• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.154-175
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• 2009

At the present state, studies on Gyeongbok palace are being done with history of architecture, records, and art. However, these studies have limits that they can only depend on existing buildings and record, which make it hard to research whole aspect of palaces. The foundation remains(Jeoksim) of Gyeongbok palace in the ground gives important clues that can fill the gaps of these studies. Thus I analysed jeoksim of Gyeongbok palace, assorted them by type, scale, material, and construction method. I examined jeoksim used by various types of building, and looked at changes by periods. Jeoksims are classified in 21 types. The foundation(jeoksim) varies according to types of buildings, building types and material of jeoksim also varies along the periods, and the fact proves certain peroid of time has its own jeoksim style in fashion. Jeoksims of Gyeongbok palace are divided into round-shape(I), rounded square-shape(II), rectangular-shape(III), square-shape(IV), and whole foundation of building(V) by the plane shape. They can be divided again into 21 types by construction techniques and materials used. During early Joseon(I), only three types of jeoksim; round-shape riprap jeoksim(1-1), II-1(rounded square-shape), II-2a(rounded square-shape riprap+roofingingtile brick), had been built, but as 19th century begun, all 21 types of jeoksim had built. In 19th century during Emperor Gojong, different types of jeoksim by periods were built, and especially different materials were used. During Gojong year 2(1865)~year 5(1868), in which Gyeongbok palace were rebuilt, 7 out of 10 types of jeoksim used piece of roofinging tile and brick mixture, in contrast, during Gojong year 10(1873)~13(1876), or 25(1888), 3 out of 5 types of jeoksim used sandy soil with mixture of plaster. Meanwhile palace buildings have different names by the class of owner and use such as Jeon, Dang, Hap, Gak, Jae, Heon, Nu, and Jeong, which were classified by types and buildings were built according to each level. With an analysis of jeoksim by its building types, I ascertained that jeoksim were built differently in accordance to building types(Jeon, Dang, Hap, Gak, Jae, Heon, Nu, and Jeong). By the limitation of present document, only some types of buildings such as Jeon, Dang, Gak, Bang were confirmed, as for Jeon and Gak, square-shape(IV) built with rectangular parallelepiped stone, and for Dang and Bang, rounded square-shape(IV) built with roofinginginging tile and riprap were commonly used. From the fact that other jeoksim with uncertain building names, were mostly built in early Joseon, we learn that round-shape riprap jeoksim(1-1) were commonly built. Therefore, the class of building was higher if the owner was in higher class, jeoksim is also considered to be built with the strongest and best material. And for Dang and Bang, rounded square-shape jeoksim were used, Dang has lots of II-2a (riprap + piece of roofing tile and brick rounded square-shape) type which mainly used riprap and piece of roofing tile and brick, but Bang has lots of II-2b (piece of roofing tile and brick+(riprap+piece of roofing tile and brick rounded square-shape), which paved piece of roofing tile and brick by 15~20cm above. These jeoksim by building types were confirmed to have changed its construction type by period. As for Jeon and Gak, they were built with round-shape riprap jeoksim(1-1) in early Joseon(14~15c), but in late Joseon(19c), various types of Jeoksim were built, especially square-shape(IV) were commonly built. For Dang, only changes in later Joseon were confirmed, jeoksim built in Gojong year 4(1867) mostly used mixture of riprap and piece of roofing tile and brick. In Gojong year 13(1876) or year 25(1888), unique type of plaster with sand and coal and soil layered jeoksim were built that are not found in any other building types. Through this study, I learned that various construction types of jeoksim and material were developed in later Joseon compare to early Joseon. This states that construction technique of building foundation of palace has upgraded. Above all, I learned jeoksim types are all different for various kinds of buildings. This tells us that when they constructed foundation of building, they used pre-calculated construction technique.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.4-23
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• 2013

Songsalli Ancient Tombs of Gongju consists of seven tombs. King Muryeong's tomb, the seventh tomb, is a brick chamber tomb discovered during the drainage works for the fifth and the sixth tombs in 1971. The excavation at the time focused on topographic surveys of the tomb entrance and the inside of the burial chamber as well as collection of the remains. The burial mount survey confirmed the status of some stone slab remaining and lime-mixed soil layers, but the survey did not examine the exterior structure of the whole tomb as the mounds were removed even more deeply. The excavation revealed damages to the bricks and mural damages due to moisture and fungus in the sixth and the seventh tombs. Between 1996 and 1997, Gongju National University conducted a comprehensive detailed survey of Songsalli Ancient Tombs including a geophysical survey, with an aim to identify the root causes of such degradation. Based on the results, repair took place in 1999 and the fifth, sixth and seventh tombs were placed under permanent conservation to conserve the cultural assets. General public is currently denied access. The purpose of this study was to conduct a three-dimensional resistivity and GPR surveys on the ground surface of the fifth, sixth and seventh tombs of Songsalli Ancient Tombs in order to understand the underground status after repair. The study also aimed to understand the thickness of all the tomb walls and exterior structure based on GPR inside King Muryeong's tomb. The exploration on the ground surface found that the three tombs and soil adjacent to the tombs had resistivity as low as 5 to $90{\Omega}m$, which confirmed that the soil water content was still as high as that prior to the repair work. Additionally, GPR found that the wall construction of the burial chamber of King Muryeong's tomb was approximately 70cm in thickness, while the structure was of 2B with two bricks, about 35cm in length, put together longitudinally(2B brick masonry). The pathway to the burial chamber was of the 2B structure just like that of the burial chamber walls, while its thickness was 80cm with an eyebrow-type arch connected to it. Also, the ceiling exterior appears to have an arch structure, identical to the shape inside.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.6 no.1 s.7
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• pp.61-70
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• 1997

An integrated geophysical survey was conducted to study a construction method of the Sonsanri tombs including the Muryong royal tomb. With the distribution of soil resistivity and self potential values, the boundary between original ground and the construction site was delineated clearly. The original ground has relatively high resistivity of $1,000\~1,500$ ohm-m and low self-potential values of $0{\pm}3mV/m$, while the construction site has low resistivity less than 200 ohm-m and quite high self-potential values of $-20\~30mV/m$. It is interpreted that the open site for construction of subsurface tomb has the size of about 35 m in the north-south direction. Big difference in characteristics of ground between the tomb site and the original site gives a clue for the construction method of tombs in Baekje dynasty. The site was opened about 35 meters in the north-south direction and then a mold structure was constructed with a brick frame outside. The brick frame consists of bricks cemented each other and structually combined. The mold structure was removed from inside after refill of the opened construction site with some cemented rock debris and soil.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.333-351
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• 2017

Objectives: This study examines the relationships between indoor radon concentrations and distribution from soil geological mapping in the Hwacheon and Jangsu areas. Methods: GIS and a pivot table were used for inquiries about indoor radon contents, soil characteristics, and geological differences. Results: The Hwacheon area was characterized by the presence of normal and reverse faults as a passage of runoff for radon, sufficient occurrences of minerals containing uranium within granite as a radon source, a high concentration of radon within the granite area and clear differences of radon concentrations between granitic and metamorphic areas. The Jangsu area was characterized by the presence of normal faults, wide distributions of alluvium, and ambiguities on radon concentrations indoors among areas of geological differences. Considering the granite area and alluvium surrounded with granite areas, the characteristics of radon concentrations within soils and indoors in the Jangsu area are similar to those of the Hwacheon area. High concentrations are found with entisol and inceptisol in the Hawcheon area, but with entisol, inceptisol, and ultisol in the Jangsu area. High radon concentrations are found in sandy loam and/or loam. High concentrations are found in recently constructed or brick buildings, but low concentrations in traditional or prefabricated houses showing a high possibility of outward flow. Conclusions: The overall results suggest that radon concentrations in the Hwacheon and Jangsu area are dominantly influenced by geological characteristics with additional artificial influences.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.81-91
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• 2010

In order to investigate the applicability and suitability of the coal ash (bottom ash) to landfill final cover, field pilot-scale lysimeter experiments were carried out. The mixture of loamy soil, bottom ash, and construction waste was placed as a cover material in lysimeter ($2m{\times}6m{\times}1.2m$) which were constructed with cement brick, and then volumetric water contents, pF value, and the quantity of runoff and seepage of treatment boxes filled with the mixture of loamy soil and the industrial by-products were monitored from July, 2007 to february, 2008. Among the cases tested, consequently, the case containing the mixture of bottom ash and loamy soil was most effective in plant growth and water retention ability.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

This paper evaluate use on facilities of green tourism by participator's questionnaire and urban inhabitants' questionnaire. As the result of study, it shows follows; 1) To make town look more traditionally we should rebuild the buildings and the styles of roof with our own traditional rural system. And, we also change the block and brick style fence into soil or rock one instead to look rural path. The agricultural land and watercourse should be left naturally to be looked non-polluted environment. 2) The outdoor toilet, washing stand and distribute should be maintained and managed clearly every time. Residents' own housing also should be maintained to promote the home-stay lodging. 3) To improve the satisfaction of people's need of agricultural product, the special market building or place that could be packed and sold the product at the same time should be built or made. And, it should be located in the harmonious spot with the natural scenery and good parking lot.

• Journal of Appropriate Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.115-125
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• 2020

Housing issues such as mushrooming slums remain as chronic in most developing countries. Due to the state's restrained capacity, the housing-vulnerable's self-help approaches have been increasingly inevitable and vital for addressing the housing issues. However, there are still two challenges: securing good quality with economic efficiency, and climate change mitigation and adaptation. This study aims at doing an architectural experiment by developing and educating the production of eco-friendly interlocking stabilized soil bricks (ISSB) by employing vernacular materials and technologies for housing-vulnerable communities in Indonesia. In collaboration with a local architectural NGO, the study features a co-creation workshop in which 40 evicted households participate in the whole process. Soil analysis, mixed design, compression tests, and economic analysis are carried out. This paper illustrates that ISSB also has a high potential as an alternative to a burned brick or a cement block. The application of ISSB to self-help housing is expected to have socioeconomic and environmental effects, thereby facilitating the housing-vulnerable's self-help approaches and contributing to addressing the housing challenges in Indonesia.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.21-34
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• 2023

This study identified the materials and construction methods of 'Old Wall' in 13 villages which were designated as National Registered Cultural Heritage at the time of designation and examined the their structural changes based on field survey. The results are as follows: First, the 'Old Wall' consisted of 10 Soil-Stone Wall and 5 Stone Wall. At the time of designation, Stone Wall, which was built irregularly by dry-construction of natural stones, is similar in shape, but Soil-Stone Wall showed difference by the construction method of making used stones, joints, and faces. Second, the study extracted the changes of 'Old Wall' by repair and examined the changes of construction methods as well as the substitution and addition of materials of structure. The wall-roof was built with cement roof-tile and asbestos slate which have the advantage improve durability and cost-effectiveness. In addition, tile-mouth soil was added to korean traditional roof-tile to prevent rainwater from flowing in. Besides, to improve constructional convenience, the natural stone of the wall-body was replaced with blast stone, float stone and cut stone. Cement block, cement brick and cement mortar were frequently used to repair as well. As Soil-Stone Wall was transformed from irregular pattern-construction to comb pattern-construction and wet-construction was changed to dry-construction, it caused landscape and structural problems. Also, the layer of cement mortar applied to wall-foundation blocked the flow of rainwater that was induced by dry-construction of natural stones. Third, the study regarded that the problem with the repair of 'Old Wall' may occur as it is located in living space, because the owner of the wall could repair for the minor damages without technical knowledge. In addition, it is difficult for repair companies in charge of maintenance of Cultural Heritage to supply local materials, and it is differential construction specifications are not applied.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of landscaping pavements on WBGT(Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature) of outdoor spaces that lack ventilation and shade at summer midday. The relative humidity(RH), dry-bulb temperature(DT) and globe temperature(GT) were recorded every minute from June to October 2009 at a height of 1.2m above ten experimental beds with different pavements, by a measuring system consisting of an electric humidity sensor(GHM-15), resistance temperature detector(RTD, Pt-100), standard black globe(${\phi} 150mm$) and data acquisition systems(National Instrument's Labview and Compact FieldPoint). Additionally, the surface dry-bulb temperatures also were recorded and compared. The area of each experimental bed was 1.5m(W)${\times}$2.0m(L) and ten different kinds of pavement were used including grass, grass+cubic stone, grass+porous brick, brick, stone panels, cubic stone, interlocking blocks, clay brick, naked soil, gravel and concrete. To prevent interference from ventilation, a 1.5m height cubic steel frame was established around each bed and each vertical side of the frame was covered with transparent polyethylene film. Based on the records of the hottest period from noon to 3 PM on 26 days with a peak dry-bulb temperature over $30^{\circ}C$ at natural condition, the wet-bulb temperature(WT) and WBGT were calculated and compared. The major findings were as follows: 1. The average surface DT was $40.1^{\circ}C$, which is $9^{\circ}C$ higher than that of the natural condition. The surface DT of the pavements with grass were higher than those of concrete and interlocking block. The peak DT of the surface almost every pavement rose to above $50^{\circ}C$ during the hottest time. 2. The averages of DT, WT and GT were $40.1^{\circ}C$, $27.5^{\circ}C$ and $49.1^{\circ}C$, and the peak values rose to $48.1^{\circ}C$, $45.8^{\circ}C$ and $59.5^{\circ}C$, respectively. In spite of slight differences that resulted according to pavements, no coherent differentiating factor could be found. 3. The average WBGT of grass was the highest at $34.3^{\circ}C$ while the others were similar in the range of around $33{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. Meanwhile, the peak WBGT was highest with stone panel at $47.9^{\circ}C$. Though there were some differences according to pavements, and while grass seemed to be worst in terms of WBGT, it seems difficult to say ablolutely that grass was the worst because the measurement was conducted without ventilation and shade during summer daytime hours only, which had temperatures that rose to a dangerous degree(above $45^{\circ}C$ WBGT), withering the grass during the hottest period. The average WBGT resulted also showed that the thermal environment of the pavement without ventilation and shade were at an intolerable level for humans regardless of the pavement type. In summary, the results of this study show that ventilation and shade are more important factor than pavement type in terms of outdoor thermal comfort in summer daylight hours.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.575-585
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• 2013

This research was performed to evaluate the recycling feasibility as a construction material of dredged harbor soil mixed with clay and glass frit. Concentration of heavy metals of the dredged soil from D harbor was severly high, showing Zn of 526.0~13,150.1 mg/kg. The dredged soil was maily composed of 48.30 wt% $SiO_2$, 16.60 wt% $Al_2O_3$, 10.10 wt% CaO, 7.75 wt% $Fe_2O_3$. The clay and the glass frit contained 70.82 wt% $SiO_2$ and $Al_2O_3$ 18.78 wt%, and 71.75 wt% $SiO_2$, 13.99 wt% CaO, 8.51 wt% $Na_2O$, respectively. After adding 10~40 wt% to the clay and sintering them at $1,000^{\circ}C$ or $1,100^{\circ}C$, the compressive strength of the sintered specimens showed $132.6{\sim}178.5kgf/cm^2$ or $581.2{\sim}793.7kgf/cm^2$, respectively. In case of SC46 with the addition 40 wt% of the dredged soil to the clay, the compressive strength ($793.7kgf/cm^2$) of specimen sintered at $1,100^{\circ}C$ was over 5 times higher than that at $1,000^{\circ}C$. The specimen mixed with 40 wt% of dredged soil, 60 wt% of clay and 1 wt% of glass frit satisfied the 1st grade standard for clay brick by KS L 4201. The results of all specimens by Korean Standard Leaching Test also satisfied the standard criteria.