• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.55-65
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• 1996

토양오염지표(토양오염점수 및 토양오염등급)에 의하면 1987년부터 1994년까지 토양측정망 지역의 토양은 대부분이 건전한 상태를 유지하고 있다. 그러나 토양측정망 지역의 1.5∼3.7% 정도는 토양오염이 우려되거나 대책이 필요한 토양4등급으로 분류되므로 이 지역의 복원이 필요한 것으로 추정되고 있다. 토양측정망 측정지점 의 토양4등급은 1994년 1개소를 제외하고는 1987년에 9개소, 1989년 47개소, 1991년 19개소, 1993년 17개소, 1994년 16개소가 농경지이다. 토앙측정망 측정지점을 16종류의 오염 경로로 분류하면, 금속제련소, 금속광산, 공단하류의 인근지역에서 토앙오염점수가 높게 나타나고 있으며, 또한 대부분의 토양4등급 지역이 이들지역에 밀집되어 있다. 지역별로는 인천광역시, 대구광역시에서 가장 높은 토양오염 점수가 나타나고 있으며, 강원, 경북, 경남지역에 토양4등급 개소가 가장 많이 나타나고 있다. 1987년-1994년 기간중에 산출된 토양측정망 토양4등급의 연차적인 누적개소에 가중치 0.3(30%)을 곱한 수치를 이용하여 모델식을 개발하고 향후 토양질을 예측하였다. 개발된 모델식은 Y = 1.16+0.23x로 Y는 토양4등급이고 x는 연도이다. 모델식에 의하면, 토양측정망의 토양4등급에 해당하는 면적은 2001년 4.8%, 2006년 6.0%, 2011년 6.6%로 증가할 것으로 나타나고 있다. 이를 토대로 할 때, 우리나라 국토의 면적중에서 토양4등급 면적의 증가는 1987년의 오염면적에 대비하여 1994년에 5배, 2001년에 7배, 2011년에 10배에 이를 것으로 예측된다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.48-59
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• 2018

Beryllium (Be), cobalt (Co), thallium (Tl) and vanadium (V) are candidates of 21 priority soil pollutants in Korea. The distribution of their concentration in soils from three contamination sources including industrial, roadside and mining areas was investigated. Concentrations of the metals were evaluated quantitatively using pollution indices and the fractionation of metals was conducted using modified SM&T (Standards Measurements and Testing programme) sequential extraction. Concentrations of the metals for all samples from industrial and roadside soils were within the range of natural background levels, while some of Be in soils from abandoned mines exceeded that the range. Enrichment Factor (EF) and Nemerow Integrated Pollution Index (NIPI) for Be, Co, Tl and V showed that there are effects or possibilities of anthropogenic activities. Pollution Load Index (PLI) analyses indicated all investigated sites needed further monitoring. The results of sequential extractions indicated mobile fractions (F1+F2) of Be, Tl and V were below 30% except some of Co in soil, which implies their low mobility to neighboring environment media. Variable tools like sequential extraction, comparison with background/actual concentration and pollution indices, as well as aqua regia extraction should be considered when evaluating Be, Co, Tl, V in soil.

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 1996

중금속으로 오염된 토양질을 평가할 수 있는 토양오염지표(SPI, Soil Pollution Indices)를 고안하였다. 토양오염지표는 토양을 농경지, 주거지, 공원 여가지, 공장 산업지역으로 분류하고, 토양의 이용 용도별 토양오염기준을 이용하여 토양의 다기능성을 고려하였다. 토양의 이용 용도별로 토양중 5종류의 중금속 및 비소의 농도가 생태계에 미치는 영향을 나타내는 수리적 수치를 가산한 토양오염 점수(SPS, Soil Pollution Score)를 산출하였다. 토양의 이용 용도별로 산출된 토양오염점수에 따라 토양을 4등급의 토양오염등급(SPC, Soil Pouution Class)으로 구분하였다. 1등급은 점수 <100, 2등급은 점수 100-200, 3등급은 점수 >200-300, 4등급은 점수 >300으로 설정하였다. 토양오염점수와 토양등급의 실용화 가능성을 타진하기 위하여 1994년 토양측정망의 운영결과로 도출된 5종류의 중금속 및 비소 농도를 이용하여 토양중의 중금속 농도를 토양오염점수, 토양등급으로 환산하였다. 토양 측정망 측정지역의 비소 및 중금속 농도를 토양오염기준과 비교할 때, 대상지역의 토양환경은 대부분이 건전한 상태로 판단되나, 토양측정 망 측정지 점 의 약 3.0∼4.0%는 토양오염이 우려되거나 오염된 지역으로 판단된다. 토양측정망 측정 지역의 평균 토양오염 점수는 66.2로 토양측정망 대부분이 지역이 건전한 상태를 유지하는 것으로 나타났다. 토양오염점수를 4등급으로 분류하였을 때, 전체 측정지역에서 1등급(토양질 건전지역) 87.0%, 2등급(토양질 검증지역 1) 9.4%, 3등급(토양질 검증지역2) 2.4%, 4등급(토양질의 오염우려지역) 1.2%로 산출되었다. 토양오염지표로 고안된 토양오염점수와 토양오염등급은 오염물질에 의한 토양의 오염상태를 종합적으로 판단할 수 있는 방법으로 평가되며, 토양오염지표를 개발한 방법은 5종류의 중금속 및 비소를 포함하여 유 무기 오염물질에 의한 토양오염의 판단에 적용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.128-141
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• 2018

Industrial complex releasing huge amounts of dusts, fumes and wastewater containing heavy metal(loid)s could be a source of heavy metal(loid)s pollution in arable soil. Heavy metal(loid)s pollution in arable soil adversely affect crops safety, subsequently human being. Hence, it is important to accurately assess the heavy metal(loid)s pollution in soil using pollution indices. The objectives of this study are 1) to compare assessment methods of heavy metal(loid)s pollution in arable soils located near industrial complex in Gyeongsang provinces and 2) to determine the relationship between concentration of plant available heavy metal(loid)s and chemical properties of soil. Soil samples were collected from 85 sites of arable lands nearby 10 industrial complex in Gyeongsang provinces. The average total concentration of all heavy metal(loid)s of the studied soils was higher than that of Korean arable soils but did not exceed the warning criteria established by the Soil Environmental Conservation Act of Korea. Only six sites of arable soils for the total concentration of As, Cu and Ni exceeded the warning criteria (As: $25mg\;kg^{-1}$, Cu: $150mg\;kg^{-1}$, Ni: $100mg\;kg^{-1}$). The contamination factor (CF) and geoaccumulation index ($I_{geo}$) of the heavy metal(loid)s in arable soils varied among the sampling sites, and the average values of As and Cd were relatively higher than that of other metals. Results of integrated indices of As and Cd in arable soils located near industrial complex indicated that some arable soils were moderately or heavily polluted. The plant available concentration of heavy metal(loid)s was negatively related to the soil pH and negative charge of soil. Available Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations had relatively high correlation coefficient with pH and negative charge of soil when compared with other heavy metal(loid)s. Based on the above results, it might be a good soil management to control pH with soil amendments such as lime and compost to reduce phytoavailability of heavy metal(loid)s in arable soil located near industrial complex.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.75-86
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• 2002

This study was conducted to analyze the change of soil characteristics effect on the condition of urban forest in Sasang parti located near Sasang Industrial Complex. The results of this study are as follows; 1. Soil hardness is increasing from the area of forest, to the entrance, to facilities in that order. Soil acidity pH4.19∼4.23 in Sasang park indicated a high acidity condition. High levers of K, Na, Mg, Ca are shown in the areas composed of high soil hardness. 2. Pinus thunbergii in the overstory tree layer, Alnus japonica in the understory tree layer, and Rhus sylvestris in the shurb layer are shown respectively as dominant species based on the ground survey and the compution of important value. Pinus thunbergii is decreasing, while Alnus japonica and increasing. 3. Oplismenus undulatifolius which has a strong tolerance for air pollution, is shown as a dominant species of herbaceous plants in Sasang park. There are 10 species of Harbaceous in Sasang park compared to 20 species in Molundae park. This shows that deversity in herbaceous plants are imported by air pollution. 4. Species diversity indices of Sasang park is 0.8738∼0.9700 compared to 1.0817∼ 1.233 in Molundae park is due to the good condition of soil environment in addition to air pollution effects. 5. The vitality of Pinus thunbergii is 16.41∼20.42ER in Sasang park, and 12.42∼ 16.81ER, in Molundae park. This shows that tree vitality are impacted by soil characteristics. The regression analysis between tree vitality and soil environment shows the effects of is soil hardness, soil moisture, soil acidity, K, Na, Mg, Ca.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.626-634
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 강원도내 4개의 폐금속광산에서 발생되는 광미와 주변 토양의 중금속 오염현황 및 오염도를 평가하였다. 광미와 주변 토양의 오염정도는 총 중금속농도 기준으로 원동>제2연화>신예미${\fallingdotseq}$상동 순이었으며, 이들 광미는 배경토양 및 Kloke 값보다 각각 $1.2{\sim}78.2$와 $1.1{\sim}80.6$배가 높은 농도로서 주변 토양을 오염시키고 있었다. 광미내 대다수 중금속의 화합물형태는 잔류성이 대부분이었다. 비잔류형태 화합물에서는 상당부분이 환원성과 산화성이어서 장기간에 걸쳐 산화환경조건에 따라 중금속이 유출될 것으로 보이며 특히, 제2연화의 Cd은 교환성과 탄산염 화합물이 쉽게 유출되어 단기간에 주변 환경을 오염시킬 가능성이 클 것으로 판단된다. 우리나라 토양오염기준치의 초과여부 검토결과 많은 시료에서 토양환경보전법의 우려기준 및 대책기준 이상인 것으로 나타나 이에 대한 처리대책이 필요하였다. PI에 의한 오염도평가에서는 4개의 광산지역 모두 1.0 이상보다 훨씬 높아 오염정도가 심각하였으며 복원시 최우선 광산은 원동이었다. 또한, DI에 의한 복원수준정도 평가결과에서 원동광산은 단기간에 유출 가능한 교환성부터, 나머지 광산은 중 장기간에 걸쳐 유출되는 환원성부터 우선적으로 제거해야 할 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.8-25
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• 2014

The aims of this study were to determine concentrations of selected metals in Asian and non-Asian dust collected in Daejeon, Korea between February 2008 and December 2008 and to estimate the pollution level. The geochemical analyses of Asian dust (AD) and Non Asian dust (NAD) show that the mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Zr, Sb, Mo and S reached levels up to 16, 209, 31, 43, 81, 28, 31, 122 and 302 times higher, respectively, than those in uncontaminated Chinese desert soils. These results indicate that both AD and NAD serve as an atmospheric repository for trace and heavymetal accumulation. The the enrichment factor (EF) and pollution index (PI) show that AD and NAD were severely contaminated by S, Mo, Zr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Sb, Cu, and As. All indices for these metals showed either strong or notably high level of pollution relative to Chinese desert soil, principally due to the severe atmospheric pollution derived from anthropogenic activities in heavily industrial Chinese cities. Therefore, Mo, Cd, Zr, As, Cu, Sb, Pb, and Zn are the ones most strongly affected by anthropogenic inputs such as airborne pollutants.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.175-189
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• 2020

Municipal solid waste disposal is considered as one of the most important risks for environmental contamination which necessitates the development of strategies to reduce destructive consequences on the ecosystem as related especially to heavy metal accumulation. This study investigates heavy metal (i.e., As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) accumulation in the Tonekabon region, NW of Iran that is related to city waste disposal and evaluates the environmental impact in the Caspian Sea coastal region. For this purpose, after performing field studies and collecting 50 soil specimens from 5 sites of the study area, geochemical tests (i.e., inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy and x-ray fluorescence) were conducted on the soil specimens collected from the 5 sites (named as Sites A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5) and the results were used to estimate the pollution indices (i.e., geo-accumulation index, normalized enrichment factor, contamination factor, and pollution load index). The obtained indices were utilized to assess the eco-toxicological risk level in the landfill site which indicated that the city has been severely contaminated by Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. These levels have been developed along the stream towards the nearshore areas indicating uptake of soil degradation. The heavy metal contamination was classified to range from unpolluted to highly polluted, which indicated serious heavy metal pollution in the study area as related to municipal solid waste disposal in Tonekabon.

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.175-183
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• 1999

진곡광산의 광미와 주변 밭과 논의 토양에서의 중금속과 시안의 오염도에 대해 조사하였다. 광미 중의 As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn및 CN￣의 평균농도는 각각 3.94$\times$$10^3$, 14.3, 266, 6,13, 4.07$\times$$10^3$, 2.51$\times$$10^3$, 1.19mg/kg이었고 Kloke가 제안한 허용기준치를 이용한 오염지수는 32~58 이었으며 pH 는 약산성이었다. 토양오염공정시험법에 의한 중금속 농도는 광미와 인접한 일부 토양만을 제외하고는 토양환경보전법의 농경지 우려기준이하였다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2006년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.183-193
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• 2006

Several metalliferous and coal mines, including Seojin and Okdong located at the Kangwon province, were abandoned or closed since 1989 due to the mining industry promotion policy and thus disposed an enormous amount of mining wastes without a proper treatment facilities, resulting in water and soil pollution in the downstream areas. However, no quantitative assessment was made on soil and water pollution by the transport of mining wastes such as acid mine drainage, mine tailing, and rocky waste. In this research, total and fractional concentrations of heavy metals in mining wastes were analyzed and accordingly the degree of water and soil pollutions in the stream area were quantitatively assessed employing the several pollution indices. Concentrations of Ni, Cd, and Pb in soils near the abandoned coal mine areas were 1,240.0, 25.0 and 1,093.0 mg/kg, respectively, and these concentrations were higher than those in soils near the closed metalliferous mine areas. Also Cu concentrations in soils near the tailing dams were about 1967 mg/kg, which is considered as very polluted level. Results demonstrated that soil at the abandoned mine areas were highly contaminated by AMO, tailing, and effluents of the mining wastes. Therefore, a prompt countermeasure on the mining waste treatment and remediation of the codntaminated water and soil should be made to the abandoned or closed metalliferous and coal mines located at the abandoned mine area.