• 제목/요약/키워드: Soluble ST2

검색결과 65건 처리시간 0.031초

Influence of Dry Roasting of Whole Faba Beans (Vicia faba) on Rumen Degradation Characteristics in Dairy Cows, II: Starch

  • Yu, P.;Egan, A.R.;Holmes, J.H.G.;Leury, B.J.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
    • /
    • 제11권5호
    • /
    • pp.503-509
    • /
    • 1998
  • Whole faba beans (WFB) were dry roasted at different temperatures of 110, 130 and $150^{\circ}C$ for 15, 30 and 45 minutes (min) to determine the optimal heating conditions to increase bypass starch as glucose source which may be a limiting nutrient in high producing dairy cattle. Ruminant degradation characteristics of starch (St) of WFB were determined using in sacco method in 6 dairy cows fed 60% hay and 40% concentrate. Measured characteristics of St were soluble (washable) fraction (S), potentially degradation fraction (D) and the rate of degradation (Kd) of the insoluble but degradable St fraction. Based on measurement of these characteristics, percentage bypass starch (%BSt) and bypass starch (BSt) were calculated. Degradability of starch in the rumen was reduced by dry roasting at temperature of 130 and $150^{\circ}C$ and increased at $110^{\circ}C$. S varied from 50.0% in the raw whole faba beans (RWFB) and 53.7% in $110^{\circ}C$/15 min to 18.2% in $150^{\circ}C$/45 min. D varied from 49.9% in RWFB and 46.3% in $110^{\circ}C$/15 min to 81.8 % in $150^{\circ}C$/45 min. Kd varied from 9.8% in RWFB and 11.0% in the $110^{\circ}C$/30 min to 4.2 in $150^{\circ}C$/45 min. All these effects resulted in increasing %BSt from 22.1% in the $110^{\circ}C$/45 min and 23.9% in RWFB to 49.9% in the $150^{\circ}C$/45 min. Therefore BSt increased from 91.4 g/kg and 98.4 g/kg to 199.9 g/kg respectively. Dry roasting at $110^{\circ}C$ increased the starch rumen degradation. Treatment at higher temperature (130 and $150^{\circ}C$) decreased rumen degradation of starch and seemed to be linear up to highest values tested. No optimal dry roasting conditions of treatment could be determined at this stage. It may be concluded that dry roasting at temperatures of 130 and $150^{\circ}C$ was effective in shifting starch degradation from rumen to intestine to increase bypass starch.

질소시용, 예초 및 재식밀도가 한국잔디(Zoysia Japonica Steud)의 생육에 미치는 영향 (Studies on the growth of Korea Lawn Grass (Zoysia japonica Steud.)in Reponse to Nitrogen Application, Clipping Treatment and Plant Density)

  • 심재성
    • 자연과학논문집
    • /
    • 제1권
    • /
    • pp.61-113
    • /
    • 1987
  • The increasing emphasis placed on the production of fine turf for lawns, golf courses, parks, and other recreational sites has led to many unsolved problems as to how such turf could be best established and mainteined. For this purpose, a series of experiments were conducted under con ditions of pot and field. The results obtained were as follows EXPERIMENT I. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer and clipping interval on Zoysia japonica. 1. Increasing the rate of nitrogen and frequent clipping increased tiller number of Zoysis japonica and the maximum number of tillers were obtained from 700 kg N application and freqnent clippings (10 days interval ) in October. Treatment of 350kg N with 10 days clipping interval increased tillers much more than those of 700 kgN with 20 and 30 days clipping intervals. 2. The average number of green leaves occurred during the growth period maximized by applying 700 kg N and clipping 10 days interval. 3. Increasing tiller numbers significantly decreased tops DM weight per tiller by clipping plants at interval of 10 and 20 days, irrespective of nitrogen applied, and with nil N, at the interval of 30 days. By applying 700 kg N, however, top DM weight per tiller increased as the number of tillers increased consistently. 4. The highest top DM weight was achieved from late August to early September by applying 350 and 700kgN. 5. During the growth period, differences in unders ( stolon + root ) DM weight occurred bynitrogen application were found between nil N and two applied nitrogen levels, whereas, at the same level of nitrogen applied, the increase in stolon DM weight enhanced by lengthening the clipping interval to 30 days. 6. Nitrogen efficiency to green leaves, stolon nodes and DM weight of root with high nitrogen was achieved as clipping interval was shortened. 7. By increasing fertilizer nitrogen rate applied, N content n the leaves and stems of Zoysiajaponica was increased. On the other hand, N content in root and stolon had little effect onfertilizer nitrogen, resulting in the lowest content among plant fractions. The largest content of N was recorded in leaves. Lengthening the clipping interval from 10 or 20 to 30 days tends to decrease the N content in the leaves and stems, whereas this trend did not appeared in stolon androot. 8. A positive correlations between N and K contents in tops and stolon were established andthus K content increased as N content in tops and stolon increased. Meanwhile, P content was not affected by N and clipping treatments. 9. Total soluble carbohydrate content in Zoysia japonica was largest in stolon and stem, and was reduced by increasing fertilizer nitrogen rate. Reduction in total soluble carbohydrate due to increased nitrogen rate was severer in the stolons and stems than in the leaves. 10. Increasing the rate of nitrogen applied increased the number of small and large vascular bundles in leaf blade, but shortened distance among the large vascular bundles. Shortening the clipping interval resulted in increase of the number of large vascular bundles but decrease ofdistance between large vascular bundles.EXPERIMENT II. Growth response of Zoysia japonica imposed by different plant densities. 1. Tiller numbers per unit area increased as plant density heightened. Differences in num ber between densities at higher densities than 120 D were of no significance. 2. Tiller numbers per clone attained by 110 days after transplanting were 126 at 40D,77 at 80D, 67 at 120D, 54 at 160D, and 41 at 200D. A decreasing trend of tiller numbers per clone with increasing density was noticable from 100 days after transplanting onwards. 3. During the growth period, the greatest number of green leaves per unit area were attainedin 90days after transplanting at 160D and 200D, and 100 days after transplanting at 40D, 80Dand 120D. Thus the period to reach the maximum green leaf number with the high plantdensity was likely to be earlier that with the low plant density. 4. Stolon growth up to 80 days after transplaning was relatively slow, but from 80 daysonwards, the growth quickened to range from 1.9 m/clone at 40D to 0.6m/clone at 200Din 200 days after transplanting, these followed by the stolon node produced. 5. Plant density did not affect stolon weight/clone and root weight/clone until 80 daysafter transplanting. 6. DM weight of root was heavier in the early period of growth than that of stolon, butthis trend was reversed in the late period of growth : DM weight of stolon was much higherthan that of root.EXPERIMENT Ill. Vegetative growth of Zoysia japonica and Zoysia matrella as affected by nitrogen and clipping height. 1. When no nitrogen was applied to Zoysia japonica, leaf blade which appeared during theAugust-early September period remained green for a perid of about 10 weeks and even leavesemerged in rate September lived for 42 days. However, leaf longevity did not exceed 8 weeks asnitrogen was applied. In contrast the leaf longevity of Zoysia matrella which emerged during the mid August-earlySeptember period was 11 weeks and, under the nitrogen applied, 9 weeks, indicating that thelife-spen of individual leaf of Zoysia matrella may be longer than that of Zoysia japorica. Clipping height had no effect on the leaf longevity in both grasses. 2. During the July-August period, tiller number, green leaf number and DM weightof Zoysia japonica were increased significantly with fertilizer nitrogen, but were not with twolevel of clipping height. This trend was reversed after late September ; no effect of nitrogen wasappeared. Instead, lax clipping increased tiller number, green leaf number and DM weight. Greenleaves stimulated by lax clipping resulted in the occurrance of more dead leaves in late October. 3. Among the stolons outgrown until early September, the primary stolon was not influencedby nitrogen and clipping treatments to produce only 2-3 stolons. However, 1st branch stoIon asaffected by nitrogen increased significantly, so most of stolons which occurred consisted of 1st branch stolons. 4. Until early September, stolon length obtained at nil nitrogen level was chiefly caused bythe primary stolons. By applying nitrogen, the primary stolons of Zoysia japonica waslonger than 1st branch stolons when severe clipping was involved and in turn, shorter than 1stbranch stolons when lax clipping was concerned. In Zoysia matrella, 1st branch stolons were muchlonger than the primary stolon when turf was clipped severely but in conditions of lax clippingthere was little difference in length between primary and 1st branch stolons. 5. Stolon nodes of both Zoysia japonica and Z. matrella were positively influenced by nit rogen, but no particular increase by imposing clipping height treatment was marked in Zoysiamatrella. Although the stolon of Zoysia japonica grew until late October, the growthstimulated by nitrogen was not so remarkable as to exceed that by nil N.

  • PDF

CO2 상승처리가 복숭아 '미홍'의 수체생육 및 생리반응에 미치는 영향 (Effect of the Elevated Carbon Dioxide on the Growth and Physiological Responses of Peach 'Mihong')

  • 이슬기;조정건;정재훈;류수현;한점화;도경란
    • 생물환경조절학회지
    • /
    • 제30권4호
    • /
    • pp.312-319
    • /
    • 2021
  • 본 연구는 CO2 상승 처리에 따른 복숭아 '미홍' 품종의 수체생육 및 생리반응에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 수행하였다. CO2 농도는 기후변화 시나리오 RCP8.5를 기반하여 400µmol·mol-1(현재), CO2 상승구 700µmol·mol-1(21C 중반기), 940µmol·mol-1(21C 후반기)으로 4월 22일부터 7월 6일까지 처리하였다. 5월 22일부터 7월 2일까지의 최대광합성률 평균값은 700µmol·mol-1 처리구에서 16.06µmol·CO2·m-2·s-1으로 대조구 14.45µmol·CO2·m-2·s-1와 940µmol·mol-1 처리구의 15.96µmol·CO2·m-2·s-1보다 높았다. 그러나 기공전도도는 대조구보다 700µmol·mol-1 및 940µmol·mol-1 처리구에서 낮았다. 또한 모든 처리구에서 CO2 포화점은 생육 초기 1,200µmol·mol-1에서 생육 후기 600-800µmol·mol-1으로 낮아졌다. 기공 밀도는 CO2가 상승할수록 감소하였다. 수체생육 중 직경증가량, 엽면적, 신초 수는 통계적 유의차가 없었지만, 신초 길이는 CO2가 상승할수록 짧아졌다. 과중은 700µmol·mol-1(152.5g), 940µmol·mol-1(147.4g), 400µmol·mol-1(141.8g) 처리구 순으로 높았다. 가용성 고형물 함량은 대조구인 400µmol·mol-1 처리구보다 CO2 상승 처리구에서 유의적으로 증가하였다. 이상의 결과들을 종합하면 700µmol·mol-1 까지의 CO2 상승은 복숭아 '미홍'의 수량과 가용성 고형물 함량 등 과실 품질에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 반면, 940µmol·mol-1 이상의 CO2 상승은 조기 노화 및 착과 부위 감소 등 복숭아 생산성에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다.

Snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin: GNA) 유전자 도입에 의한 벼멸구 저항성 형질전환 벼 개발 (Transgenic Rice Expressing Snowdrop Lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) Shows Resistance to Rice Brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål))

  • 이수인;윤인선;김진아;홍준기;박범석;이연희
    • 생명과학회지
    • /
    • 제22권12호
    • /
    • pp.1614-1620
    • /
    • 2012
  • 유전자총(Particle bombardment) 방법에 의해 snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) 유전자가 도입된 해충저항성 형질전환 벼를 개발하였다. GNA 유전자가 도입된 많은 형질전환 식물체가 재분화되었으며, 형질전환 벼의 GNA 유전자의 integration, expression 및 inheritance는 Southern 및 western analysis분석 방법에 의해 증명되었다. 벼 genome 내 도입 유전자 수는 one 혹은 five copies이었다. 형질전환 $R_1$$R_2$ 식물체의 GNA 단백질 발현 분석 결과, 함량은 총 단백질 중 0.01%부터 2.0%까지 포함하고 있었다. 형질전환 식물체 중 GNA 과발현 형질전환 벼를 이용한 생물 검정 결과, 대조구와 비교하여 벼의 주요 해충인 벼멸구(Nilaparvata lugens St${\aa}$l)에 저항성을 나타내었다. 위의 실험 결과를 통해, 해충저항성 유전자인 GNA가 도입된 형질전환 벼는 해충의 증식을 억제하는데 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

OSA 공정의 세포 내 ATP, NAD(H), NADP(H) 농도 (Intracellular Concentrations of NAD(P), NAD(P)H, and ATP in a Simulated Oxic-settling-anaerobic (OSA) Process)

  • 벤추라 제이알;남지현;양빈친;나리;길혜진;남덕현;강기훈;장덕진
    • 한국물환경학회지
    • /
    • 제31권6호
    • /
    • pp.599-609
    • /
    • 2015
  • OSA (oxic-settling-anaerobic)공정은 종래 활성슬러지법(conventional activated sludge)의 잉여슬러지 감량을 목적으로 슬러지 반송라인에 혐기조가 추가된 공정이다. 본 연구에서는 호기조(1)-혐기조-호기조(2)가 순차적으로 구성된 OSA 모의공정의 슬러지 감량원리를 조사하기 위해 각 반응조의 세포 내 에너지 전달물질(ATP, NAD(H), NADP(H)) 변화를 관찰하였다. 시간이 경과함에 따라 호기조 및 혐기조 모두 에너지전달물질이 급격히 감소하였다. 혐기조의 경우 호기조(1)과 (2)보다 낮은 에너지를 함유하는 것으로 나타났으며, 혐기조를 거친 호기조(2)의 경우 호기조(1) 보다 에너지 전달물질이 낮은 수준으로 관찰되었다. 또한, OSA 공정에서 내생호흡을 유도하여 슬러지를 감량하는 혐기조의 화학적 산소요구량 (SCOD), 체류시간 및 온도변화에 따른 호기조(1)과 (2)의 에너지량 차이를 확인한 결과 낮은 농도의 SCOD, 긴 체류시간 및 높은 온도는 호기조(2)의 세포 내 에너지량을 감소시켰다. 혐기조 및 호기조(2)의 세포 내 에너지 수준은 각각 호기조(1)의 57.73% 및 39.12% 수준으로, 두 단계의 호기조 사이에 추가된 혐기조는 OSA 공정의 세포 내 에너지 수준을 낮출 뿐 아니라, CAS 공정보다 적은 양의 슬러지가 생산하였다. 본 연구결과를 토대로, 호기조 사이에 추가된 혐기조의 운전조건에 따라 각 반응조의 세포 내 에너지 수준의 조절뿐만 아니라 잉여슬러지의 생성을 제어할 수 있을 것이라 생각된다.

저장기간에 따른 땅두릅 잎김치의 화학적 특성 변화 (Change in the Chemical Characteristics of Aralia continentalis Kitagawa Leaf-Kimchi during Storage Periods)

  • 신동선;김명희;한귀정
    • 한국식품조리과학회지
    • /
    • 제28권2호
    • /
    • pp.159-165
    • /
    • 2012
  • 본 연구에서는 땅두릅잎을 이용하여 양념을 달리한 LA(간장), LB(간장+고춧가루), LC(간장+고춧가루+젓갈)의 잎김치를 제조하여 저장기간에 따른 총 비타민 C, 환원당, 식이섬유, 총 클로로필, 총 수용성 고형분 함량을 측정하였다. 실험결과, 땅두릅 잎김치의 화학적 특성에서 총 비타민 C는 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 모든 실험군이 감소하였으며 비교적 높은 잔존율을 나타내었다. 환원당의 경우 저장 초기부터 완만하게 감소하다가 저장 5개월에는 급격히 감소하여 이후부터 저장 6개월까지 다소 완만하게 감소하는 경향이었다. 식이섬유는 전반적으로 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라 수용성 식이섬유는 증가하고 불용성 식이섬유는 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 총 식이섬유는 다소 증가하거나 일정 수준을 유지하였다. 총 클로로필은 저장 1개월에는 다소 감소하다가 저장 3개월에 증가했다가 다시 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 처리구 LB가 가장 높은 클로로필 함량을 나타내었으며 대조구인 LA가 가장 낮은 잔존율를 보였다. 총 수용성 고형분 함량은 저장 초기 LA, LB, LC가 각각 10.3, 10.1, 10.4%이었으며 저장 1개월에는 11.7, 11.3, 12.1%로 다소 증가하였고 저장 3개월에는 12.8, 12.2, 13.0%이었으나 저장 6개월에는 12.0, 11.0, 12.5%로 총 수용성 함량이 다시 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서 땅두릅 잎김치는 양념 및 가공방법을 더 다양화한다면 땅두릅잎은 식품의 적용을 증대시켜 아울러 소비를 증대 시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Antioxidant Properties of Tannic Acid and its Inhibitory Effects on Paraquat-Induced Oxidative Stress in Mice

  • Choi, Je-Min;Han, Jin;Yoon, Byoung-Seok;Chung, Jae-Hwan;Shin, Dong-Bum;Lee, Sang-Kyou;Hwang, Jae-Kwan;Ryang, Ryung
    • Food Science and Biotechnology
    • /
    • 제15권5호
    • /
    • pp.728-734
    • /
    • 2006
  • The tannins represent a highly heterogeneous group of water-soluble plant polyphenols that may play an important role in antimutagenic and antioxidant properties. We investigated the antioxidant function of tannic acid in comparison to other phenolic compounds including catechin, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, ellagic acid, and gallic acid for their ability to scavenge several stable radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as ${\bullet}DPPH^+$, ${\bullet}ABTS^+$, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide radical. The ability of tannic acid to decrease paraquat-induced lipid oxidation in mouse liver and lung through its antioxidant properties was also assessed. The results showed that almost all the tested compounds have stable radical scavenging activity except cinnamic acid. Tannic acid, gallic acid, and ellagic acid demonstrated remarkable ROS scavenging properties toward $H_2O_2$, ${\bullet}OH^-$, ${\bullet}O_2^-$ and especially only tannic acid could inhibit paraquat-induced lipid peroxidation effectively in mouse liver and lung. Based on these results, it appears that increased number of galloyl and ortho-hydroxyl groups enhances the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds and tannic acid is evaluated as the most effective antioxidant among all the tested compounds. These results suggest that the tannins, especially tannic acid, can be used as therapeutic agent for various diseases caused by ROS.

연화병의 병원체를 경구 또는 피하접종했을 때에 출현하는 왜소잠에 관한 조사연구 (Studies on the Appearance of the Dwarfishness Silkworm caused by Peroral and Hypodermic Inoculation of the Flacherie Virus, Bombyx mori)

  • 윤종관;사기언
    • 한국잠사곤충학회지
    • /
    • 제17권1호
    • /
    • pp.63-68
    • /
    • 1975
  • Flacherie of all other silkworm diseases greatly affects cocoon crop as it is far-reaching and wide spreading. Fleacherie which kills silkworms caused by bacteria can be classified as bacterial digestive organ disease, and "Sotto" disease. Bacterial digestive organ disease is caused by the bacteria living in the silkworms alementary canal and a majority of flacherie belongs to this disease. Septicemia is caused by bacterias breeding in silkworms body fluid but its attach is comparatively limited during the larva period. "Sotto" disease is caused by eating mulberry leaves infected with bacteria which produce toxin and silkworms are intoxicated and killed by the toxin. The cause of flacherie is mainly due to a poor environment. The unclean and unsanitary silkworm rearing beds help bacterias breeding and bacteria enter silkworms body through mouth organ or skin. The present study is to investigate various causes of flacherie by means of pulverization of silkworm. Filtrated fluid is extracted by centrifuge and hypodermic of peroral inoculation-is given to young and medium silkworms of spring and autumn. The gained results of the experiment are summarized as follows: 1. Silkworms infected with flacherie were pulverized and their filtrated fluid was extracted by centrifuge and inspected under microscope to find polyhedron from the fluid. 2. The experimenting group of peroral inoculation. a) From the third day of peroral inoculation silkworms appetite generally decreased and ate less compared with the control group. b) After 7 days of the inoculation silkworms suffered from empty head, loose bowels and fainting. c) Some of the silkworms still ate but as were shown in Fig. 3 and 4 some dwarfish silkworms were found. d) There was no remarkable difference between 1st and 2nd instar inoculation groups. e) There was a tendency that the number of diseased silkworms was decerased as the increase of instars. 2. The experimental group of hypodermic inoculation a) Both of 3rd and 4th instar inoculation groups showed no remarkable singularity and the number of diseased silkworms decreased. b) The rate of diseased silkworms was comparatively low because the body fluid was acidy or toxin was hard soluble. Hypodermic inoculation could not give much harm to the silkworms compared to peroral inoculation.

  • PDF

치아재식술 시 근관충전재로 사용된 수산화칼슘 제재의 치근단 조직 반응 및 치근 흡수의 평가 (PERIAPICAL TISSUE REACTION AND ROOT RESORPTION FOLLOWING REPLANTATION WITH DIFFERENT CALCIUM HYDROXIDE PASTES IN RAT)

  • 송상채;이승종;정일영;이찬영;금기연
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
    • /
    • 제26권2호
    • /
    • pp.111-120
    • /
    • 2001
  • Calcium hydroxide pastes is widely used in conventional endodontics. Along with the expanded clinical use of calcium hydroxide, literatures suggest mixing calcium hydroxide with other substance. Among added substances the vehicle plays the most importance role in the overall process because it is directly related with the velocity of ionic dissociation of $Ca^{2+}$ and OH ion. In this study, we evalutated and compared periapical tissue response and root resorption after canal was filled with mixture of saline and calcium hydroxide(Junsei Chemical Co.. Japan) as a aqueous vehicle, Metapaste(Meta Co., Korea) as a viscous vehicle paste, Vitapex(Neo Dental, Japan) as a oily vehicle paste and IRM(Caulk Dentsply, USA) in replantation of rat molar. A total of 31 maxillary first molars of Sprague-Dawley female rats, 30 days old were used. The upper 1st molar was extracted and the mesiobuccal canal was filled with mixture of saline and calcium hydroxide, Metapaste, Vitapex. IRM and then replanted. Rats were sacrificed 3 weeks after replantation. the maxillae were removed. section of 4 micron were cut and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Apical tissue response were observed under light microscope. The results were as follows: 1. Saline mixing group and Metapaste group were significant different in fibrous capsule width compared to Vitapex group and IRM group(P<0.05). 2. Saline mixing group. Metapaste group. Vitapex group and IRM group did not prevent root resorption and there were no statistical difference. 3. In saline mixing group and Metapaste group. loss of pastes were observed in all samples. From the results of our study. we observed loss of pastes in saline mixing group and Metapaste group because of water soluble property and assumed it was related to inflammation in apical area and sealing ability of material. So, we should study and develop calcium hydroxide vehicle which is easily removed and more stable and because of only 3 weeks observation we need more evaluation in long period.

  • PDF

신개발 포도 비가림 시설의 특성과 '캠벌얼리'의 생육 (Characteristics of the Newly Developed Rain Shelter for Grapevine and Growth of 'Campbell Early')

  • 이윤상;김승덕;이석호;홍성택;이재웅;홍의연;김대일
    • 생물환경조절학회지
    • /
    • 제24권3호
    • /
    • pp.252-257
    • /
    • 2015
  • 노지 포도재배는 강우에 직접 노출되어 열과와 병 발생이 많아진다. 그래서 도입된 것이 간이 비가림 재배이지만, 이것 역시 열과와 병 발생을 예방하는 데는 한계가 있다. 따라서 간이비가림 시설의 문제점을 보완하기 위해서 완전하게 강우를 차단하면서 자연적인 환기가 가능한 비가림 시설을 개발하여 적설하중과 풍하중을 내재 해 규격에 맞추었다. 개선된 비가림 시설의 특성을 검증하기 위해서 $100m^2$ 규모의 시설을 설치한 다음 관행 비가림 시설과 시설 내외부 온도 분포와 그에 따른 포도캠벨얼리의 품질, 갈반병 발생 및 열과율 등을 조사하여 비교하였다. 관행 비가림 시설과 개선된 비가림 시설의 온도 조사결과 외기온이 $34^{\circ}C$ 이상일 경우 시설 내부온도가 관행 최대 $40.7^{\circ}C$, 개선 시설은 $37.4^{\circ}C$로 측정되어 개선 시설이 3정도 낮았고, $32^{\circ}C$ 이하에서는 관행과 개선 시설 간에 온도 차이가 없었다. 과실 품질은 개선된 비가림 시설이 관행 비가림 시설보다 당도와 상품과율이 높았다. 개선된 비가림 시설이 관행에 비해 열과율과 갈반병 발병율이 현저히 낮았다.