• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.259-264
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• 2001

To investigate the physiological responses to naturally occurring winter freezing stress in creeping bentgrass, changes in carbohydrates were monitored during winter period. Turf quality and leaf growth was nearly parallel with temperature fluctuation. The concentration of glucose, fructose and sucrose in both shoot and root gradually increased from November to January, and then sharply decreased until April. Sucrose was the largest pool of soluble sugars. Fructan also slightly accumulated in both shoot and roots from November to February. Fructan hydrolysis in both organs was found to be much active between February to April. Shoot contained largely higher carbohydrate content in all compounds examined than roots did. Fructan was found to be a main carbohydrate storage form, showing the highest concentration (176.7 and 126.7 mg g-' DW for shoot and root in February). The depolymerization of fructan from February coincided with the high declines in mono- and disaccharide. These results suggest that the accumulation of non-structural carbohydrate until January could be associated with freezing tolerance, and the active decrease from February with shoot regrowth.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권9호
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• pp.34.1-34.9
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• 2016

Background: By-products of pickled radish (BPR) are considered food waste. Approximately 300 g/kg of the total mass of raw materials becomes BPR. Production of pickled radish has grown continuously and is presently about 40,000 metric tons annually in Korea. The objective of the present study was thus to explore the possibility of using BPR as a ruminant feed ingredient. Results: BPR contained a large amount of moisture (more than 800 g/kg) and ash, and comprised mostly sodium (103 g/kg DM) and chloride (142 g/kg DM). On a dry matter basis, the crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) levels in BPR were 75 g/kg and 7 g/kg, respectively. The total digestible nutrient (TDN) level was 527 g/kg and the major portion of digestible nutrients was carbohydrate; 88 % organic matter (OM) was carbohydrate and 65 % of total carbohydrate was soluble or degradable fiber. The coefficient of variation (CV) of nutrient contents among production batches ranged from 4.65 to 33.83 %. The smallest CV was observed in OM, and the largest, in EE. The variation in CP content was relatively small (10.11 %). The storage stability test revealed that storage of BPR at $20^{\circ}C$ (room temperature) might not cause spoilage for 4 d, and possibly longer. If BPR is refrigerated, spoilage can be deferred for 21 d and longer. The in vitro ruminal fermentation study showed that substitution of annual ryegrass straw with BPR improved ruminal fermentation, as evidenced by an increase in VFA concentration, DM degradability, and total gas production. Conclusion: The major portion of nutrients in BPR is soluble or degradable fiber that can be easily fermented in the rumen without adverse effects, to provide energy to ruminant animals. Although its high sodium chloride content needs to be considered when formulating a ration, BPR can be successfully used as a feed ingredient in a ruminant diet, particularly if it is one component of a total mixed ration.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.299-307
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of low temperature thermal pre-treatment on biodegradation of waste activated sludge for anaerobic digestion as a countermeasure for increasing sludge generation. The experimental condition was accomplished in 2 %, 4 %, and 6 % TS concentration, and $70^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$, $90^{\circ}C$ of temperature for a maximum of 120 minutes retention time. Then, it was followed by analysis of physical/chemical properties, BMP test and composition of biogas. The biogas characteristic was evaluated by applying the modified Gomperz model. As a result, solubility of dissolved substrate, such as $SCOD_{Cr}$, soluble carbohydrate, and soluble protein, and biogas production increased as temperature increased. Solubilization efficiency at $90^{\circ}C$ was 18.4 %, 17.03 % and 16.88% in 2 %, 4 %, and 6 % TS concentration respectively. Also, solubilization rates of carbohydrate and protein similarly increased. BMP test results also showed that methane production in excess sludge increased to 0.194, 0.187 and $0.182m^3/kg$ VS. respectively, and lag phase decreased to 0.145, 0.220, 0.351 day due to acceleration of the hydrolysis step. Consequently, low-temperature thermal pre-treatment could increase biodegradability of sludge, positively affecting biogas production and sludge reduction.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2000

Eight-week old perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Reveille) plants were exposed to different NO3-concentrations or osmotic stress with NaCI. Previously labeled "N was chased during 14 days of non-labeled'NO3 feeding in order to investigate NO3 metabolism in relation to osmoregulation. The short termmeasurement of osmotic potential showed that the extemal concentration of Nos- had not great effect on theosmotic potential, but that osmotic adjustment was observed in NaCl-treated plants. Total uptake of NO 3 - waslargely increased by increasing supply level of NO3 while it was depressed by exposing to osmotic stress.Nitrate reduction increased to more than 29% by increasing extemal NO,- concentration from 1 mM to 10mM. When osmotically stressed with NaCI, nitrate reduction was depressed to about 37% as compared to thecontrol. The decrease in translocation of reduced N into leaves was also observed in NaCl exposed plants. Inthe medium exposed to 10 mM NO,., osmotic contribution of nitrate to cumulative osmotic potential wasdecreased, and it was osmotically compensated with soluble carbohydrate. When osmotically stressed withNaC1, the contribution of chloride was much higher than that of nitrate. The present data indicate that N03-in plant tissues, factually affected by the assimilation of this ion, plays an active role in osmotic regulation incorrelation with other osmotica such carbohydrate and chloride.(Key words : Nitrate metabolism, Osmotic stress, Nitrate supply level, Osmoregulation)ate supply level, Osmoregulation)

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.144-150
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• 2015

Stems of Pinus thunbergii Parl. grown with high salinity were analyzed for chemical characteristics. Stem of 2 years was rich in soluble compounds and stem of 3 years reduced the amount of the soluble compound. But, the lignin content have not seen a large change. Also, Klason lignins of stem of 2 and 3 years has not changed in nitrogen and hydrogen content. In Klason process, it was significantly increased the carbon concentration due to the hydrolysis of the carbohydrate. In addition, the accumulation of xylan from Pinus thunbergii Parl. with salinity treatment were increased noticeably. Finally, functional group of Pinus thunbergii Parl. with salinity treatment were not changed.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.213-218
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• 2014

대기 이산화탄소 농도 증가가 상수리나무 잎의 생물계절현상에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 상부개방형온실을 이용하여 대기 이산화탄소 농도를 높여 처리하였다. 대기 이산화탄소 처리 농도의 설정은 현재 농도, 현재 농도의 1.4배, 현재 농도의 1.8배 등 3 처리구로 하였고, 온실효과에 대한 검정을 위하여 상부개방형온실 외부에 비교구를 설치하였다. 잎의 생물계절현상은 2013년에 동아 파열, 개엽, 단풍, 낙엽에 대하여 각 생물계절현상이 나타나는 일자와 적산온도를 조사하였고, 2014년에는 봄철 계절현상인 동아 파열과 개엽에 대하여 각가의 일자와 적산온도를 조사하였다. 동아 내의 탄수화물 함량 분석을 위하여 2014년 3월에 각 처리구별로 동아를 채취하여 분석하였다. 봄철의 생물계절현상이 연도간에 차이가 나타났는데, 2013년도에는 동아 파열과 개엽 시기가 이산화탄소 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 빨라지는 것으로 나타났다. 봄철 기온이 높았던 2014년도에는 동아 파열 및 개엽 시기 모두 처리구간에 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 단풍과 낙엽 등 가을철의 생물계절현상은 이산화탄소 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라서 늦어지는 것으로 나타났다. 동아 내의 탄수화물 함량 분석 결과 이산화탄소 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라서 전분, 총 비구조 탄수화물, 총 수용성 당류의 함량이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 대기 이산화탄소 농도의 상승은 상수리나무의 개엽을 빠르게 하고 낙엽을 늦추어 전체적인 생육기간을 연장시키게 될 것이다. 봄철의 이른 개엽은 동해피해의 가능성을 높이나, 개엽 시기는 온도에 의한 영향을 크게 받으며, 전년도 이산화탄소 농도 증가에 의하여 동아 내의 전분, 수용성 당 등 탄수화물 함량이 증가되기 때문에 봄철의 동해피해 가능성은 낮을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.639-647
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• 1998

This study was carried out to produce the maltooligosaccharides directly from the culture medium containing high concentration of soluble starch as carbohydrate source by Bacillus cereus IAM 1072. Optimum conditions for the production of maltopentaose and maltooligosaccharides were predicted as 10.62 and 10.92 in C/N ration, 115.74 and 116.51 rpm in agitation speed, 30.19 and 30.9$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. And at these conditions, products of maltopentaose and maltooligosaccharides were 23.23 and 50.33g/L, respectively. From the results of continuous culture for maltopentaose, the productivity increased up to 6.9 times, showing 6.6g/L/hr compared with 0.96g/L/hr batch culture. Maltopentaose showed lower sweetness at 3% concentration representing 1/5 of that sugar. Also, swelling power of maltooligosaccharides was reached to the same point with sugar after fermentation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.1386-1398
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• 2010

Soybean contains a high concentration of carbohydrates that consist mainly of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and oligosaccharides. The NSP can be divided into insoluble NSP (mainly cellulose) and soluble NSP (composed mainly of pectic polymers, which are partially soluble in water). Monogastric animals do not have the enzymes to hydrolyze these carbohydrates, and thus their digestion occurs by means of bacterial fermentation. The fermentation of soybean carbohydrates produces short chain fatty acids that can be used as an energy source by animals. The utilization efficiency of the carbohydrates is related to the chemical structure, the level of inclusion in the diet, species and age of the animal. In poultry, soluble NSP can increase digesta viscosity, reduce the digestibility of nutrients and depress growth performance. In growing pigs, these effects, in particular the effect on gut viscosity, are often not so obvious. However, in weaning piglets, it is reported that soy oligosaccharides and soluble NSP can cause detrimental effects on intestinal health. In monogastrics, consideration must be given to the anti-nutritive effect of the NSP on nutrient digestion and absorption on one hand, as well as the potential benefits or detriments of intestinal fermentation products to the host. This mirrors the needs for i) increasing efficiency of utilization of fibrous materials in monogastrics, and ii) the maintenance and improvement of animal health in antibiotic-free production systems, on the other hand. For example, ethanol/water extraction removes the low molecular weight carbohydrate fractions, such as the oligosaccharides and part of the soluble pectins, leaving behind the insoluble fraction of the NSP, which is devoid of anti-nutritive activities. The resultant product is a high quality soy protein concentrate. This paper presents the composition and chemical structures of carbohydrates present in soybeans and discusses their nutritive and anti-nutritive effects on digestion and absorption of nutrients in pigs and poultry.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.40-46
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• 1988

This study was carried out to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization levels (0, 100 and 200kg/ha) and formaldehyde (0.4,0.8 and 1.2%: w/w CM) on the chemical composition, dry matter (DM) yield and in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of forage rape (Brassica napus Subsp. oleifera) silage. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. Forage rape was a catch crop which was highly digestible and low concentration in NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin. 2. The concentration of the water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and buffering capacity (PK) was 17.9% and 6.77g/100g, respectively, provided the WSC to PK ratio was 2.65. 3. DM content of silage decreased as the rate of N fertilization increased, but concentration of ammonia-N decreased. IVDMD was not affected by the rate of N fertilization. 4. By the addition of formaldehyde, the pH and IVDMD were increased, but the DM, lactic acid, total organic acid and ammonia-N content of rape silage were decreased, that was effective as a silage additive for forage rape.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2017

우리나라 양돈 농장 내 돈사의 대부분은 고밀도 사육에 적합한 피트형 구조를 가지고 있다. 피트형 돈사는 돼지의 배설물이 바닥의 공간에 장기간 저장되는 구조로서 기존의 돈사에 비해 분뇨 처리를 위한 노동비용이 크게 절감되는 장점이 있다. 그러나 피트에 저장된 분뇨슬러리는 암모니아를 비롯하여 다양한 냄새물질을 지속적으로 배출하여 돼지와 근로자의 건강을 위협하게 된다. 축산업의 역사가 오래된 축산 선진국에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 슬러리 첨가제, 스크러버, 바이오필터 등을 개발하였으며 우리나라 역시, 점차 고밀도 사육 방식이 확산됨에 따라 냄새저감 수단에 대한 수요가 빠르게 증가하고 있다. 특히 최근에는 돈사 피트에 직접 투여하는 미생물제의 보급이 빠르게 확대되고 있다. 미생물제는 구매 비용이 높다는 단점에도 불구하고 운반, 저장, 사용이 편리하고 상대적으로 유지비가 저렴하여 소규모 양돈 농가에서 많이 선택되고 있다. 이러한 미생물제와 비교하여 유사한 효과를 발휘하면서도 비용이 훨씬 저렴한 냄새저감 수단으로서 수용성 탄수화물이 있다. 수용성탄수화물이란 설탕, 포도당, 당밀과 같이 분자량이 적은 단당류 또는 이당류 등을 포함하며 분뇨슬러리에 용해된 이후 빠르게 미생물에 의해 이용될 수 있는 탄소화합물을 의미한다. 분뇨 내 미생물은 투여된 수용성 탄수화물을 분해하여 이산화탄소 및 각종 유기산을 생산함으로 슬러리를 산화시키는 효과를 발휘한다. 산화된 슬러리 내에서 비이온성인 암모니아는 이온성인 암모늄 이온으로 전환되어 휘발성을 잃게 된다. 본 연구에서 대표적인 수용성 탄수화물인 설탕을 돈분뇨 슬러리(120kg)에 0.1%(w/w) 투여함으로서 슬러리의 pH를 8.2 수준으로 유지하였고 암모니아의 휘발은 10일 평균 33% 저감하는 효과를 얻었다. 결론적으로 본 연구의 결과를 돈사 현장에서 활용한다면 미생물제에 비해 보다 저렴한 비용으로 피트 슬러리의 암모니아 휘발을 저감할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.