• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.607-612
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• 2013

Soil ecological risk assessment requires terrestrial toxicity data based on trophic levels including plants, earthworms, nematodes, and springtails. To expand the trophic levels, it is needed to consider primary producer algae, nearly distributed in terrestrial environment, as representative terrestrial test species. In this study, we collected research cases focused on soil-related test species and exposure media from SCI papers, and analyzed exposure media, test species, test chemicals, and other test methods, for reviewing research trends of soil-related algal toxicity. Up to now, in the soil-related algal toxicity, test species were 8 cases (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus bijugatus, Chlorococcum infusionum, Scenedesmus subspicatus, Nostoc linckia, Synechococcus elongatus, and Chlorococcum sp.) and endpoints were cell count or photosynthetic pigment content. Also, 5 of exposure media were liquid medium, soil extracts, porewater, agar medium, and soil. Most of papers used algae isolated from natural soils or soil extracts. There were only one case for assessing algal toxicity in soil medium. More researches regarding algal toxicity in soil environments need to be conducted consistently.

• ALGAE
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.325-335
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• 2020

A new diatom species, Mayamaea vietnamica sp. nov., is described from Cát Tiên National Park in Vietnam. This species was discovered and described from soil samples. Algae from soil ecosystems in Vietnam are almost unknown. The new species is described on the basis of an integrated approach with molecular and morphological data, and comparison with similar species. In terms of molecular data, 18S rDNA (including V4 domain), and partial rbcL plastid genes show M. vietnamica sp. nov. is most closely related to M. terrestris N. Abarca and R. Jahn, and together they form a monophyletic group relative to other members of the genus. M. vietnamica sp. nov. differs from other species in the genus by the number of striae and areolae in 10 ㎛, number of areolae per stria, as well as shape and presence or absence of axial and central areas.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.166-172
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• 1992

The identification on blue-queen algae which were collected from paddy rice fields of the whole nation was carried out in 1991. The blue-green algae identified were 20 species in 5 families including 7 species in the Chroococcaceae. 1 species in the Chamaesiphonaceae. 1 species in the Pleurocapsaceae, 6 species in the Nostocaeae and 5 species in the Oscillatoriaceae. Among the blue-green algae, 6 species in 4 genera including Cylindrospernum, Anabaenopsis, Anabaena and Nostoc were characterized by heterocysts concerning with nitrogen fixation capacity. A concentrated population of Oscillatoria spp. induced soil flakes with blue tint in paddy rice fields. The genera. Spirulina and Oscillatoria, showed their specific motility.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2008

Recently irregular dark-colored patches were found on the Kentucky teeing ground in a golf course in Gyunggi providence. Interestingly, blue-green algae from the leaf tissue sample containing black spot-stained symptoms were largely observed through microscopic study. In general, algae present on the upper soil surface or in the upper layer of root zone form dark brown layers of scum or crust, which invoked harmful effects to turf growth such as poor drainage, inhibition of new root development. In this observation, unlike the algae were sometime found in senescing leaves on contacted soil in July and August, the blue-green algae were detected within black spot-stained Kentucky bluegrass leaf tissues including leaf blade, ligule, auriclea as well as leaf sheath. The blue-green algae were also detected on the leaf and stem tissue adjacent to the symptomatic leaf tissues. Two species of blue-green algae, Phomidium and Oscillatoria, were greatly observed. Oscillatoria species was more commonly notified in all samples. In addition, the two species were found on a putting green showing yellow spot disease at another golf course in Gyunggi providence. The data from chemical control assay revealed that chemicals such as propiconazole, iprodione, and azoxystrobin decreased blue-green algae population and leaf spots, which finally resulted in enhanced leaf quality. All taken together, we strongly suggested that the disease-like phenomenon by blue-green algae might be very closely mediated with infection/translocation process in relation with turfgrass. It indicates that blue-green algae in turf management may play an adverse role as a secondary barrier as well as a pathogenic agent. This report may be helpful for superintendents to recognize and understand the fact that algae control should be provided more cautiously and seriously than we did previously in upcoming golf course management.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.443-449
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• 1988

The effects of rice-straw annual application on nitrogen fixing microbial flora in the soil of paddy fields and their biological activities were investigated. Experiments were performed in both NPK fertilizer applied soil and rice-straw applied soil of Agricultural Station in Aomori-ken, Japan. The following results were obtained. 1. The ARA by phototrophs was significantly increased in both soil plots. From the soil plot in which 300ppm-nitrogen was applied, the increase of ARA began to be seen from three weeks later. On the other hand, 33ppm-nitrogen applied soil plot and non-nitrogen applied soil plot showed the ARA increase from the beginning. The amount of ARA by non-phototrophs was only one-tenth of that by phototrophs. 2. For the first three weeks, the phototrophic bacteria (mainly Rhodopseudomonas) were predominant in both soil plots. Since then, as the ARA rapidly increased, the proliferation of blue-green algae forming heterocysts was remarkably promoted. Such effects were more distinct in the rice-straw annually applied soil plot than in the NPK fertilizer annually applied soil plot. 3. The degree of proliferation of blue-green algae depended on the amount of applied nitrogen. While Anabaena, Nostoc and Cylindrospermum were largely proliferated in the non-nitrogen applied soil plot, Cylindrospermum and Calothrix were in the 33ppm-nitrogen applied soil plot, but Calothrix tended to predominated in the 100ppm-nitrogen applied soil plot.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.883-888
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• 2013

Coagulation and sedimentation tests were conducted with clay and three different coagulants of soil origin (AC-A, AC-B, AC-C) to determine optimal coagulant types and doses to remove algae in stagnant water bodies such as reservoirs. Raw water had an algal density of 2,950 cells/mL and was dominated by Cyanobacteria. Removal rates of algal density by clay (50 mg/L) were 49% and 85% after 10 and 30 minutes sedimentation, respectively. Other natural coagulants achieved 80-90% removal in 10 minutes and 89-94% removal in 30 minutes of sedimentation after adding 20 mg/L each. AC-A was the optimal coagulant from this study considering algal removal rates and other water quality parameters such as turbidity and pH. For the same removal rates of algae, raw waters with higher algal densities required higher coagulant doses although no strong corelation was observed. The coagulants of soil origin did not impact orgnic contents and pH of raw water, but remove phosphate up to 70%.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.133-137
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• 2001

Acetanilide is a High Production Volume Chemical, which is produced about 2,300 tons/year in Korea as of 1998 survey. Most is used as an intermediate for synthesis of pharmaceuticals and dyes and the chemical is one of seven chemicals of which human and environmental risks are being assessed by National Institute of Environmental Research under the frame of OECD SIDS program. The chemical is water soluble (4 g/1 at 20$\^{C}$) and readily biodegradable (68.7％). Partition coefficiency (Log Pow) is 1.16 at 23$\^{C}$ so that the chemical has a low potential for bioaccumulation. The acute toxicities of algae, daphnia and fish are not high. The 72 hr-EｂC50 of algae is 13.5 mg/1,48 hr-EC50 of daphnia is over 100 mg/1 and 96 hr-LC50 of Oryzias latipes is over 100mg/1. Regarding the exposure, levels in air, water, soil or sediment have not been monitored or estimated so that risk evaluation of acetanilide was not possible. In this study, distribution of the chemical among environmental media was estimated using EQC model based on the chemical-physical properties. In Level I and IIof which the chemical are hypothesized in equilibrium and no transfer through the media, more than 98％ of acetanilide are estimated to be distributed in water. However, in Level Ⅲ of which non-equilibrium and intermedia transfer could be occurred, the chemical is estimated to distributed to soil as 51.8％ and water as 47.8％ as of total amount.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.257-260
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• 1976

Corn (Zea may L.) and Algae (Botridium sp.) were grown in the nutrient solution to investestigate the effects of humic substances on the moderation of high salt toxicity. The results are as follows: 1) The addition of small amount of humic substances (5 ppm C) drastically decreased the high salt toxicity of corn growth. 2) The addition of 20ppm humic substances was also decreased the high salt toxicity in algaegrowth. Different concentration of humic substances, however, did not show significant difference in algae yield.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2022

The common algae and industrial waste, chlorella and red mud, were co-pyrolyzed in carbon dioxide condition to fabricate iron-biochar composite. In order to investigate the direct effect of chlorella and red mud in the syngas generation and the property of biochar, experiments were performed using mixture samples of chlorella and red mud. The evolution of flammable gasses (H₂, CH₄, CO) was monitored during pyrolysis. The produced biochar composite was employed as a catalyst for persulfate activation for methylene blue removal. BET analysis indicated that the iron-biochar composite mainly possessed meso- and macropores. The XRD analysis revealed that hematite (Fe₂O₃) contained in red mud was transformed to Fe₃O₄ during co-pyrolysis. The composite effectively activated persulfate and removed methylene blue. Among the composite samples, the composite fabricated from the mixture composed of 1:2 chlorella:red mud showed the best performance in syngas generation and methylene blue removal.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.70-75
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• 1986

The population and kinds of algae causing the waterbloom on the rice seedling bed and the damage of young rice plant by the nuisance green phytoplanktonic algae in rice field were studied to find out the efficiency of fertilizers and the effect of methods of fertilizers application in the rice field, laboratory, pot and green house. pot and green house. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. In the rice seedling bed, the kinds of algae causing waterblooms were identified mainly photosynthetic bluegreen algae as the Anabaena, Ulothrix and Oscillatoria spp. in reclaimed saline soil. Micromonospora, Oscillatoria, and Chlamydomonas spp. were habitated mainly in plain. Whereas, Spyrogyra, Oscillatoria and Navicula spp. were identified mainly in mauntainous area. 2. In the rice field, the nuisance phytoplanktonic green algae were identified mainly Scenedesmus, Chlamidospora, and Micromonospora spp. in Gimjae plain, in Namweon mountainous area and Gangjin costal plain, respectively. 3. The algal biomass has been havily habitated in which rice field were constituted with high pH value and high concentration of $NH^+_4-N$ and $NO^-_3-N$ in surface water and in soil with the optimum temperature for the algal growth ($22-30^{\circ}C$). 4. In the laboratory experiment, maximum algal biomass were obtained at levels of 80 ppm for the nitrogen and 20 ppm for the phosphorus. And were obtained of the levels of 40 ppm in the case of joint application of N and $P_2O_5$. 5. From the pot experiment, compare of the control plot, an addition of nitrogen alone or nitrogen+phosphorus enhanced algal biomass while the phosphorus alone did not. 6. Surface application of fertilizer was remarkably increased of algal biomass than did the whole layer or deep layer application.