• Mycobiology
• /
• 제48권5호
• /
• pp.383-391
• /
• 2020

Use of nanoparticles (NPs) in several commercial products has led to emergence of novel contaminants of air, soil and water bodies. The NPs may exhibit greater ecotoxicity due to nano-scale dependent properties over their bulk counterparts. The present investigation explores the effect of in vitro supplementation of TiO₂, silica and silver NPs on radial growth and ultrastructural changes in the hyphae and spores of two mushroom genera, Ganoderma lucidum and Volvariella volvaceae. A concentration dependent decrease in radial growth on NP amended potato dextrose agar medium was recorded. However, in comparison to control, there was decrease in radial diameter on supplementation with TiO₂ NPs while an increase was recorded for silica and silver NPs amendments as compared to their bulk salts at same concentrations after 48 h of incubation. Optical microscopy studies showed decrease in the number of spores while increase in spore diameter and thinning of hyphal diameter on NPs supplementation. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of fungal growth showed presence of deflated and oblong spores in two fruiting strains of Ganoderma while Volvariella exhibited decreased sporulation. Further, hyphal thinning and branching was recorded in response to NP amendments in both the test mushrooms. Enhancement of protein content was observed on NP compared to bulk supplementation for all cultures, concentrations and hours of incubation except for TiO₂ NPs. Likewise, bulk and NP supplementations (at 100 mg L^-1) resulted in enhanced laccase activity with occurrence of laccase specific protein bands on SDS-PAGE analysis.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.86-93
• /
• 2016

Fenton is the reaction using the OH· radicals generating by interaction between hydrogen peroxide and Fe²⁺ which can oxidize the contaminants. Fe²⁺ ions are oxidized to Fe³⁺ ions by reaction with H₂O₂ and formed OH· radicals. UV-Fenton process includes the additional reaction that generates the OH· radicals by photodegradation of H₂O₂. In methylorange (MO) decolourization experiment with UV-Fenton, optimal Fe²⁺: H₂O₂ ratio was obtained at 1 : 10. Based on the obtained condition (H₂O₂= 10mM, Fe²⁺ = 1 mM) with/without UV-fenton experiment was carried out. Removal efficiency and sludge production were measured at 30 min. The case of w/o UV irradiation and only H₂O₂ was hardly treated and only Fe²⁺ showed 65% removal owing to coagulation. When UV-Fenton process in optimal ratio (Fe²⁺: H₂O₂ = 1 : 10), UV irradiation showed better removal efficiency than of w/o UV irradiation. Also, MO decolourization was a function of the hydrogen peroxide concentration (x₁), Fe²⁺:H₂O₂ ratio (x₂), and numbers of UV lamp (x₃) from the application of the response surface methodology. Statistical results showed the order of significance of the independent variables to be hydrogen peroxide concentration > numbers of UV l amp > Fe²⁺: H₂O₂ ratio.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2019

Recently, groundwater contamination by mixed occurrence of arsenic (As) and nitrate ($NO_3{^-}$) has been a serious environmental issue all around world. In this study, we investigated the microbial As(III) oxidation characteristic under denitrification process to examine the feasibility of the microbial consortia in wetland sediment to simultaneously treat these two contaminants. The detail objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of $NO_3{^-}$ on the oxidation of As(III) in anaerobic environments and observe the microbial community change during the As oxidation under denitrification process. Results showed that the As(III) was completely and simultaneously oxidized to As(V) under denitrification process, however, it occurred to a much less extent in the absence of sediment or $NO_3{^-}$. In addition, the significant increase of As(III) oxidation rate in the presence of $NO_3{^-}$ suggested the potential of As oxidation under denitrification by indigenous microorganisms in wetland sediment. Genera Pseudogulbenkiania, and Flavisolibacter were identified as predominant microbial species driving the redox process. Conclusively, this study can provide useful information on As(III) oxidation under denitrifying environment and contribute to develop an effective technology for simultaneous removal of As(III) and $NO_3{^-}$ in groundwater.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.98-105
• /
• 2020

In this study, the concentrations of some of the important ionic contaminants in groundwaters of national monitoring network in Korea were identified, and their correlation to nitrate concentration was investigated. Approximately 80% of the groundwater samples were found to be as Ca2+-(Cl-+NO3-) type groundwater with the concentration ranges [minimum to maximum values, median (mg/L)] of Ca2+[0.1~228.2, 19.7], Mg2+[0.1~53.2, 5.1], K+[0.1~50.8, 1.9], Na+[1.5~130.5, 18.1], NO3--N[0.1~73.4, 9.3], NH4+-N[0.0~53.9, 0.3], Cl-[3.1~482.6, 24.0], and SO42-[2.8~101.6, 7.0]. The prevalence of Ca2+-(Cl-+NO3-) type suggest that the composition of groundwaters were greatly influcenced by chemical fertilizers and animal manure, Correlation analyses indicated threre was positive correlation between NO3--N concentration and ionic species including Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+. In particular, the correlation was strongest for Cl- and NO3--N, suggesting that groundwaters largely impacted by agricultural and livestock breeding activities tend to contain high levels of Cl-.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.77-86
• /
• 2020

Persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can oxidize various organic pollutants. In this study, persulfate/Fe(II) system was utilized in phenol removal, and the effect of various organic and inorganic chelators on Fe(II)-medicated persulfate activation was investigated. The feasibility of persulfate/Fe(II)/chelator in cleanup of phenol-contaminated sediment was confirmed through toxicity assessment. In persulfate/Fe(II) conditions, the rate and extent of phenol removal increased in proportion to persulfate concentration. In chelator injection condition, the rate of phenol removal was inversely proportional to chelator concentration when it was injected above optimum ratio. Thiosulfate showed greater chelation tendency with persulfate than citrate and interfered with persulfate access to Fe(II), making the latter a more suitable chelator for enhancing persulfate activation. In contaminated clay sediment condition, 100% phenol removal was obtained within an hour without chelator, with the removal rate increased up to four times as compared to the rate with chelator addition. A clay sediment toxicity assessment at persulfate:Fe(II):phenol 20:10:1 ratio indicated 71.3% toxicity reduction with 100% phenol removal efficiency. Therefore, persulfate/Fe(II) system demonstrated its potential utility in toxicity reduction and cleanup of organic contaminants in sediments.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제27권spc호
• /
• pp.19-33
• /
• 2022

When subsurface is polluted, contaminants tend to migrate through groundwater flow path. The groundwater flow path is highly dependent upon underground geological structures in the contaminated area. Geophysical survey is an useful tool to identify subsurface geological structure. In addition, geophysical logging in a borehole precisely provides detailed information about geological characteristics in vicinity of the borehole, including fractures, lithology, and groundwater level. In this work, surface seismic refraction and electrical resistivity surveys were conducted in a test site located in Namyangju city, South Korea, along with well logging tests in five boreholes installed in the site. Geophysical data and well logging data were collected and processed to construct an 3D geological map in the site.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제27권spc호
• /
• pp.75-91
• /
• 2022

Differences in subsurface migration of LNAPL/DNAPL contaminants caused by a selection of 3-phase (aqueous, NAPL, and gas) relative permeability function (RPF) models in numerical modeling were investigated. Several types of RPF models developed from both experimental and theoretical backgrounds were introduced prior to conducting numerical modeling. Among the RPF models, two representative models (Stone I and Parker model) were employed to simulate subsurface LNAPLs/DNAPLs migration through numerical calculation. For each model, the spatiotemporal distribution of individual phases and the mole fractions of 6 NAPL components (4 LNAPL and 2 DNAPL components) were calculated through a multi-phase and multi-component numerical simulator. The simulation results indicated that both spilled LNAPLs and DNAPLs in the unsaturated zone migrated faster and reached the groundwater table sooner for Stone I model than Parker model while LNAPLs migrated faster on the groundwater table under Parker model. This results signified the crucial effect of 3-phase relative permeability on the prediction of NAPL contamination and suggested that RPF models should be carefully selected based on adequate verification processes for proper implementation of numerical models.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.161-166
• /
• 2021

본 연구는 순환골재에서 발생하는 오염물질의 특성과 오염가능성을 평가하기 위해 생산제품 순환골재의 용출시험을 실시하였다. 순환골재에 포함된 pH, 전기전도도, 탁도, TN, TP, COD 그리고 중금속 농도는 입경이 작을수록 높은 농도를 나타냈다. pH 농도는 9.9~11.4 범위로 토양보다는 높았으나 중금속 농도는 토양오염우려기준의 1지역 기준치 이내로 조사되었다. 용출시험 결과, 오염가능성은 입자크기가 작을수록 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 전기전도도와 탁도는 잠재적인 수질오염원이며, 10mm 이하의 순환골재는 용존성과 입자성 오염물질을 발생시킬 수 있기 때문에 잠재적인 오염원으로 평가되었지만, 현재 적절한 관리기준은 없다. 순환골재로 부터 수질오염 가능성을 평가한 결과, 오염가능성이 가장 높은 항목으로는 pH, 오염가능성이 낮은 항목으로는 TN, TP, 오염가능성이 가장 낮은 항목으로는 중금속으로 나타났다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.12-20
• /
• 2024

Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) are passive sampling devices used to determine the time-weighted average concentrations (TWAC) of contaminants. To ensure accurate performance in groundwater, it is crucial to identify environmental characteristics and maintain optimal operational conditions. This study examined the deployment time required to reach effective capacity, the thickness of the diffusive boundary layer (DBL) under stagnant water conditions, and biofilm formation on the DGT surface using groundwater samples. When using DGT with Chelex gel (A=3.14 cm²), the effective capacity was 0.7 ㎍ for Cd and 250 ㎍ for Zn, with a deployment time of 24 h. Lower Cd accumulation was due to the competition effect of coexisting ions. The DBL thickness under stagnant conditions was 0.074 cm, 93% of the diffusion gel's thickness (0.08 cm). Neglecting DBL thickness in TWAC calculations led to a 79% decrease in the determined concentration. No biofouling was observed during the 28-d DGT deployment in groundwater. In conclusion, it is essential to consider the appropriate deployment time, DBL thickness, and biofilm formation to ensure accurate DGT performance in determining contaminant levels in groundwater.

• 유기물자원화
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.37-50
• /
• 2009

본 연구는 북해도지역에 있어서 바이오매스 종합전략의 지역적 적용특성을 조사 한 것이다. 북해도 연구사례는 성공적인 유기성폐자원의 운영을 위해서는 기술의 선진성 뿐만 아니라 처리 후 부산물 자원의 부가가치 있는 효과적인 공급체계 구축이 매우 세밀하게 치밀하게 수요자 중심으로 사전 수립되어져야 한다는 점을 시사하고 있다. 특히 자원화기술로는 (1)토양산성화 방지용 기능성 고형비료의 생산, (2)토양미생물 투입 발효 액비 제공, (3)에너지의 다양한 공급 시스템 구축, (4)중금속 농도를 고려한 유기물의 혼합 발효처리, (5)협잡물 혼입을 억제하기 위한 음식물 수거 인센티브제도 도입 등이 효과적임을 보고하고 있다.