identified a large number of genes whose expression in third leaves was altered by salt stress. Among 149 genes whose expression was altered at all the times assayed (3, 4 and 6 days) during salt stress, there were 47 annotated novel genes and 76 unknown genes. These results provide new insight into the effect of salt stress on the expression of genes related to antioxidant enzymes, proline and GABA as well as of genes in several functional categories.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.483-494
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• 1988

The adsorption behavior of aromatic acids on Amberlite XAD-4 resin was investigated by measuring the distribution coefficient by batch method. The adsorption of solutes on XAD-4 was affected by the several factors such as, analyte concentration, the pH of solution and concentration of pairing ion. The enhanced adsorption of solutes on XAD-4 in the presence of tetraalkylammonium salt as an ion pairing reagent, referred to as ion interaction, was suggested to follow a double layer model where the pairing ion occupies a primary layer at the adsorbent while the solute anion and other anions in the system comlpete for the secondary layer. Therefore, the ability of an ion pairing reagent to enhance solute adsorption depended significantly on the type and concentration of counter-ion and co-anion accompanying the ion pairing reagent or salt used for ionic strength control. In addition, a good linear relationship between the logarithm of capacity factors measured by batch and elution method as a function of the concentration of ion pairing reagent and methanol can be used to predict the retention in elution method on the basis of capacity factors measured by batch method.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.458-463
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• 1988

The solubility parameter theory for retention behaviors of phenols in a reversed phase liquid chromatography can be applied to limited ranges of the aqueous solvent system. The many examples of the exception to this theory were found to show no agreement with the retention behavior of phenols. Therefore, a new solute-solvent interaction parameter, ${\delta}_{im}$ is added to the Schoenmakers equation of the solubility parameter theory in LC to approach the equation to the real one. The new solute-solvent interaction pararneter, ${\delta}_{im}$ depends on the kinds of solvent, the solvent composition and the structure of solutes. The parameter, ${\delta}_{im}$ has the linear relationship with the solubility parameter of mobile phase, ${\delta}_{im}$. The prediction of retention behavior by this modified equation turns out to be greater than the previous one.

• Clean Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.147-152
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• 2005

For estblishing the best technique for the micronization of Ibuprofen using supercritical fluids, the solubility should be known. The solubility of Ibuprofen in supercritical carbon dioxide was measured by observing the cloud point. The cloud point was observed using high pressure equipment equipped a variable volume view cell between temperature of 35, 40 and $45^{\circ}C$. The solubility data was correlated by the Peng-Robinson equation of state Solute physical properties, such as critical temperature (Tc), critical pressure (Pc) and acentric factor (${\omega}$) were estimated by the some group contribution method. As pressure was increased, the solubility increased at constant temperature. The retrograde phenomenon by a solute vapor pressure and a density of solvent was observed at the pressure of around 150bar. It was found that $CO_2$ can be used as a supercritical solvent in micronization of ibuprofen by RESS.