• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.3 no.2 s.5
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• pp.91-98
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• 1988

This study was carried out to investigate the Pollution of heavy metals in Soil, collected from the 50 sampling sites in 1986. The results were as follows; 1. In the average contents of Cd, the highest value was 0.33mg/kg in the Industrial area, the lowest value was 0.06 mg/kg in the Greenbelt and 0.10-0.22mg/kg in the other areas. 2. In the average contents of Cu, the highest value was 33.46mg/kg in the Industrial area, the lawest value was 3.79mg/kg in the Greenbelt and 4.69-12.21mg/kg in the other areas. 3. In the average contents of As, the highest value was 1.80mg kg in the Residential area, the lowest value was 0.43mg/kg in the Greenbelt and 0.64-1.65mg/kg in the other areas. 4. In the average contents of Zn, the highest value was 29.84mg/kg in the out wall of Seoul, the lowest value was 17.32mg/kg in the Greenbelt and 19.62-26.71mg/kg in the other areas. 5. In the average contents of Pb, the highest value was 17.09mg/kg in the Industrial area, the lowest value was 5.21mg/kg in the Reclamated waste and 5.67 -14.10mg/kg in the other areas. 6. Distribution of Heavy metals was Zn>Cu>Pb>As>Cd and the relations of Zn-Cd, Pb-Cd, Pb-Cu, Pb-Zn were shown the correlation significantly (P< 0.01).

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.903-909
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was evaluated on the applicability of Load Duration Curve Method (LDC Method) using HSPF watershed model and sampling data for efficient TMDLs in Korea. The LDC Method was used for assessment pollutant characteristics in watershed and water quality variation in each water flow level. Load Duration Curve is applied for judge the level of impaired water-body and can be estimated the impaired level by pollutant, such as BOD, T-N, and T-P in this study depending on variation of stream flow. As a result, BOD, T-P was usually exceed the standard value at low flow and dry hydrologic period. Improvement of effluent concentration from WWTP and riparian buffer protection zone are effective to improve the water quality. T-N showed the worst condition at mid-range hydrologic period and moist hydrologic period. Therefore, soil erosion control program and BMPs for non-point source pollution control is effective for recovery the water quality, which can be useful method for management of water quality in the plan of recovery water quality spontaneously. Applicability of LDC Method was evaluated in the Nakbon A watershed. However, we need to consider more detailed and accumulated data set such as accurate GIS data and detail pollution data, and WWTP discharge water quality data for accurate evaluation of watershed. Overall, The LDC Method is adequate for evaluation of watersheds characteristics, and its application is recommended for watershed management and TMDL Implementation.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 2018

Coastal sediment archives are used as indicators of changes on shore sediment production and fluvial sediment transport, but rivers crossing coastal plains may not be efficient conveyors of sediment to the coast. In some case there is a net loss of sediment in lower coastal plain reaches, so that sediment input from an upstream exceeds the sediment yield (SY) at the river mouth. The main source of sediment in coastal area is the load from land. In Korea, data on suspended SY are limited owing to a lack of logistic support for systematic sediment sampling activities. This paper presents an integrated approach to estimate SY for ungauged coastal basins, using a soil erosion model and a sediment delivery ratio (SDR) model. For applying the SDR model, a basin specific parameter was validated on the basis of field data. The proposed relationships may be considered useful for predicting suspended SY in ungauged basins that have geologic, climatic and hydrologic conditions similar to the study area.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.647-661
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• 2003

For continuous monitoring of atmospheric visibility in the city of Kwanaju, Korea, a transmissometer system consisting of a transmitter and a receiver was installed at a distance of 1.91 km across the downtown Kwanaju. At the transmitter site an integrating nephelometer and an aethalometer were also installed to measure the scattering and absorption coefficients of the atmosphere, respectively. At the receiver site. an URG PM$_{2.5}$ cyclone sampler and an URG-VAPS (Versatile Air Pollutant Sampler) with three filter packs and two denuders were used to collect both PM$_{2.5}$ and PM$_{10}$ samples at a 2-hour or 12-hour sampling interval for aerosol chemical analysis. Sulfate, organic mass by carbon (OMC), nitrate, elemental carbon (EC) components of fine aerosol were the major contributors to visibility impairment. Diurnal variation of visibility during best-case days showed rapid improvement in the morning hours, while it was delayed until afternoon during the worst-case days. Aerosol mass concentration of each aerosol component for the worst-case was calculated to be 11.2 times larger than the best-case for (NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$(NHSO), 19.0 times for NH$_4$NO$_3$ (NHNO), 2.2 times for OMC, respectively. Also result shows that elemental carbon and fine soil (FS) were 3.7 and 2.2 times more than those of best-case. respectively- Sum of total contributions of wet NHSO and NHNO to light extinction was calculated to be 301 Mm$^{-1}$ for the worst-case. However, sum of contributions by dry NHSO and NHNO was calculated to be 123 Mm$^{-1}$ for the best case. Mass extinction efficiencies of fine and coarse particles were calculated to be 5.8$\pm$0.3 $m^2$/g and 1.8$\pm$0.1 $m^2$/g, respectively.ely.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.4 no.1_2
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• pp.27-34
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• 1989

This work was carried out to investigate the pollution of heavy metals and pH in soil, collected from the 156 sampling sites in 1987. 1. In the average contents of Cd, the highest value was 0.40 mg/kg in the Outskirt of Seoul area, the lowest value was 0.11 mg/kg in the Greenbelt area, and 0.21∼0.39 mg/kg in the other areas. 2. In the average contents of Cu, the highest value was 32.50 mg/kg in the Motorway area, the lowest value was 2.96 mg/kg in the Greenbelt area, and 9.53∼24.41 mg/kg in the other areas. 3. In the average contents of As, the highest value was 1.32 mg/kg in the Reclamated waste area, the lowest value was 0.31 mg/kg in the Greenbelt area, and 0.93∼1.32 mg/kg in the other areas. 4. In the average contents of Zn, the highest value was 27.33 mg/kg in the Center of city area, the lowest value was 9.97 mg/kg in the Greenbelt area, and 12.47∼25.23 mg/kg in the other areas. 5. In the average contents of Pb, the highest value was 125.25 mg/kg in the Motorway area, the lowest value was 12.99 mg/kg in the Farming area, and 17.01∼77.71 mg/kg in the other areas. 6. In the average contents of pH, the highest value was pH 7.08 in the Motorway area, the lowest value was pH 4.14 in the Greenbelt area, and pH 5.67～7.04 in the other areas. 7. The order of the distribution of heavy metals was Pb>Zn>Cu>As>Cd. There was significanthy correlation between Cd-Zn, Pb-Zn, Cu-Cd, Pb-Cu and Pb-Cd (p<0.01).

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.631-642
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• 1998

Fall-out particles were collected by the modified British deposit gauges at 35 sampling sites in Suwon area from January to November, 1996. Twenty chemical species (Al. Ba, Cd, Cr, K, Pb, Sb, Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni, V, F-, Cl-, NO3-, 5042-, Na+, NH4+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) were analyzed by AAS and If. The purposes of this study were to estimate qualitatively various emission sources of the fell-out particle by applying multivariate statistical techniques such as factor analysis, multiple regression analysis, and discriminant analysis. During the study, outlier sites were determined by a z-score method. Cl-, Na+, Mg2+, and SO42- were highly correlated due to their common marine related source. Wind speed was the most influential factor for the deposition fluxes of the particle itself and all the chemical species as well. When applying the factor analysis, 8 source patterns were qualitatively obtained, such as marine source, soil source, oil burning source, Cr related source, tire source, Cd related source, agriculture source, and F- related source. As a result of the multiple regression analysis, we could suggest that some chemical compounds may possibly exist in the form of CaSO4, NaN03, NaCl, MgC12, (NH4)2SO4, NaF, and CaCl2 in the fall-out particles. Finally, spatial and seasonal classification study performed by a discriminant analysis showed th.at SO42-, Ca2+, Cl-, and Fe were dominant in the group of spatial pattern; however, SO42-, Cl-, Al, and V were in the group of seasonal pattern.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.E2
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• pp.85-96
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• 2000

The concentrations of Pb, Mn, Al and Na were measured from a total of 26 snow samples collected from a 1.5-m deep snow pit in Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. Ore sampling location is great concern, because of its proximity to the southern extremity of south America, a candidate for the source regions of pollutant aerosols entering Antarctica. The mean concentrations of Pb and Mn were found to be 4.97 pg g(sup)-1 and 20.6 pgg(sup)-1, respectively. These concentrations levels are similar to those reported for recent snow at other Antarctic sites with pronounced spring maxima for both metals. Contributions form natural sources are estimated to be minor (∼16%) for Pb. For Mn, on the other hand, contribution from rock and soil dusts is found to be very important. Excess Pb over Pb from natural sources is likely to be anthropogenic, especially from South Americal. Our results show that yearly Pb fallout flux is much greater in Antarctic coastal areas than at other Antarctic locations far from the coast , indicating that the transport and deposition patterns of pollutant aerosols are not simple is Antarctica. It is also suggested that the recycling of anthropogenic Pb in seawater to the atmosphere could significantly contribute to the Pb fallout flux in the Antarctic coastal regions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.207-212
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• 2012

The effects of sheep urine and dung patches on methane ($CH_4$) and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) fluxes were investigated during the summer-autumn in 2010, to evaluate their contribution to climate change in a desert grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. Results indicate that the cumulative $CH_4$ emissions for dung patches, urine patches and control plots were -0.076, -0.084, and -0.114 g/$m^2$ and these were net $CH_4$ sinks during the measured period. The level of $CH_4$ intake from urine and dung plots decreased 25.7%, and 33.3%, respectively, compared with a control plot. $CO_2$ fluxes differed (p<0.01) in urine plots, with an average of 569.20 mg/$m^2$/h compared with control plots (357.62 mg/$m^2$/h) across all sampling days. Dung patches have cumulative $CO_2$ emissions that were 15.9% higher compared with the control during the 55-d period. Overall, sheep excrement weakened $CH_4$ intake and increased $CO_2$ emissions.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.25-36
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• 2020

Area exclosure is a widely practiced intervention of restoring degraded lands though its impact in sequestering terrestrial and soil carbon is scanty. The study was initiated to investigate the effect of exclosure of different ages on carbon sequestration potential of restoring degraded dryland ecosystems in eastern Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Twelve plots each divided into three layers were randomly selected from 5, 10 and 15 years old exclosures and paired adjacent open grazing land. Tree and shrub biomasses were determined using destructive sampling while herb layer biomass was determined using total harvest. The average total biomass obtained were 13.6, 24.8, 27.1, and 55.5 Mg ha^-1 for open grazing, 5 years, 10 years, and 15 years exclosures respectively. The carbon content of plant species ranged between 48 to 53 percent of a dry biomass. The total carbon stored in the 5 years, 10 years and 15 years age exclosures were 39 Mg C ha^-1, 46.3 Mg C ha^-1, and 64.6 Mg C ha^-1 respectively while in the open grazing land the value was 24.7 Mg C ha^-1. Carbon stock is age dependent and increases with age. The difference in total carbon content between exclosures and open grazing land varied between 14.3-40 Mg C ha^-1. Although it is difficult to extrapolate this result for a longer future, the average annual carbon being sequestered in the oldest exclosure was about 2.7 Mg C ha^-1 yr^-1. In view of improving degraded area and sequestering carbon, area exclosures are promising options.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.201-208
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• 2001

To investigate the physio-chemical components and properties of aerosol particles in urban area sampling of aerosol particles was carried out in the campus of Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, during snowfall. Aerosol particles were collected on millipore filter papers using a low volume air sampler. Their shapes, sizes and chemical components were analyzed by a SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope) and an EDX(Energy Dispersive X-ray). As a results, ice crystals of dendrite and column types were predominantly shown at mature and developing stage of snowfall intensity. The denerite and sector plate types of ice crystals were mainly originated from the sea but column types were come from soil. Scavenging effect by snowfall was greatly also shown at dendrite type ice crystals that embryo was fully developd. Al, Si elements were shown at high frequencies as compared with others. Na, Cl components were especially shown at high frequencies under the sea-breeze wind during snowfall. Anthropogenic aerosol particles had shown with irregular shapes and sizes, relatively. Mainly 3-7$\mu$m aerosol particles were abundant and coarse particles also could be seen during snowfall. Ca, Zn, Fe components mainly caused by spike tires from vehicles in winter season were dominant before snowfall, however the element S mainly caused by human activity was rich after snowfall. The pH values of snow in Sapporo city were higher than those at coastal area. The concentration of chemical components in aerosol particles was also affected by surface winds. Aerosol particles in urban area, Sapporo were mainly affected by human activities like vehicles and combustion with wind system. And their types were related with snowfall intensity.