• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 1993

This study was made to understand a hypoglycemic action of the fat soluble fraction of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats by determining the activities of several enzymes related to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as several blood component levels such as glucose and ketone bodies, and non-esterified fatty acids. Albino rats (Sprague Dawley, 170-200g, 3) were injected once with 70mg streptozotocinhg body weight intraperitoneally and fed with ordinary diet for 7 days, and then the fat soluble fraction (5 mg~20 mg/day/rat) was injected intraperitoneally once a day for three days to rats having high blood glucose level over 340 mg/100ml. After a final injection of the fat soluble fraction, rats u.ere starved for 16 hours followed by the analysis of blood serum and liver enzymes. It was found that increased levels of glucose, ketone bodies and free fatty acids in streptozotocin induced rats were decreased appreciably by administration of the fat soluble fraction. However, the amount of administered fat soluble fraction did not show any significantly different hypoglycemic action. Decreased activities of glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and acetyl CoA carboxylase of the liver of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were greatly modified suggesting that a hypoglycemic action of the fat soluble fraction was also appreciable as ginseng saponin fraction. We also compared a hypoglycemic action of the fat soluble fraction prepared from American ginseng and Chinese ginseng with that of Korean pain ginseng. 핀o significant difference of the hypoglycemic activity was observed between the above ginseng fat soluble fractions, suggesting that a study of the fat soluble fraction might be one of the most interesting subjects relating to diabetic hyperglycemia in the near future.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.121-123
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• 2001

Gums, resins and gum-resins represent a variety of plant exudates that are highly prized and are extensively used in various industries. The usage of water soluble gums is growing at faster rate as they are excellent suspending agents, dispersants stabilizing agents, emulsifiers and gel forming agents. The gums are made up of carbohydrate polymers, composed of sugar units glycosidically condensed to form large molecules. Resins are non-volatile products, and oxidative products of terpenes or fatty acids, and are of greater commercial importance. They are soluble in water and contrasted with gums, soluble in organic solvents only.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.319-324
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• 2005

This study was conducted to identify the soluble carbohydrates in soybean seeds using on-line HPLC-RID-ES/MS and HPLC behavior, and to deter­mine their contents for high quality soybean breeding. The monosaccharide (glucose) and three oligosaccharides (sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose) were identified in Korean soybeans by their chromatographic behavior and results of on-line HPLC-RID-MS with Electro­spray Ionization mode. On the basis of HPLC with a RID detector, the 32 Korean major soybeans contain $0.37{\pm}0.26\%$ glucose, $4.55{\pm}0.91\%$ sucrose, $1.19{\pm}0.19\%$ raffinose, and $2.72{\pm}0.37\%$ stachyose on a dry basis. In 468 soybean germplasms, the ranges of glucose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose were $0.03 - 0.98\%$, $2.33 - 6.96\%$, $0.08 -1.87\%$ and $0.75 - 3.18\%$, respectively. Among 500 soybean samples, oligosaccharide contents of 32 Korean major cultivated soybeans and 468 soybean germplasms were varied $5.83 - 10.06\%$ and $3.66 - 10.32\%$, respectively. The composition of glucose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose in soluble carbo­hydrates of 500 soybean samples were $2.07 {\pm} 1.75\%$, $58.01{\pm}5.82\%$, $10.13{\pm}2.28\%$ and $29.80{\pm}4.54\%$, respectively. Sucrose appeared to be most prevalent in soy­bean soluble carbohydrates.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1265-1272
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• 2011

In this study, the extraction characteristics of soluble solid from Rumex crispus(Curled dock) was studied from the investigation of the effects of experimental conditions on extraction rate; extraction ratio, composition of extractants, extraction time and pH of extractant, etc. The proximate composition of Rumex crispus was 2.58% crude lipid, 5.59% crude protein, 7.39% crude ash, 6.13% moisture and 78.31% carbohydrate, respectively. Turbidity of extract by distilled water was higher and increased with extraction time and extraction temperature, where as the turbidity didn't increase by ethanol and methanol in 20 folds of extraction ratio. Turbidity was inversely proportional to the extraction ratio for the three extractants at 25$^{\circ}C$ and 1 hour extraction. But turbidity of extract was highest by composition of 50% methanol-water extractant than any other compositions of extractants. Eighteen and fifteen free aminoacids were detected in extracts with distilled water, methanol and ethanol extractant, respectively, and it's contents were order of glutamic acid>proline>aminobutyric acid>alanine. The extraction rate of soluble solid from Rumex crispus was order of distilled water>methanol>ethanol within experimental extraction ratio. In extraction with distilled water, the contents of soluble solid was inversely proportional to the pH of extractant.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.58 no.9
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• pp.34.1-34.9
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• 2016

Background: By-products of pickled radish (BPR) are considered food waste. Approximately 300 g/kg of the total mass of raw materials becomes BPR. Production of pickled radish has grown continuously and is presently about 40,000 metric tons annually in Korea. The objective of the present study was thus to explore the possibility of using BPR as a ruminant feed ingredient. Results: BPR contained a large amount of moisture (more than 800 g/kg) and ash, and comprised mostly sodium (103 g/kg DM) and chloride (142 g/kg DM). On a dry matter basis, the crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) levels in BPR were 75 g/kg and 7 g/kg, respectively. The total digestible nutrient (TDN) level was 527 g/kg and the major portion of digestible nutrients was carbohydrate; 88 % organic matter (OM) was carbohydrate and 65 % of total carbohydrate was soluble or degradable fiber. The coefficient of variation (CV) of nutrient contents among production batches ranged from 4.65 to 33.83 %. The smallest CV was observed in OM, and the largest, in EE. The variation in CP content was relatively small (10.11 %). The storage stability test revealed that storage of BPR at $20^{\circ}C$ (room temperature) might not cause spoilage for 4 d, and possibly longer. If BPR is refrigerated, spoilage can be deferred for 21 d and longer. The in vitro ruminal fermentation study showed that substitution of annual ryegrass straw with BPR improved ruminal fermentation, as evidenced by an increase in VFA concentration, DM degradability, and total gas production. Conclusion: The major portion of nutrients in BPR is soluble or degradable fiber that can be easily fermented in the rumen without adverse effects, to provide energy to ruminant animals. Although its high sodium chloride content needs to be considered when formulating a ration, BPR can be successfully used as a feed ingredient in a ruminant diet, particularly if it is one component of a total mixed ration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.262-265
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• 1993

Dietary fiber content and carbohydrate digestibility of dried soymilk residue (DSR) and tofu containing DSR were evaluated. Insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) content was 37.4 and 49.8% (%, moisture free basis) for common soymilk residue and DSR, respectively. Both soymilk residues contained 12.5% of soluble dietary fiber (SDF, dry basis). Tofu containing DSR, which is partially substituted with DSR corresponding to 10% weight of soybean used, had higher dietary fiber content (30% more for RDF and 45% more for SDF) than tofu manufactured in traditional manner. Carbohydrate digestibility was much lower in all tofu products ranging from 11% to 21%, and there was a negative correlation( r = -0.9243) between carbohydrate digestibility and total dietary fiber content.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.41-45
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• 1999

A tentative composition and some properties of biosurfactants, type I and type II, from Pseudomonas sp. SW1 are described. Biosurfactant type I and II are soluble in water, dichloromethane, chloroform, and a mixture of chloroform and methanol, respectively. The UV absorption spectrum of biosurfactants showed three characteristic peaks in the range of 212, 250 and 365nm, respectively. As a result of IR spectroscopy, GC/MS analysis and biochemical analysis, biosurfactant type I was a polymeric biosurfactant containing carbohydrate, lipid and protein. The carbohydrate was characterized as rhamnose. The lipid part consists of $C_{14}-C_{23}$ fatty acid when analyzed by GC/MS. The biosurfactant type II was a rhamnolipid consisting of carbohydrate and lipid.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.142-147
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• 2006

The present study describes carbohydrate metabolism, macro-element utilization and antioxidant defenses in response to an ozone dose (100 ppb, 8d) in two rice varieties. Tolerant (cv. Jinpumbyeo) and sensitive (cv. Chucheongbyeo) varieties of rice were grown in growth chamber for 30 days after sowing. Concentrations of chloroplast pigments and non-structural carbohydrates as well as activity of antioxidant enzymes were determined to evaluate the resistance against ozone stress. Ozone caused the decrease in chlorophyll a and carotenoid contents, and also resulted in faster decomposition of non-structural carbohydrate in leaf blade and leaf sheath. The contents of nitrogen and potassium in leaves were visibly decreased in cv. Chucheongbyeo with an increase in ozone exposure, but not in cv. Jinpumbyeo. Enzymatic antioxidants against ROS in both varieties responded in the order of POD, SOD and CAT, and their capacity was stronger in cv. Jinpumbyeo.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 1990

Changes in water potential, lethal temperature and carbohydrate content in the leaves of wintergreen (Pyrola japonica) during overwintering were investigated. Leaf water potential was kept at -2 bars in the tender stage before October, decreased to -46 bars in the dormancy stage and increased to -2 bars again after dehardening Lethal temperatures of the leaf tissue were $-7^{\circ}C$ in the tender stage and $-7^{\circ}C$ in the dormancy stage, but did not recover up to that of the tender stage during dehardeding. Peak of soluble sugar content coincided with the nadir of the leaf water potential. There were close relationships among daily minimum air-temperature, leaf water potential and lethal temperature in changing patterns during overwintering.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.131.2-132
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• 2003

Artemisia Folium is a preparation of dried leaves from Artemisia species and has been used traditionally to prevent or treat various kinds of woman's diseases. A similar preparation called Chinese Moxa has been used to treat rheumatism by moxibustion in Chinese medicine. A small carbohydrate fraction of approximately 1,000 dlaton from the water-soluble extract of the Artemisia Folium promoted survival of the mouse thymocytes in culture. A mouse gene array study suggested that the fraction might modulate Fas/FasL dependent apoptotic cell death and thus had influence on the survival of the thymocytes in culture. (omitted)