• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.22-29
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• 2015

The objectives of this study were to monitor the changes in soil solution nutrients and to evaluate their effect on rice uptake and yield. The changes of chemical characteristics of paddy soil solution were examined from the 58th fertilization experiment in which the continuous rice cropping experiment started in 1954 at the National Academy of Agricultural Science. The treatments were no fertilization (No fert.), inorganic fertilization (NPK), inorganic fertilizer plus rice straw compost (NPKC) and inorganic fertilizer plus silicate and lime fertilizer as a soil amendment (NPKCLS). The fertilizers were added at rates of standard fertilizer application rate in which nitrogen (N), phosphate ($P_2O_5$), potassium ($K_2O$), and sililcate ($SiO_2$) were applied at rates of $75{\sim}150kg\;ha^{-1}$, $70{\sim}86kg\;ha^{-1}$, $75{\sim}86kg\;ha^{-1}$, and $7.5Mg\;ha^{-1}$ respectively and lime was applied to neutralize soil acidity until 6.5. Average Electrical Conductivity (EC) of soil solution in NPKCLS and NPKC ranged from 1.16 to $2.00dS\;m^{-1}$. The $NH{_4}^+$ and $K^+$ levels in NPKCLS and NPKC were higher than that of the other treatments, due to high supply power of rice straw compost. The content of $H_3SiO{_4}^-$ was higher in NPKCLS because of silicate application. The dominant ions in soil solution were $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ among cations and $HCO{_3}^-$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$, and $Cl^-$ among anions in all treatments. The continuous application of inorganic fertilizers plus rice straw compost (NPKC) and silicate fertilizer (NPKCLS) led to the changes of various chemical composition in soil solutions. Also, they had a significant impact on the improvement of rice inorganic uptake and grain yield. Especially, inorganic uptake by rice in NPKC and NPKCLS significantly increased than those in NPK plot; 14~46% for T-N, 32~36% for P, 43~57% for K, and 45~77% for Si. Therefore, the combined application of inorganic fertilizers with organic compost as a soil amendment is considered as the best fertilization practice in the continuous rice cropping for the improvement of crop productivity and soil fertility.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.203-214
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• 2017

Environmental toxicity due to cadmium (Cd) pollution in croplands causes critical problems worldwide. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important crop in Asia, including South Korea, and numerous studies have evaluated the relationship between Cd and antioxidants to alleviate Cd uptake from the soil into plants. However, information about the relationship between phosphorus (P) and antioxidants in rice seedlings is still limited with regard to Cd phytotoxicity. We therefore investigated the physiological responses of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv 'Dongjin') seedlings to Cd toxicity and the effect of P application on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant changes. The exposure of rice seedlings to $30{\mu}M$ Cd inhibited plant growth; increased the contents of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde; and induced Cd uptake by the roots and leaves. Application of P to Cd-exposed seedlings decreased Cd-induced oxidative stress by enhancing the capacity of ascorbate (AsA) production and ROS-scavenging, and decreased Cd transfer from the roots to the leaves. These results suggest that P application alleviated Cd-induced growth inhibition and oxidative damage by restricting Cd translocation from the roots to the leaves and maintaining sufficient levels of AsA.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.255-262
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• 1994

밭 작물(作物) 재배시(栽培時) 토양(土壤)에 시용(施用)한 Ca, Mg 및 K가 토양(土壤)의 수분조건(水分條件)을 달리하였을 때, 작물(作物) 재배시기별(栽培時期別)로 어떻게 이동(移動)하는가를 구명(究明)하기 위하여 본양사양토(本良砂壤土)에서 Ladino clover를 재배하면서 microplot(지름 20cm, 길이 85cm) 시험(試驗)을 축행(逐行)하였다. 소석회(消石灰)를 시용(施用)했을 때 Ca은 거의 전량(全量)이 치환태(置換態)로 침출되었다. Ca은 토양수(土壤水)에 녹는 양(量)이 적어 대부분이 시비지점(施肥地點)에 분포(分布)되었고, 소석회(消石灰)가 토양수(土壤水)에 녹으면 비교적 빨리 하향이동(下向移動)되기 때문에 20~30cm 깊이의 토양(土壤)에서 Ca 함량이 가장 낮았으며 하층부(下層部)로 내려갈수록 그 함량(含量)이 다시 증가(增加)되었다. Mg도 Ca과 비슷한 이동양상(移動樣相)을 보였으나 토양수(土壤水)에 녹아 20cm 이하 토층(土層)으로 내려가면 그 아래 토층(土層)으로의 이동(移動)은 Ca보나 비교적 빨리 이루어졌으며, 생육후기(生育後期)에는 토양수분(土壤水分)이 좋을수록 microplot 외부로 용탈(溶脫)되는 양(量)이 많아지고 식물체(植物體)에 의한 흡수량(吸收量)도 많아졌다. K의 하향이동(下向移動)은 Ca과 Mg보다 빠르게 일어났다. 토양수분(土壤水分) 조건(條件)이 좋을수록 식물체(植物體)에 의한 K의 흡수량이 증가(增加)하는 한편 하향이동(下向移動)이 많이 일어나 microplot 외부(外部)로의 용탈량(溶脫量)이 증가하였다. 토양(土壤) 수분조건(水分條件)이 좋을수록 식물체(植物體)에 의한 양분(養分)의 흡수량이 많아져 무관수구(無灌水區)에서의 Ca, Mg, K의 흡수량 0.49, 0.21, 1.90g/microplot에 비하여 관수점(灌水點) 0.2bar 처리구에서는 각각 55, 71, 76%가 증가하였다. 이들 양분(養分)의 토양중(土壤中) 분포(分布)는 Mg의 경우 식물체(植物體)에 의한 흡수(吸收)가 69%나 되어 영향(影響)이 컸으며, K의 경우 식물체(植物體)에 의한 흡수(吸收)와 하향이동(下向移勳)이, Ca의 경우 토양내(土壤內)에서의 이동(移動)이 영향(影響)을 주었다고 생각된다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.267-275
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• 2009

To investigate the possible applications of plants to remediate heavy-metal-contaminated soil, a pilot experiment was performed for four years in a reclaimed dredging area using two Alnus species, i.e., Alnus firma and Alnus hirsuta. In a comparison of phytomass of the two species at two different planting densities, the phytomass of Alnus planted at low density was twice as high as that of Alnus planted at high density after four years. The Alnus species showed active acclimation to the heavy-metal-contaminated soil in a reclaimed dredging area. A. hirsuta showed greater accumulation of phytomass than A. firma, indicating that it is the better candidate for the phytoremediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soils. In the pilot system, Alnus plants took metals up from the soil in the following order; Pb > Zn > Cu > Cr > As > Cd. Uptake rates of heavy metals per individual phytomass was higher for Alnus spp. planted at low density than those planted at high density in the pilot system. Low plant density resulted in higher heavy metal uptake per plant, but the total heavy metal concentration was not different for plants planted at low and high density, suggesting that the plant density effect might not be important with regard to total uptake by plants. The quantity of leached heavy metals below ground was far in excess of that taken up by plants, indicating that an alternative measurement is required for the removal of heavy metals that have leached into ground water and deeper soil. We conclude that Alnus species are potential candidates for phytoremediation of heavy-metal- contaminated surface soil in a reclaimed dredging area.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.65-69
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• 2009

이 시험은 제주도 화산회토양을 이용하여 Ni, Cu, Zn의 토양중 존재형태를 알아보고 토양 중금속이 청경채의 흡수에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 수행되었다. 토양 중 함량을 연속추출법에 의해 알아본 결과 토양 종류마다 각 중금속의 존재형태가 차이가 있었고, 이를 이용하여 토양 종류를 구분할 수 있었다. 중금속 함량이 다른 토양을 이용하여 청경채를 재배했을 경우 Zn, Cu는 뿌리에서 흡수되어 지상부로 이동되었으나 Ni은 지상부에서 거의 검출이 되지 않아 청경채 내에서 미량원소의 이동성이 달랐다. 그러나 토양 중 함량과 청경채의 함량 간에는 치환성 Zn을 제외하고는 상관관계가 없었으며, 특히 Ni은 식물체 내에서 이동도 어려울 뿐만 아니라 토양 중 함량과 상관관계를 내기도 어렵기 때문에 전함량이나 치환성함량 등 지금까지의 방법에 의한 토양 중 함량으로 식물체의 함량을 추정하기에는 매우 어렵다고 판단되므로 새로운 접근방법이 개발될 필요가 있다고 판단된다. 인체의 중금속 흡수에 의한 위해성 평가와 관련해서는 토양 식물체, 식물체 인체 두 단계를 거치게 되는데 각 단계에서 불확실성이 존재하므로 중금속의 기준을 토양 및 식물체 별로 각각 마련하는 것보다는 식물체내 농도만으로 정하는 것도 한가지 해결책이 될 수 있다고 생각한다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2012

The performance and characteristics of nutrient removal in wetlands influenced by plant type. We tested a floating plant, Eichhornia crassipes, and a submerged plant, Ceratophyllum demersum, under the same environmental conditions to understand the differences in nutrient uptake by these different plant forms. The total nitrogen and phosphorus in the water decreased in the following order: Water Only < Water + Soil < Floating Plants ${\approx}$ Submerged Plants and Water Only < Water+Soil < Floating Plants < Submerged Plants. Nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations increased in both plants; however, the phosphorous concentration was greater in C. demersum than E. crassipes. The submerged plant exhibited higher phosphorus uptake per unit biomass than the floating plant, but nitrogen uptake did not differ significantly. These results suggest that the presence of soil influences nitrogen and phosphorus removal from water, and that wetland plants play an important role in the assimilation and precipitation of phosphorus. Understanding the differences in contaminant removal performance and characteristics of various plant forms can help in the selection of diverse plants for constructed wetlands to improve water quality and provide ecosystem services such as wildlife habitat and landscape enhancement.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.16-25
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• 1992

토양(土壤)의 온도(溫度)가 콩의 지상부(地上部) 및 뿌리생육(生育) 특성(特性)과 물 및 양분(養分)의 흡수(吸收)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 온도(溫室) 내에서 포트시험(試驗)을 하였다. 온도(溫度)가 자동조절(自動調節)되는 대형수조(大型水槽)에 근권(根圈)의 토양온도(土壤溫度)를 저온(低溫)인 $17^{\circ}C$, 중온(中溫)인 $25^{\circ}C$ 및 고온(高溫)인 $32^{\circ}C$로 조절(調節)하여 삼각사양토(三角砂壤土)와 이현미사질양토(梨峴微砂質壤土)로 충전(充塡)된 포트에 발아(發芽)된 팔달(八達)콩을 심어 43일간 재배(栽培)하면서 지상부(地上部)와 뿌리의 생육특성(生育特性)을 조사(調査)하고 P및 K의 흡수량(吸收量)을 조사(調査)하였다. 토양온도(土壤溫度) $17^{\circ}C$에서 $32^{\circ}C$ 범위(範圍)에서 지상부(地上部)와 지하부(地下部)의 생육량(生育量)은 온도(溫度)가 높을수록 많았으며, 초기(初期)의 지하부(地下部) 건물중(乾物重) 증가(增加)는 지상부(地上部) 건물중(乾物重) 증가(增加) 보다 빨랐다. 저온(低溫)과 중온조건(中溫條件)에서는 미사질양토(微砂質壤土)와 사양토(砂壤土) 간에 지상부(地上部) 생육량(生育量)에 큰 차이(差異)가 없었으나 고온(高溫)에서는 생육(生育) 35일(日) 이후에 미사질양토(微砂質壤土)에서 생육(生育)한 콩의 뿌리의 길이가 길었고, 저온조건(低溫條件)의 사양토(砂壤土)에서 生育한 콩의 뿌리가 굵었다. 콩 식물체(植物體) 전체(全醴)의 P및 K의 흡수량(吸收量)은 온도(溫度)가 높을수록 많았고 단위(單位) 뿌리길이당 흡수속도(吸收速度)는 사양토(砂壤土)에서 빨랐다. $25^{\circ}C$에서의 단위(單位) 뿌리표면적(表面積)당 흡수속도(吸收速度)를 기준(墓準)으로 Dalton과 Gardner의 물흡수속도(吸收速度)의 온도의존성(溫度依存性)과 비교(比較)하여 본 결과(結果) P및 K모두 강한 온도의존성(溫度依存性)을 보였으며, $25^{\circ}C$에서 저온(低溫)으로 갈수록 능동적흡수(能動的吸收)가 없는 온도의존성(溫度依存性)을 그리고 고온(高溫)으로 갈수록 능동적흡수(能動的吸收)가 있는 온도의존성(溫度依存性)을 보였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.563-570
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• 2014

The shortage or surplus of minerals directly affects overall physiological metabolism of plants; especially, it strongly influences carbohydrate metabolism as a primary response. We have studied mineral uptake, synthesis and partitioning of soluble carbohydrates, and the relationship between them in N, P or K-excessive tomato plants, and examined the interaction between soluble carbohydrates and mineral elements. Four-weeks-old tomato plants were grown in a hydroponic growth container adjusted with excessive N ($20.0mmol\;L^{-1}$ $Ca(NO_3)2{\cdot}4H_2O$ and $20.0mmol\;L^{-1}$ $KNO_3$), P ($2.0mmol\;L^{-1}$ $KH_2PO_4$), and K ($20.0mmol\;L^{-1}$ $KNO_3$), respectively, for 30 days. Shoot growth rates were significantly influenced by excessive N or K, but not by excessive P. The concentrations of water soluble N (nitrate and ammonium), P and K were clearly different with each tissue of tomato plants as well as the mineral conditions. The NPK accumulation in all treatments was as follows; fully expanded leaves (48%) > stem (19%) = roots (16%) = petioles (15%) > emerging leaves (1). K-excessive condition extremely contributed to a remarkable increase in the ratio, which ranged from 2.79 to 10.34, and particularly potassium was dominantly accumulated in petioles, stem and roots. Fresh weight-based soluble sugar concentration was the greatest in NPK-sufficient condition ($154.8mg\;g^{-1}$) and followed by K-excessive (141.6), N-excessive (129.2) and P-excessive (127.7); whereas starch was the highest in K-excessive ($167.0mg\;g^{-1}$) and followed by P-excessive (146.1), NPK-sufficient (138.2) and N-excessive (109.7). Soluble sugar showed positive correlation with dry weight-based total N content (p<0.01) whereas was negatively correlated with soluble P (p<0.01) and dry weight-based total P (p<0.01). On the other hand, starch production was negatively influenced by total N (p<0.001), but, it showed positive relation with total K concentration (p<0.05). This study shows that uptake pattern of NPK and production and partitioning of soluble carbohydrate were substantially different from each mineral, and the relationship between water soluble- and dry weight-based-mineral was positive.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.375-383
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical widely used in polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins. BPA is an endocrine disruptor. Residue of BPA in agricultural environments is a major concern. The objective of this study was to understand the characteristics of the uptake and distribution of BPA and its metabolites introduced into the agricultural environment to crops, and to use it as basic data for further research on reduction of BPA in agricultural products. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study established the analysis method of BPA and its metabolites in soil and crops, and estimated the intake of BPA and its metabolites from lettuce (Lactuca sativa) grown in sandy loam and loam soil, which are representative soils in Korea. The two major metabolites of BPA were 4-hydroxyacetophenone (4-HAP) and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA). BPA, 4-HAP and 4-HBA have been analyzed by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). These substances were detected in sandy loam and loam soil, indicating that certain portions of BPA were converted to 4-HAP and 4-HBA in the soil; however, it was observed that only 4-HBA migrated to lettuce through the roots into crops. CONCLUSION: The uptake residues showed the BPA and 4-HAP were not detected in lettuces grown on sandy loam (SL) and loam (L) soil treatments that were applied with of 10 ng/g, 50 ng/kg and 500 ng/g of BPA. However, the 4-HBA was detected at the level of 7 ng/g and 11 ng/g in the lettuce grown in sandy loam and loam soil that were treated with the 500 ng/g of BPA, respectively, while the 8 ng/g of 4-HBA was measured in the lettuce cultivated in the loam that was treated with 100 ng/g of BPA. This result presents that the BPA persisting in the soil of the pot was absorbed through the lettuce roots and then distributed in the lettuce leaves at the converted form of 4-HBA, what is the oxidative metabolite of BPA.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.115-126
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• 2017

There is an increasing concern over arsenic (As) contamination in rice. This study was conducted to develope a prediction model for As uptake by rice based on the physico-chemical properties of soil. Soil and brown rice samples were collected from 46 sites in paddy fields near three different areas of closed mines and industrial complexes. Total As concentration, soil pH, Al oxide, available phosphorus (avail-P), organic matter (OM) content, and clay content in the soil samples were determined. Also, 1.0 N HCl, 1.0 M $NH_4NO_3$, 0.01 M $Ca(NO_3)_2$, and Mehlich 3 extractable-As in the soils were measured as phytoavailable As concentration in soil. Total As concentration in brown rice samples was also determined. Relationships among As concentrations in brown rice, total As concentrations in soils, and selected soil properties were as follows: As concentration in brown rice was negatively correlated with soil pH value, where as it was positively correlated with Al oxide concentration, avail-P concentration, and OM content in soil. In addition, the concentration of As in brown rice was statistically correlated only with 1.0 N HCl-extractable As in soil. Also, using multiple stepwise regression analysis, a modelling equation was created to predict As concentration in brown rice as affected by selected soil properties including soil As concentration. Prediction of As uptake by rice was delineated by the model [As in brown rice = 0.352 + $0.00109^*$ HCl extractable As in soil + $0.00002^*$ Al oxide + $0.0097^*$ OM + $0.00061^*$ avail-P - $0.0332^*$ soil pH] ($R=0.714^{***}$). The concentrations of As in brown rice estimated by the modelling equation were statistically acceptable because normalized mean error (NME) and normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) values were -0.055 and 0.2229, respectively, when compared with measured As concentration in the plant.