• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.1719-1723
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• 2009

The LiFeP$O_4$ powder was synthesized by using the solid state reaction method with Fe($C_2O_4){\cdot}2H_2O,\;(NH_4)_2HPO_4,\;Li_2CO_3$, and chitosan as a carbon precursor material for a cathode of a lithium-ion battery. The chitosan added LiFePO4 powder was calcined at 350 ${^{\circ}C}$ for 5 hours and then 800 ${^{\circ}C}$ for 12 hours for the calcination. Then we calcined again at 800 ${^{\circ}C}$ for 12 hours. We characterized the synthesized compounds via the crystallinity, the valence states of iron ions, and their shapes using TGA, XRD, SEM, TEM, and XPS. We found that the synthesized powders were carbon-coated using TEM images and the iron ion is substituted from 3+ to 2+ through XPS measurements. We observed voltage characteristics and initial charge-discharge characteristics according to the C rate in LiFeP$O_4$ batteries. The obtained initial specific capacity of the chitosan added LiFeP$O_4$ powder is 110 mAh/g, which is much larger than that of LiFeP$O_4$ only powder.

• 천문학논총
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.559-563
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• 2015

Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI) is a Japanese X-ray all-sky surveyer mounted on the International Space Station (ISS). It has been scanning the whole sky since 2009 during every 92-minute ISS rotation. X-ray transients are quickly found by the real-time nova-search program. As a result, MAXI has issued 133 Astronomer's Telegrams and 44 Gamma-ray burst Coordinated Networks so far. MAXI has discovered six new black holes (BH) in 4.5 years. Long-term behaviors of the MAXI BHs can be classified into two types by their outbursts; a fast-rise exponential-decay type and a fast-rise flat-top one. The slit camera is suitable for accumulating data over a long time. MAXI issued a 37-month catalog containing 500 sources above a ~0.6 mCrab detection limit at 4-10 keV in the region ${\mid}{b}{\mid}$ > $10^{\circ}$. The SSC instrument utilizing an X-ray CCD has detected diffuse soft X-rays extending over a large solid angle, such as the Cygnus super bubble. MAXI/SSC has also detcted a Ne emission line from the rapid soft X-ray nova MAXI J0158-744. The overall shapes of outbursts in Be X-ray binaries (BeXRB) are precisely observed with MAXI/GSC. BeXRB have two kinds of outbursts, a normal outburst and a giant one. The peak dates of the subsequent giant outbursts of A0535+26 repeated with a different period than the orbital one. The Be stellar disk is considered to either have a precession motion or a distorted shape. The long-term behaviors of low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXB) containing weakly magnetized neutron stars are investigated. Transient LMXBs (Aql X-1 and 4U 1608-52) repeated outbursts every 200-1000 days, which is understood by the limit-cycle of hydrogen ionization states in the outer accretion disk. A third state (very dim state) in Aql X-1 and 4U 1608-52 was interpreted as the propeller effect in the unified picture of LMXB. Cir X-1 is a peculiar source in the sense that its long-term behavior is not like typical LMXBs. The luminosity sometimes decreases suddenly at periastron. It might be explained by the stripping of the outer accretion disk by a clumpy stellar wind. MAXI observed 64 large flares from 22 active stars (RS CVns, dMe stars, Argol types, young stellar objects) over 4 years. The total energies are $10^{34}-10^{36}$ erg $s^{-1}$. Since MAXI can measure the spectrum (temperature and emission measure), we can estimate the size of the plasma and the magnetic fields. The size sometimes exceeds the size of the star. The magnetic field is in the range of 10-100 gauss, which is a typical value for solar flares.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제41권8호
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• pp.531-536
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• 2017

최근들어 고체 표면의 젖음성을 향상시키기 위해 표면에 나노/마이크로 기술을 적용하는 연구가 진행되고 있다. 이러한 연구를 통하여 나노 구조가 표면 젖음성을 향상 시킬 수 있고, 액체 퍼짐은 실 모세관(Capillary wicking)에 의해 형성된다는 것을 확인하였다. 그러나 대부분의 연구는 나노 구조의 작은 스케일때문에 분석하는데 어려움이 있어서 퍼짐현상을 정성적으로 분석하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 마이크로/나노/마이크로-나노 구조를 갖는 실리콘 표면에서의 액적 계면 거동을 정량적으로 분석하였으며, 계면의 거동은 방사광 X선 영상법으로 직접 측면가시화를 진행하였다. 그 결과 모든 구조 표면에서 퍼짐 현상이 발생하였고, 액체 계면의 거동이 서로 다르게 나타났다. 마이크로구조의 경우 일정한 액막 두께를 유지하며 퍼졌고, 나노구조는 완만한 경사를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 마이크로-나노 구조의 경우 두 가지가 결합된 형태의 퍼짐현상을 보였다. 또한 액체의 퍼짐은 마이크로-나노 구조에서 가장 증진됨을 확인하였다.

• 정보교육학회논문지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.33-45
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• 2001

21세기는 정보화 사회로 필요한 정보를 빠르게 찾아 자신의 문제를 스스로 해결해 나갈 수 있는 능력을 갖추지 않으면 적응하기 어렵게 될 것이다. 학교 현장에서 이러한 정보화 사회에 대처할 수 있도록 학습자 자신이 교육의 주체가 되어 스스로 학습 계획을 세우고, 다양한 방법으로 정보를 수집, 검토하여 문제를 해결해 나가는 능력을 기를 수 있도록 교육이 이루어져야 한다. 이것을 가능하게 하는 것이 컴퓨터를 활용한 학습 특히, 웹(Web)을 활용한 자기 주도적 학습이다. 즉, Web을 활용하여 지식과 정보를 학습자가 자율적으로 수집, 활용하여 독자성과 창조성을 기를 수 있는 자기 주도적 학습을 할 수 있는 프로그램이 필요하다. 따라서 본 논문은 Web를 활용하여 초등학교 수학과 도형 영역을 5단계로 재구성하고 1단계는 '여러가지 모양'에 관한 학습 단계로 도형이 무엇이고 실생활에 어떻게 활용되는지 알게 하였고, 2단계는 '점 선분 각'에 관한 학습 단계로 도형 학습의 기초를 다지게 하고 각과 도형간의 관계를 인식할 수 있도록 하였다. 3단계는 '평면도형'에 관한 학습단계로 평면도형들 간의 관계와 여러 가지 형태를 가진 도형의 넓이를 자르거나 붙여서 계산 할 수 있도록 하였으며, 4단계는 '합동과 대칭'에 관한 학습단계로 합동, 축소, 확대된 도형을 알고 실생활에 어떻게 활용되는지 알 수 있도록 하였다. 5단계는 '입체도형'에 관한 학습단계로 평면도형, 입체도형, 뿔, 회전체와의 관계를 학습할 수 있도록 하였다. 이렇게 개발한 프로그램은 Web을 기반으로 학습이 진행되므로 학습 시간과 장소의 제한에서 벗어나 언제, 어디서나 학습할 수 있으며, 학습자의 능력에 따라 학습 흐름을 조절하여 학습함으로써 완전학습은 물론, 학년의 벽을 넘어 학습할 수 있다. 또한, 프로그램 진행이 학습자 스스로 문제를 해결하게 하여 자기 주도적 학습력을 길러나갈 수 있도록 하였다.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제41집
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• pp.133-178
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• 2022

본 논문은 『전경』에 기록된 사명당의 물형을 토대로 역대 풍수고서 등에서 말하는 풍수적 명당의 조건인 용, 혈, 사, 수의 이치에 부합하는지를 현장답사와 전통적인 풍수서의 이론을 토대로 전반적인 국세의 부합 여부를 살펴보았다. 전통적인 풍수 이론을 토대로 살펴볼 때, 첫번째로 순창 회문산의 오선위기형의 용맥은 단단한 토질과 암반으로 구성되어 있고 거미줄처럼 얽히고설켜 전후좌우로 구불구불 꺾이고 끊어질 듯 이어지는 산줄기가 엎드리고 일어나기를 반복하는 변화의 산세를 이루고 있다. 두 번째로 무안 승달산의 호승예불형의 풍수적 특징은 승달산의 정상부에서 뻗어 나간 용맥의 좌우로 골을 형성하며 받쳐주는 지각과 견고하게 산맥을 지탱해주는 요도가 잘 발달 되어 있다. 이는 마치 용이 좌우로 꿈틀거리듯 굴곡의 변화가 높고 낮게 엎드리고 일어나는 용맥의 변화가 뛰어남을 알 수 있다. 세 번째로 장성 손룡선녀직금형의 형세는 전반적으로 산과 물이 유정하고 주산과 안산이 단정하며 물이 나가는 수구가 꽉 잠긴 듯하여 기운이 새어나가지 않고, 청룡, 백호, 주작, 현무가 서로 다정하여 물줄기가 길게 감싸는 곳이다. 흙과 암반이 뒤섞인 사이로 혈이 맺힌 손룡 일대는 뛰어난 풍수적 대명당의 적지로 볼 수 있다. 네 번째로 태인 배례전의 군신봉조형의 풍수적 특징은 주산과 안산의 주객이 분명하다. 마을 앞을 흐르는 물줄기가 횡수국으로 마을을 감싸며 산수음양의 기운이 합하여 생기를 품은 지기가 살아 숨 쉬는 국세를 이루고 있다. 산줄기인 용맥은 인체의 혈관과 같고 용은 인체의 수족에 비유됨으로 태인 배례전의 군신봉조형은 하늘과 땅이 스스로 이룬 명당대지임을 알 수 있다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1102-1139
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• 2002

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering in 2000 and 2001 has been done. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation and building environment. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Most of fundamental studies on fluid flow were related with heat transportation of facilities. Drop formation and rivulet flow on solid surfaces were interesting topics related with condensation augmentation. Research on micro environment considering flow, heat, humidity was also interesting for comfortable living environment. It can be extended considering biological aspects. Development of fans and blowers of high performance and low noise were continuing topics. Well developed CFD technologies were widely applied for developing facilities and their systems. (2) Most of papers related with heat transfer analysis and heat exchanger shows dealt with convection, evaporation, and channel flow for the design application of heat exchanger. The numerical heat transfer simulation studies have been peformed and reported to show heat transfer characteristics. Experimental as well as numerical studies on heat exchanger were reported, while not many papers are available for the system analysis including heat exchanger. (3) A review of the recent studies on heat pump system shows that performance analysis and control of heat pump have been peformed by various simulations and experiments. The research papers on multi-type heat pump system increased significantly. The studies on heat pipe have been examined experimently for change of working characteristics and strut lure. Research on the phase change has been carried out steadily and operation strategies of encapsulated ice storage tank are reported experimentally in several papers. (4) A review of recent studies on refrigeration/air conditioning system have focused on the system performance and efficiency for new alternative refrigerants. Evaporation and condensation heat transfer characteristics are investigated for tube shapes and new alternative refrigerants. Studies on components of refrigeration/air conditioning system are carried to examine efficiency for various compressors and performance of new expansion devices. In addition to thermophysical properties of refrigerant mixtures, studies on new refrigerants are also carried out, however research works on two-phase flow seemed to be insufficient. (5) A review of the recent studies on absorption cooling system indicates that heat and mass transfer phenomena have been investigated to improve absorber performance. Various experimental data have been presented and several simulation models have been proposed. A review of the recent studies on duct and ventilation shows that ventilation indices have been proposed to quantify the ventilation performance in buildings and tunnels. Main efforts have been focused on the applications of ventilation effectiveness in practice, either numerically using computational fluid dynamics or experimentally using tracer gas techniques. (6) Based on a review of recent studies on indoor thermal environment and building service systems, research issues have mainly focused on many innovative ideas such as underfloor air-conditioning system, personal environmental modules, radiant floor cooling and etc. Also, the new approaches for minimizing energy consumption as well as improving indoor environmental conditions through predictive control of HVAC systems, various activities of building energy management and cost-benefit analysis for economic evaluation were highlighted.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 미국의학물리학회(AAPM)에서 제안된 세기조절방사선치료(IMRT)의 commissioning 및 정도관리를 위해 제안된 일련의 시험을 통해 본원의 세기조절방사선치료의 정확도를 평가하고 정도관리 절차를 수립하고자 하였다. TG119에 제시된 5가지 세기조절방사선치료의 표적체적: multi-target, 두경부, 전립선, 및 두 가지의 C-shape (easy&hard)을 대상으로 CT 스캔된 팬텀을 이용하여 치료계획시스템에서 IMRT 치료계획을 수행하였다. 얻어진 치료계획을 dynamic sliding window 전달방식으로 팬텀에 조사하였다. 절대 선량은 표적 및 위험장기 부위에 이온 전리함(CC13, IBA)을 이용하여 측정하고, 2차원 상대 선량분포는 EBT2 필름을 사용하여 측정하였다. 측정된 값들은 해당하는 치료계획시스템 계산값과 비교하여 오차의 평균 및 표준편차를 구하였다. 이를 바탕으로 TG119에 제시된 신뢰구간을 계산하여 제시된 값과 비교하였다. 이온 전리함을 이용한 측정 결과에서 표적 및 위험장기에 대한 계산값과 측정값 사이의 평균오차는 각각 $1.2{\pm}1.1%$과 $1.2{\pm}0.7%$이었고, 95% 신뢰구간은 각각 3.4%와 2.6%으로 TG119에서 제시하고 있는 4.5%와 4.7% 이내에 있었다. 필름을 이용한 측정 결과에서는 허용기준 3%/3 mm를 통과하는 감마인덱스는 평균$ 97.7{\pm}0.8%$로 95% 신뢰구간은 3.9%로 TG119에서 제시하고 있는 7.0% 이내에 있었다. 따라서 TG119에서 제시된 일련의 표준화된 시험을 통해 본원의 세기조절방사선치료의 commissioning 및 정도관리를 평가할 수 있었다. 이온 전리함을 이용한 절대 선량에 대한 action level은 표적과 위험장기에서 각각 ${\pm}4%$와 ${\pm}3%$로, EBT2 필름을 이용한 2차원 상대선량분포는 허용기준 3%/3 mm 기준으로 감마인덱스 1이하를 통과하는 비율이 96%로 정할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 TG119에서 제시된 일련의 표준화된 시험을 통해 각 기관의 IMRT 정확도 평가에 대한 객관적인 지표로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.172-180
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• 2012

리튬이온전지의 양극소재인 $LiMn_2O_4$를 다양한 모양과 크기의 망간산화물 및 망간수산화물 전구체를 사용해서 합성하였다. 첫 번째 단계로 수열합성법이나 침전법을 사용하여 ${\alpha}-MnO_2$, ${\beta}-MnO_2$, $Mn_3O_4$, amorphous $MnO_2$ 및 $Mn(OH)_2$ 등의 전구체를 합성하였고, 두 번째 단계로 이들 전구체로부터 고상법을 사용하여 다양한 형태의 $LiMn_2O_4$를 제조하였다. 합성된 $LiMn_2O_4$의 특성은 주사전자현미경과 XRD Rietveld구조분석을 통해 확인하고, Li coin cell로 조립하여 전극특성을 측정하였다. 500 nm크기의 팔면체(nano-octahedron) $LiMn_2O_4$가 1 C-rate와 50 C-rate에서 각각 107 mAh $g^{-1}$, 99 mAh $g^{-1}$의 높은 전지용량을 나타내며, 다양한 방전전류에서 가장 우수한 전기화학적 특성을 보인다. 3차원 팔면체 결정입자가 1차원 막대모양이나 2차원 판상모양의 다른 형태의 $LiMn_2O_4$보다 구조적 안정성도 우수한 것으로 평가된다. 또한 10 C-rate의 높은 전류로 500회 충 방전이 진행된 후에도 nano-octahedron $LiMn_2O_4$는 단지 5%의 용량감소(95% capacity retention)로 우수한 전극특성을 나타냈다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.94-131
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• 2007

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering in 2004 and 2005 has been done. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, air-conditioning, ventilation, sanitation and building environment. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Most of fundamental studies on fluid flow were related with heat transportation of facilities. Drop formation and rivulet flow on solid surfaces were interesting topics related with condensation augmentation. Research on micro environment considering flow, heat, humidity was also interesting for comfortable living environment. It can be extended considering biological aspects. Development of fans and blowers of high performance and low noise were continuing topics. Well developed CFD and flow visualization(PIV, PTV and LDV methods) technologies were widely applied for developing facilities and their systems. (2) The research trends of the previous two yews are surveyed as groups of natural convection, forced convection, electronic cooling, heat transfer enhancement, frosting and defrosting, thermal properties, etc. New research topics introduced include natural convection heat transfer enhancement using nanofluid, supercritical cooling performance or oil miscibility of $CO_2$, enthalpy heat exchanger for heat recovery, heat transfer enhancement in a plate heat exchanger using fluid resonance. (3) The literature for the last two years($2004{\sim}2005$) is reviewed in the areas of heat pump, ice and water storage, cycle analysis and reused energy including geothermal, solar and unused energy). The research on cycle analysis and experiments for $CO_2$ was extensively carried out to replace the Ozone depleting and global warming refrigerants such as HFC and HCFC refrigerants. From the year of 2005, the Gas Engine Heat Pump(GHP) has been paid attention from the viewpoint of the gas cooling application. The heat pipe was focused on the performance improvement by the parametric analysis and the heat recovery applications. The storage systems were studied on the performance enhancement of the storage tank and cost analysis for heating and cooling applications. In the area of unused energy, the hybrid systems were extensively introduced and the life cycle cost analysis(LCCA) for the unused energy systems was also intensively carried out. (4) Recent studies of various refrigeration and air-conditioning systems have focused on the system performance and efficiency enhancement. Heat transfer characteristics during evaporation and condensation are investigated for several tube shapes and of alternative refrigerants including carbon dioxide. Efficiency of various compressors and expansion devices are also dealt with for better modeling and, in particular, performance improvement. Thermoelectric module and cooling systems are analyzed theoretically and experimentally. (5) According to the review of recent studies on ventilation systems, an appropriate ventilation systems including machenical and natural are required to satisfied the level of IAQ. Also, an recent studies on air-conditioning and absorption refrigeration systems, it has mainly focused on distribution and dehumidification of indoor air to improve the performance were carried out. (6) Based on a review of recent studies on indoor environment and building service systems, it is noticed that research issues have mainly focused on optimal thermal comfort, improvement of indoor air Quality and many innovative systems such as air-barrier type perimeter-less system with UFAC, radiant floor heating and cooling system and etc. New approaches are highlighted for improving indoor environmental condition as well as minimizing energy consumption, various activities of building control and operation strategy and energy performance analysis for economic evaluation.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1234-1268
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• 2004

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering in 2002 and 2003 has been carried out. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, air-conditioning, ventilation, sanitation and building environment/design. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Most of fundamental studies on fluid flow were related with heat transportation in diverse facilities. Drop formation and rivulet flow on solid surfaces were interesting topics related with condensation augmentation. Research on micro environment considering flow, heat transfer, humidity was also interesting to promote comfortable living environment. It can be extended considering biological aspects. Development of fans and blowers of high performance and low noise were continuing research topics. Well developed CFD technologies were widely applied for analysis and design of various facilities and their systems. (2) Heat transfer characteristics of enhanced finned tube heat exchangers and heat sinks were extensively investigated. Experimental studies on the boiling heat transfer, vortex generators, fluidized bed heat exchangers, and frosting and defrosting characteristics were also conducted. In addition, the numerical simulations on various heat exchangers were performed and reported to show heat transfer characteristics and performance of the heat exchanger. (3) A review of the recent studies shows that the performance analysis of heat pump have been made by various simulations and experiments. Progresses have been made specifically on the multi-type heat pump systems and other heat pump systems in which exhaust energy is utilized. The performance characteristics of heat pipe have been studied numerically and experimentally, which proves the validity of the developed simulation programs. The effect of various factors on the heat pipe performance has also been examined. Studies of the ice storage system have been focused on the operational characteristics of the system and on the basics of thermal storage materials. Researches into the phase change have been carried out steadily. Several papers deal with the cycle analysis of a few thermodynamic systems which are very useful in the field of air-conditioning and refrigeration. (4) Recent studies on refrigeration and air-conditioning systems have focused on the system performance and efficiency enhancement when new alternative refrigerants are applied. Heat transfer characteristics during evaporation and condensation are investigated for several tube shapes and new alternative refrigerants including natural refrigerants. Efficiency of various compressors and performance of new expansion devices are also dealt with for better design of refrigeration/air conditioning system. In addition to the studies related with thermophysical properties of refrigerant mixtures, studies on new refrigerants are also carried out. It should be noted that the researches on two-phase flow are constantly carried out. (5) A review of the recent studies on absorption refrigeration system indicates that heat and mass transfer enhancement is the key factor in improving the system performance. Various experiments have been carried out and diverse simulation models have been presented. Study on the small scale absorption refrigeration system draws a new attention. Cooling tower was also the research object in the respect of enhancement its efficiency, and performance analysis and optimization was carried out. (6) Based on a review of recent studies on indoor thermal environment and building service systems, it is noticed that research issues have mainly focused on several innovative systems such as personal environmental modules, air-barrier type perimeterless system with UFAC, radiant floor cooling system, etc. New approaches are highlighted for improving indoor environmental conditions and minimizing energy consumption, various activities of building energy management and cost-benefit analysis for economic evaluation.